pala

piece, bit, part, lump, chunk
pala palalta ― piece by piece, piecemeal
snack
(idiomatic) of something that is difficult to accept or endure; especially with vaikea or kova
Veronkorotus on äänestäjille vaikea pala.
The tax increase is a hard pill to swallow for the voters.

Hänen kuolemansa oli minulle kova pala.
Her death was a hard blow for me.

Declension[edit]

Inflection of pala (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		pala	palat
genitive		palan	palojen
partitive		palaa	paloja
illative		palaan	paloihin
		singular	plural
nominative		pala	palat
accusative	nom.	pala	palat
accusative	gen.	palan	palat
genitive		palan	palojen palain^rare
partitive		palaa	paloja
inessive		palassa	paloissa
elative		palasta	paloista
illative		palaan	paloihin
adessive		palalla	paloilla
ablative		palalta	paloilta
allative		palalle	paloille
essive		palana	paloina
translative		palaksi	paloiksi
instructive		—	paloin
abessive		palatta	paloitta
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of pala (type kala)

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		palani	palani
accusative	nom.	palani	palani
accusative	gen.	palani	palani
genitive		palani	palojeni palaini^rare
partitive		palaani	palojani
inessive		palassani	paloissani
elative		palastani	paloistani
illative		palaani	paloihini
adessive		palallani	paloillani
ablative		palaltani	paloiltani
allative		palalleni	paloilleni
essive		palanani	paloinani
translative		palakseni	paloikseni
instructive		—	—
abessive		palattani	paloittani
comitative		—	paloineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		palasi	palasi
accusative	nom.	palasi	palasi
accusative	gen.	palasi	palasi
genitive		palasi	palojesi palaisi^rare
partitive		palaasi	palojasi
inessive		palassasi	paloissasi
elative		palastasi	paloistasi
illative		palaasi	paloihisi
adessive		palallasi	paloillasi
ablative		palaltasi	paloiltasi
allative		palallesi	paloillesi
essive		palanasi	paloinasi
translative		palaksesi	paloiksesi
instructive		—	—
abessive		palattasi	paloittasi
comitative		—	paloinesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		palamme	palamme
accusative	nom.	palamme	palamme
accusative	gen.	palamme	palamme
genitive		palamme	palojemme palaimme^rare
partitive		palaamme	palojamme
inessive		palassamme	paloissamme
elative		palastamme	paloistamme
illative		palaamme	paloihimme
adessive		palallamme	paloillamme
ablative		palaltamme	paloiltamme
allative		palallemme	paloillemme
essive		palanamme	paloinamme
translative		palaksemme	paloiksemme
instructive		—	—
abessive		palattamme	paloittamme
comitative		—	paloinemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		palanne	palanne
accusative	nom.	palanne	palanne
accusative	gen.	palanne	palanne
genitive		palanne	palojenne palainne^rare
partitive		palaanne	palojanne
inessive		palassanne	paloissanne
elative		palastanne	paloistanne
illative		palaanne	paloihinne
adessive		palallanne	paloillanne
ablative		palaltanne	paloiltanne
allative		palallenne	paloillenne
essive		palananne	paloinanne
translative		palaksenne	paloiksenne
instructive		—	—
abessive		palattanne	paloittanne
comitative		—	paloinenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		palansa	palansa
accusative	nom.	palansa	palansa
accusative	gen.	palansa	palansa
genitive		palansa	palojensa palainsa^rare
partitive		palaansa	palojaan palojansa
inessive		palassaan palassansa	paloissaan paloissansa
elative		palastaan palastansa	paloistaan paloistansa
illative		palaansa	paloihinsa
adessive		palallaan palallansa	paloillaan paloillansa
ablative		palaltaan palaltansa	paloiltaan paloiltansa
allative		palalleen palallensa	paloilleen paloillensa
essive		palanaan palanansa	paloinaan paloinansa
translative		palakseen palaksensa	paloikseen paloiksensa
instructive		—	—
abessive		palattaan palattansa	paloittaan paloittansa
comitative		—	paloineen paloinensa

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈpɑlɑˣ/, [ˈpɑ̝lɑ̝(ʔ)]
Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
Syllabification^(key): pa‧la

Verb[edit]

pala

present active indicative connegative of palaa
Minä en pala. ― I don't burn.
second-person singular present imperative of palaa
Pala! ― Burn!
second-person singular present active imperative connegative of palaa
Älä pala! ― Don't burn!

References[edit]

^ Entry #695 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungary.

Anagrams[edit]

lapa

Galician[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Obscure. From a pre-Roman substrate of Iberia .

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ˈpalɐ]

Noun[edit]

pala f (plural palas)

rock shelter
Synonym: paleira
burrow, den
Synonyms: paleira, tobeira, tobo, toco, toqueira

Derived terms[edit]

paleira

References[edit]

“pala” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
“pala” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
“pala” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

Garo[edit]

Etymology[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb[edit]

pala

(transitive) to sell

Hungarian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ˈpɒlɒ]
Hyphenation: pa‧la
Rhymes: -lɒ

Noun[edit]

pala (plural palák)

slate

Declension[edit]

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	pala	palák
accusative	palát	palákat
dative	palának	paláknak
instrumental	palával	palákkal
causal-final	paláért	palákért
translative	palává	palákká
terminative	paláig	palákig
essive-formal	palaként	palákként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	palában	palákban
superessive	palán	palákon
adessive	palánál	paláknál
illative	palába	palákba
sublative	palára	palákra
allative	palához	palákhoz
elative	palából	palákból
delative	paláról	palákról
ablative	palától	paláktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	paláé	paláké
non-attributive possessive - plural	paláéi	palákéi

Possessive forms of pala
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	palám	paláim
2nd person sing.	palád	paláid
3rd person sing.	palája	palái
1st person plural	palánk	paláink
2nd person plural	palátok	paláitok
3rd person plural	palájuk	paláik

Derived terms[edit]

Compound words

Indonesian[edit]

Indonesian Wikipedia has an article on:

pala

Wikipedia ^id

Etymology[edit]

From Malay pala, from Sanskrit फल (phala). Doublet of pahala.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /pa.la/
Hyphenation: pa‧la

Noun[edit]

pala

nutmeg (Myristica fragrans).

Related terms[edit]

pahala

Ingrian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *pala, from Proto-Uralic *pala. Cognates include Finnish pala and Estonian pala.

Pronunciation[edit]

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑlɑ/, [ˈpɑɫɑ]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑlɑ/, [ˈpɑɫɑ]
Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
Hyphenation: pa‧la

Noun[edit]

pala

piece, bit
Pala leipää. ― A piece of bread.

Declension[edit]

Declension of pala (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	pala	palat
genitive	palan	palloin
partitive	pallaa	paloja
illative	pallaa	palloi
inessive	palas	palois
elative	palast	paloist
allative	palalle	paloille
adessive	palal	paloil
ablative	palalt	paloilt
translative	palaks	paloiks
essive	palanna, pallaan	paloinna, palloin
exessive¹⁾	palant	paloint
¹⁾ obsolete ^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka^? or -kä^? to the genitive.

Etymology 2[edit]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation[edit]

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑlɑ/, [ˈpɑɫɑ]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑlɑ/, [ˈpɑɫɑ]
Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
Hyphenation: pa‧la

Verb[edit]

pala

inflection of pallaa:

References[edit]

Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 378

Italian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈpa.la/
Rhymes: -ala
Hyphenation: pà‧la

Etymology 1[edit]

From Latin pāla (“shovel, spade”).

Noun[edit]

pala f (plural pale)

shovel, trowel
blade (of a propellor, fan, etc.)
paddle
retable
altarpiece
pall
vane

Derived terms[edit]

paletta

Descendants[edit]

→ Turkish: pala

Etymology 2[edit]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb[edit]

pala

inflection of palare:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative

Javanese[edit]

Romanization[edit]

pala

Romanization of ꦥꦭ

Kapampangan[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Compare Bikol Central palan, Tagalog pala.

Pronunciation[edit]

Hyphenation: pa‧la
IPA^(key): /pəˈla/, [pəˈläː]

Interjection[edit]

pala

expressing sudden realization; exclamation of surprise.
Makanini pala! ― So it's like this!

Wapin pala, alineman pakanita e. ― By the way, it's not like that.

tutu pala! ― So, it was true!

Verb[edit]

pala

to be.
I Bermuda pala. ― I am Bermuda.

Ining notebook kekaya pala? ― Is this notebook yours?

Mangan pala. ― Eat.

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Malay pahala (“reward; grant”), from Sanskrit फल (phála, “fruit; benefit”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Hyphenation: pa‧la
IPA^(key): /ˈpaləʔ/, [ˈpäː.ləʔ] (noun: reward)
IPA^(key): /ˈpaləʔ/, [ˈpäː.ləʔ] (noun: consequence)

Noun[edit]

pálâ

blessing; grace; bounty; favor
Synonyms: biyaya, kalub, galal, premyu
reward; prize;
Synonyms: kalub, galal, premyu

Derived terms[edit]

Noun[edit]

palâ

consequence
Synonym: akakakuwa

Etymology 3[edit]

From Spanish pala (“shovel; spade”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Hyphenation: pá‧la
IPA^(key): /pəˈla/, [pəˈlä]

Noun[edit]

pala

shovel; spade

Derived terms[edit]

Karao[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Spanish pala.

Noun[edit]

pala

shovel

Karelian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *pala.

Noun[edit]

pala

bit

Kott[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Yeniseian *ʔapV (“hotness, sweat”). Compare Assan palá, pfóltu, paltu (“hot”).

Noun[edit]

pala

hotness

Related terms[edit]

Latin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Italic *pākslā, from Proto-Indo-European *pak-slo-, from root *peh₂ǵ-. See pangō, pāgus, pacīscor, pāx, pāgina.

Pronunciation[edit]

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈpaː.la/, [ˈpäːɫ̪ä]
(Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈpa.la/, [ˈpäːlä]

Noun[edit]

pāla f (genitive pālae); first declension

A shovel, spade.
Synonym: rutrum
The bezel of a ring.
- c. 44 BC, Cicero, De Officiis, 3.38
  ibi cum palam eius anuli ad palmam converterat a nullo videbatur ipse autem omnia videbat
  As often as he turned the bezel of the ring inwards toward the palm of his hand, he became invisible to everyone, while he himself saw everything;
(Classical Latin, rare) the banana plant
- c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia XII.24:
  Maior alia pomo et suavitate praecellentior, quo sapientes Indorum vivunt. Folium alas avium imitatur, longitudine trium cubitorum, latitudine duum. Fructum cortice emittit admirabilem suci dulcedine, ut uno quaternos satiet. Arbori nomen palae, pomo arienae. Plurima est in Sydracis, expeditionum Alexandri termino.
  There is a greater one, surpassing other fruit trees even in softness, which Indian sages live on. Its leaf copies the wings of birds, being three cubits in length and two in width. It produces its fruit from its bark, and the fruit is astonishing in its sweetness, one being enough for four people. The name of the tree is the pala, and ariena that of the fruit. It is found in great number among the Sydraci, at the limit of Alexander the Great's campaigns.

Declension[edit]

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pāla	pālae
Genitive	pālae	pālārum
Dative	pālae	pālīs
Accusative	pālam	pālās
Ablative	pālā	pālīs
Vocative	pāla	pālae

Derived terms[edit]

bipālium

Descendants[edit]

Catalan: pala
English: pale
Old French: pele
- French: pelle
French: pale
Friulian: pale
Italian: pala
Mirandese: pala
Old Galician-Portuguese: paa
- Galician: pa, pá, paa
- Portuguese: pá
Piedmontese: pala
→ Portuguese: pala
Sicilian: pala
Spanish: pala
Tashelhit: tafala

References[edit]

“pala”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“pala”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
pala in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- (ambiguous) to become known, become a topic of common conversation (used of things): foras efferri, palam fieri, percrebrescere, divulgari, in medium proferri, exire, emanare
“pala”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898) Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
“pala”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

Livonian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

palā (Courland)

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *pala.

Noun[edit]

pala

bit

Malay[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Sanskrit फल (phala). Doublet of pahala.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /pa.la/
Hyphenation: pa‧la
Rhymes: -a

Noun[edit]

pala (Jawi spelling ڤالا‎, plural pala-pala, informal 1st possessive palaku, 2nd possessive palamu, 3rd possessive palanya)

nutmeg (Myristica fragrans).

Derived terms[edit]

Related terms[edit]

pahala

Maltese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Italian pala or a Sicilian equivalent, eventually from Latin pala. For the sense “palm of the hand”, the phonetic similarity with Italian palma may be considered, though a direct derivation from “shovel” is also plausible.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈpaːla/

Noun[edit]

pala f (plural pali)

shovel; spade
Synonym: luħ
(usually in the construction pala ta l-id) palm of the hand; or the inner part of the hand (including the fingers)
Synonyms: keff, keffa

Ngiyambaa[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Central New South Wales *balaŋ, cognate with Wiradhuri balang.

Noun[edit]

pala

head

Pitjantjatjara[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ˈpɐlɐ]

Pronoun[edit]

pala

(demonstrative) that, there
Watingku pala tii tjikini. ― That man is drinking tea.

Derived terms[edit]

palakutu (“over there”)
palangka (“just there, right there”)
palanpa (“these, these ones”)
palatja (“that there, that one there”)

Polish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈpa.la/
Rhymes: -ala
Syllabification: pa‧la

Noun[edit]

pala

genitive singular of pal

Portuguese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈpa.lɐ/

Rhymes: -alɐ
Hyphenation: pa‧la

Etymology 1[edit]

Borrowed from Latin pāla (“shovel, bezel”). Doublet of pá.

Noun[edit]

pala f (plural palas)

forepiece, brim (projecting rim of a hat)
Synonyms: aba, viseira
tongue (of a shoe)
Synonyms: língua, lingueta
part of a leg warmer that covers the foot
flap covering of a bag, envelope etc.
Synonym: aba
blinker (eye shield attached to a horse hood in order to impede its rear vision)
Synonym: anteolho
scabbard
Synonym: bainha
(clothing) yoke (of a shirt, dress or pants)
(heraldry) pale
(automotive) sun visor
Synonym: quebra-sol
(automotive) mudguard
Synonym: para-lama
(jewelry) bezel
Synonym: engaste
(Christianity) pall (piece used to cover the chalice during the Eucharist)
(informal) lie, scam
(Fundão) binge drinking
(Portugal, informal) endeavor
(Brazil, informal) hint

Etymology 2[edit]

Learned borrowing from Latin palla.

Noun[edit]

pala f (plural palas)

(historical) palla

Etymology 3[edit]

Unknown, possibly from palla.

Noun[edit]

pala m (plural palas)

(Rio Grande do Sul) poncho

Etymology 4[edit]

Unknown. Compare Galician pala.

Noun[edit]

pala f (plural palas)

(Trás-os-Montes) rock shelter

Serbo-Croatian[edit]

Participle[edit]

pala (Cyrillic spelling пала)

inflection of pȁsti:
1. feminine singular active past participle
2. neuter plural active past participle

Spanish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin pāla (“shovel, spade”).

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈpala/ [ˈpa.la]
Audio (Colombia) (file)
Rhymes: -ala
Syllabification: pa‧la

Noun[edit]

pala f (plural palas)

shovel, spade
blade of an oar, a shovel, etc.
(shoemaking) upper, vamp
setting (piece of metal in which a precious gem is fixed)
paddle
(baking) peel

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Chavacano: pala

Tagalog[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Compare Bikol Central palan.

Pronunciation[edit]

Hyphenation: pa‧la
IPA^(key): /paˈla/, [pɐˈla]

Interjection[edit]

palá (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜎ)

expressing sudden realization; exclamation of surprise.
Ikaw palá! ― So it's you!

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Malay pahala (“reward; grant”), from Sanskrit फल (phála, “fruit; benefit”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Hyphenation: pa‧la
IPA^(key): /ˈpalaʔ/, [ˈpa.lɐʔ] (noun: reward)
IPA^(key): /paˈlaʔ/, [pɐˈlaʔ] (noun: consequence)

Noun[edit]

palà (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜎ)

blessing; grace; bounty; favor
Synonyms: biyaya, kaloob, gantimpala, premyo
reward; bounty; prize; renumeration
Synonyms: kaloob, gantimpala, premyo, pabuya

Derived terms[edit]

Noun[edit]

palâ (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜎ)

recompense; consequence
Synonym: hita

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

From Spanish pala (“shovel; spade”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Hyphenation: pa‧la
IPA^(key): /ˈpala/, [ˈpa.lɐ]

Noun[edit]

pala (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜎ)

shovel; spade
(colloquial) person paid to applaud or perform paid activities

Derived terms[edit]

Turkish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Italian pala.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /paˈɫa/
Hyphenation: pa‧la

Noun[edit]

pala (definite accusative palayı, plural palalar)

machete

Derived terms[edit]

pala çekmek

Veps[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *pala.

Noun[edit]

pala

piece, bit
part
share, portion
chapter (of a book)
scene (of a play, film)
plate

Inflection[edit]

Inflection of pala (inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing.	pala
genitive sing.	palan
partitive sing.	palad
partitive plur.	paloid
	singular	plural
nominative	pala	palad
accusative	palan	palad
genitive	palan	paloiden
partitive	palad	paloid
essive-instructive	palan	paloin
translative	palaks	paloikš

inessive	palas	paloiš
elative	palaspäi	paloišpäi
illative	palaha palha	paloihe

adessive	palal	paloil
ablative	palalpäi	paloilpäi
allative	palale	paloile

abessive	palata	paloita
comitative	palanke	paloidenke
prolative	paladme	paloidme

approximative I	palanno	paloidenno
approximative II	palannoks	paloidennoks
egressive	palannopäi	paloidennopäi

terminative I	palahasai palhasai	paloihesai
terminative II	palalesai	paloilesai
terminative III	palassai	—

additive I	palahapäi palhapäi	paloihepäi
additive II	palalepäi	paloilepäi

References[edit]

Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “глава, доля, кусок, пластинка, сцена, часть, член”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

West Makian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Compare Ternate fala, Tidore fola, Tabaru woa, etc.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈpa.l̪a/

Noun[edit]

pala

house
pala ne ilamo ― this house is large
nest

References[edit]

Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[3], Pacific linguistics

Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Spanish pala, from Latin pāla.

Noun[edit]

pala

shovel

References[edit]

Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C. (2006) Pequeño diccionario ilustrado: Náhuatl de los municipios de Zacatlán, Tepetzintla y Ahuacatlán‎^[4], segunda edición edition, Tlalpan, D.F. México: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 22

[1] Entry #695 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungary.

[1]

pala

English[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Noun[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

Balinese[edit]

Romanization[edit]

Bikol Central[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Catalan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Chavacano[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Noun[edit]

Crimean Tatar[edit]

Noun[edit]

Declension[edit]

Esperanto[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

Finnish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Declension[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

References[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

Galician[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

Garo[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Verb[edit]

Hungarian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Declension[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Indonesian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Related terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Ingrian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Declension[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

References[edit]

Italian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Noun[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Verb[edit]

Javanese[edit]