-in
English
Etymology 1
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
-in
- (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).
- a neutral chemical compound
- an enzyme
- an antibiotic
- a pharmaceutical product
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Clipping of -ing.
Alternative forms
Suffix
-in
- (proscribed, dialect or eye dialect) Alternative form of -ing
Anagrams
Azerbaijani
Etymology 1
Suffix
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-in
- Reflexive suffix.
- Suffix creating other types of verbs from other verbs.
Suffixation notes
Verbs with monosyllabic vowel-ending stems generally take a y before the suffixes -il, -in, or -iş:
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Suffix
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-in
- Suffix creating nouns from verbs.
Declension
Declension of -in | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
nominative | -in |
-inlər | ||||||
definite accusative | -ini |
-inləri | ||||||
dative | -inə |
-inlərə | ||||||
locative | -ində |
-inlərdə | ||||||
ablative | -indən |
-inlərdən | ||||||
definite genitive | -inin |
-inlərin |
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Suffix
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal except after L |
-ıl | -il | -ul | -ül |
after L | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-in
- Form of -il (“[passive suffix]”) after the vowels E / Ə / İ with the consonant L.
Derived terms
See -il.
Chuukese
Suffix
-in
Czech
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
Suffix
-in f
- Suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals.
- matčin bratr ― mother's brother
Declension
Derived terms
Further reading
Etymology 2
From Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).
Suffix
-in m inan
- (chemistry) -ine (suffix used to form names of chemical substances)
- adenin ― adenine
- olomoucin ― olomoucine
Declension
Dutch
Alternative forms
- -inne (obsolete)
Etymology
From Middle Dutch -inne, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-injō. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-in f (plural -innen, diminutive -innetje)
Derived terms
Descendants
- Afrikaans: -in
Finnish
Etymology 1
Suffix
-in
- Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.
Etymology 2
From the plural infix + Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 2 should be a valid language, etymology language or family code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL, WT:LOL/E and WT:LOF.; the instructive singular only exists for a few nouns in modern Finnish (such as jalan from jalka).
Suffix
-in
- Instructive case suffix.
- kaksin käsin ― with two hands
- paljain silmin ― with bare eyes
- pitkin askelin ― with long steps
- hyvissä ajoin ― in good time
Usage notes
No distinction is made between singular and plural, the -i- is always present and it is always considered to be grammatically in plural. The suffix is added to the weak grade stem.
Etymology 3
Suffix
-in
Etymology 4
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E..
Suffix
-in
Usage notes
- Suffixed to the nominative singular but the final -i changes to -e-.
- Note, however, that the more common suffix for the genitive plural is -en added to the plural stem ending with i or j. A link consonant d is also sometimes present.
- Nowadays this suffix is rare and usually gives an archaic tone. Certain proper nouns, however, retain this, e.g. Yhdysvaltain, from Yhdysvallat ("United States", singular stem Yhdysvalta-), where also the more modern form Yhdysvaltojen is possible.
See also
Etymology 5
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. (related to Karelian -in). The oblique stem -impA, -immA is influenced by the oblique stem -mpA, -mmA of comparatives.
Suffix
-in
- Forms superlative adjectives.
Declension
Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -in | -immat | |
genitive | -imman | -impien -inten | |
partitive | -inta | -impia | |
illative | -impaan | -impiin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -in | -immat | |
accusative | nom. | -in | -immat |
gen. | -imman | ||
genitive | -imman | -impien -inten -impain rare | |
partitive | -inta | -impia | |
inessive | -immassa | -immissa | |
elative | -immasta | -immista | |
illative | -impaan | -impiin | |
adessive | -immalla | -immilla | |
ablative | -immalta | -immilta | |
allative | -immalle | -immille | |
essive | -impana | -impina | |
translative | -immaksi | -immiksi | |
abessive | -immatta | -immitta | |
instructive | — | -immin | |
comitative | — | -impine |
Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -in | -immät | |
genitive | -immän | -impien -inten | |
partitive | -intä | -impiä | |
illative | -impään | -impiin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -in | -immät | |
accusative | nom. | -in | -immät |
gen. | -immän | ||
genitive | -immän | -impien -inten -impäin rare | |
partitive | -intä | -impiä | |
inessive | -immässä | -immissä | |
elative | -immästä | -immistä | |
illative | -impään | -impiin | |
adessive | -immällä | -immillä | |
ablative | -immältä | -immiltä | |
allative | -immälle | -immille | |
essive | -impänä | -impinä | |
translative | -immäksi | -immiksi | |
abessive | -immättä | -immittä | |
instructive | — | -immin | |
comitative | — | -impine |
Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
Etymology 6
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 290: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E..
Suffix
-in
- Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.
Declension
Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -in | -imet | |
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
partitive | -inta | -imia | |
illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -in | -imet | |
accusative | nom. | -in | -imet |
gen. | -imen | ||
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
partitive | -inta | -imia | |
inessive | -imessa | -imissa | |
elative | -imesta | -imista | |
illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
adessive | -imella | -imilla | |
ablative | -imelta | -imilta | |
allative | -imelle | -imille | |
essive | -imena | -imina | |
translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | |
abessive | -imetta | -imitta | |
instructive | — | -imin | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -in | -imet | |
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
partitive | -intä | -imiä | |
illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -in | -imet | |
accusative | nom. | -in | -imet |
gen. | -imen | ||
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
partitive | -intä | -imiä | |
inessive | -imessä | -imissä | |
elative | -imestä | -imistä | |
illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
adessive | -imellä | -imillä | |
ablative | -imeltä | -imiltä | |
allative | -imelle | -imille | |
essive | -imenä | -iminä | |
translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | |
abessive | -imettä | -imittä | |
instructive | — | -imin | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
See also
Anagrams
French
Etymology
From Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-in
- adjectival suffix
- nominal suffix
Derived terms
- feminine form: -ine
German
Etymology 1
From Middle High German -inne, -in, from Old High German -inna, from Proto-Germanic *-injō. Cognate with Dutch -in, Swedish -inna.
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪn/, [ɪn]
- For speakers who realise -en as [ən], the distinction between both may at times be weak. However, most speakers have a syllabic nasal in -en and hence keep a very clear distinction.
Suffix
-in f (genitive -in, plural -innen)
- creates the female form for many nouns for living beings; umlaut usually occurs in monosyllables, but rarely in polysyllables
- Autor (“author”) + -in → Autorin (“female author”)
- Gott (“god”) + -in → Göttin (“female god, goddess”)
- Hund (“dog”) + -in → Hündin (“female dog, she-dog, bitch”)
- Katze (“cat”) + -in → Kätzin (“female cat, she-cat”)
- Sänger (“singer”) + -in → Sängerin (“female singer”)
- Pastor (“pastor”) + -in → Pastorin (“female pastor”)
- 1743, Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden […] Fünf und Dreyßigster Band Schle-Schwa, Leipzig & Hallle, p.2007:
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- Schwartzin, (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.
- Schwart (Sibylle (given name)) […] was a daughter of Christian Schwartz, […] born in 1621 […] and died on July 13th 1638.
- 1743,
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
Suffix
-in n (genitive -ins, plural -ine)
Derived terms
Ido
Suffix
-in
- See -in-.
Irish
Suffix
-in f
Declension
Bare forms (no plural form of this noun)
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Forms with the definite article
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Further reading
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “-in”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
Japanese
Romanization
-in
Luxembourgish
Etymology
From Middle High German -inne, -in, -īn. Compare German -in.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-in
- used to form the female versions of agent nouns
Derived terms
Maltese
Etymology
From Arabic ين (-īn), oblique case form of ون (-ūn), masculine personal plural suffix.
Suffix
-in
- a common plural suffix
See also
Marshallese
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- (phonetic) IPA(key): [ʲ‿inʲ, ˠ‿inʲ, ˠ‿ɯnʲ, ʷ‿inʲ, ʷ‿unʲ]
- (phonemic) IPA(key): /-inʲ/
- Bender phonemes: {-in}
Suffix
-in
Usage notes
This suffix is combined with nouns to create construct forms.
References
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix
-in
- -en; creates adjectives for the material of which something is made.
Alternative forms
Derived terms
Descendants
- Dutch: -en
Northern Sami
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the essive case of a possessive adjective in *-j-.
Suffix
-in
- The ending of the comitative singular case.
Usage notes
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the plural essive form.
Suffix
-in
- The ending of the locative plural case.
Usage notes
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Old High German
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix
-īn
- used to create adjectives from nouns
Descendants
- German: -en
Pali
Alternative forms
Suffix
-in
- Adjective in -ī/-inī/-i, meaning possessing what is denoted by the base.
Usage notes
Independent vowels and vowel bearers are shown in the list of alternative forms to accord with basic grammar rules. These are converted to dependent vowels when the suffix is used.
Derived terms
Words using this suffix are listed in their own category. Note that normally only the Latin script forms are listed, as etymology sections are normally restricted to the Latin script form.
Portuguese
Pronunciation
Suffix
-in
Related terms
Tagalog
Grammar
Verbs that use the -in suffix are in object trigger mode, meaning we focus more on the object rather than the subject of the sentences. These sentences are written in the Passive voice.
Let's consider the word "kain" which is a root word to refer to the act of eating. If we use the actor focus infix -um-, kumain means to eat. However if the object focus suffix -in is used, kainin, actually means to be eaten.
"Kumain ako" means I ate
"Kumain ako ng mansanas" means I ate an apple. In this sentence the object "ng mansanas" can be omitted as we focus more on "who ate" rather than "what was eaten".
"Kinain ko ang mansanas" means The apple was eaten by me or simply I ate the apple. The doer of the action in this sentence can be omitted as we focus more on what was eaten rather than who ate. Therefore, it's possible to just say "Kinain ang mansanas" which means The apple was eaten.
In fact, in a formal context, one can say, "Ang mansanas ay kinain ko" which means The apple was eaten by me.
Aside from the -in suffix-verbs, the object of the sentence is also focused in -an suffix-verbs and i- prefix-verbs.
Suffix
-in
- object trigger: to perform the action of the verb to someone or something
- Lulutuin ko ang isda. ― I will cook the fish. (literally: The fish will be cooked by me.) (The fish is focused.)
- directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of
- Dinalaw namin ang lola ni Olivia. ― We visited the grandmother of Olivia. (literally: Olivia's grandmother was visited by us.) (The grandmother is focused.)
- actor trigger: to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon
- Binabaha ang bahay niya. ― His house gets flooded. (His house is focused.)
- object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
- Iniisip ko minsan ang nakaraan ko. ― I sometimes think about my past. (literally: My past is sometimes thought about by me.) (My past is focused.)
Suffix
-in
- prone to, susceptible to
Suffix
-in
- an object of the action expressed by the root
Usage notes
- Normally, /h/ is inserted before -in when the root word end with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.
- Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.
Derived terms
Turkish
Etymology 1
Suffix
-in
- Second-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.
- Genitive case suffix for the nouns which end in a consonant
- öğretmen (“teacher”) + -in → öğretmenin (“teacher's/of the teacher”)
Usage notes
- If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes -n (for the possession suffix)
- It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ün, -ın and -un according to the last vowel of the word. (possession suffix)
- If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".
- It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.
- If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "n". (for the genitive case suffix)
- It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.
- Canberk + -in → Canberk'in
Etymology 2
Suffix
-in
Welsh
Etymology
From Proto-Brythonic *-in, from Proto-Celtic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-in
- forms adjectives from nouns, usually nouns of material
- forms adjectives from other adjectives
References
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-in”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- en:Biochemistry
- English clippings
- English proscribed terms
- English dialectal terms
- English eye dialect
- English productive suffixes
- Azerbaijani lemmas
- Azerbaijani suffixes
- Azerbaijani non-lemma forms
- Azerbaijani suffix forms
- Chuukese lemmas
- Chuukese suffixes
- Czech 1-syllable words
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Czech lemmas
- Czech suffixes
- Czech terms with usage examples
- Czech terms derived from Latin
- Czech terms derived from Ancient Greek
- cs:Chemistry
- Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch terms with audio links
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch suffixes
- Dutch noun-forming suffixes
- Dutch feminine suffixes
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish suffixes
- Finnish inflectional suffixes
- Finnish terms with usage examples
- Finnish possessive suffixes
- Finnish poetic terms
- Finnish terms with rare senses
- Finnish adjective-forming suffixes
- Finnish sisin-type nominals
- Finnish noun-forming suffixes
- Finnish kytkin-type nominals
- Finnish possessive suffix variants
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French terms derived from Latin
- French terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French lemmas
- French suffixes
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- Gothic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Gothic terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German 1-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German lemmas
- German suffixes
- German noun-forming suffixes
- German feminine suffixes
- German dated terms
- German terms with quotations
- German terms with usage examples
- German neuter suffixes
- de:Chemistry
- Ido lemmas
- Ido suffixes
- Irish lemmas
- Irish suffixes
- Irish noun-forming suffixes
- Irish feminine suffixes
- ga:Biochemistry
- Irish second-declension nouns
- Japanese non-lemma forms
- Japanese romanizations
- Luxembourgish terms inherited from Middle High German
- Luxembourgish terms derived from Middle High German
- Luxembourgish 1-syllable words
- Luxembourgish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Luxembourgish lemmas
- Luxembourgish suffixes
- Maltese terms inherited from Arabic
- Maltese terms derived from Arabic
- Maltese lemmas
- Maltese suffixes
- Marshallese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Marshallese lemmas
- Marshallese suffixes
- Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Dutch lemmas
- Middle Dutch suffixes
- Middle Dutch adjective-forming suffixes
- Northern Sami terms inherited from Proto-Samic
- Northern Sami terms derived from Proto-Samic
- Northern Sami lemmas
- Northern Sami suffixes
- Northern Sami inflectional suffixes
- Old High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old High German lemmas
- Old High German suffixes
- Pali lemmas
- Pali suffixes
- Portuguese 1-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese suffixes
- Portuguese internet slang
- Portuguese nonstandard forms
- Tagalog lemmas
- Tagalog suffixes
- Tagalog terms with usage examples
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish suffixes
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh suffixes