石
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Han character
石 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 一口 (MR), four-corner 10600, composition ⿸丆口)
- Kangxi radical #112, ⽯.
Derived characters
- Appendix:Chinese radical/石
- 佦, 㓈, 𠰴, 坧, 妬, 𡯝, 𡶌, 𫹺, 拓, 沰, 𨒙, 𪰒, 柘, 𣭏, 炻, 𤤟, 𦚈, 祏, 䄷, 䇉, 袥, 𫂹, 䖨, 𧣔, 𧦳, 䞠, 跖, 𨋓, 鉐(𬬷), 鮖, 鼫, 𮯂
- 劯, 斫, 𣗁, 䲽, 宕, 岩, 沯, 𥥔, 𫅂, 雼, 𡻦, 𮫁, 𪔑, 𪊞, 𭚇, 乭, 𭀽, 𡊵, 𡶪, 𤇈, 㸴, 𧵔, 𨀂, 𨥴, 䦒, 𡇈, 唘, 䀾, 㻹
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 827, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24024
- Dae Jaweon: page 1239, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2416, character 1
- Unihan data for U+77F3
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
石 |
---|
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 石 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Pictogram (象形) : a stone beneath a cliff (厂). The cliff was subsequently distorted into 丆.
Alternatively, a cave set into the side of a cliff or mountain.
Etymology 1
Unknown. Probably related to Proto-Vietic *l-taːʔ (“stone”) (whence Vietnamese đá) and Khmer ដា (daa, “rock; stone”) (Schuessler, 2007), to which Chinese would have added the familiar final -k.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): si2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): шы (šɨ, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): sah7 / siit6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): seh5
- Northern Min (KCR): ciō̤
- Eastern Min (BUC): siŏh / sĭk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5zaq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shr6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shíh
- Wade–Giles: shih2
- Yale: shŕ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyr
- Palladius: ши (ši)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: si2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: s
- Sinological IPA (key): /sz̩²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: шы (šɨ, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: sek6
- Yale: sehk
- Cantonese Pinyin: sek9
- Guangdong Romanization: ség6
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɛːk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: siak4
- Sinological IPA (key): /siak̚²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: sah7 / siit6
- Sinological IPA (key): /saʔ²/, /sɨt̚⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sa̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: sag
- Hagfa Pinyim: sag6
- Sinological IPA: /sak̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: seh5
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /səʔ⁵⁴/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ciō̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡siɔ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: siŏh / sĭk
- Sinological IPA (key): /suoʔ⁵/, /siʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- siŏh - vernacular;
- sĭk - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā
- Tâi-lô: siā
- Phofsit Daibuun: sia
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sia²²/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /sia⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sia̍h
- Tâi-lô: sia̍h
- Phofsit Daibuun: siah
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /siaʔ²⁴/
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siaʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se̍k
- Tâi-lô: si̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: sek
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɪk̚⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɪk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍t
- Tâi-lô: si̍t
- Phofsit Daibuun: sit
- IPA (Quanzhou): /sit̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Hui'an)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se̍t
- Tâi-lô: se̍t
- Phofsit Daibuun: set
- IPA (Hui'an): /set̚²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sia̍k
- Tâi-lô: sia̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: siak
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /siak̚²⁴/
- IPA (Hui'an): /siak̚²³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ziêh8 / zioh8 / sig8 / sêg8 / siêh8 / sioh8
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsie̍h / tsio̍h / si̍k / se̍k / sie̍h / sio̍h
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sieʔ⁴/, /t͡sioʔ⁴/, /sik̚⁴/, /sek̚⁴/, /sieʔ⁴/, /sioʔ⁴/
- ziêh8 - vernacular (incl. surname) (Chaozhou);
- zioh8 - vernacular (incl. surname) (Shantou, Jieyang, Chaoyang);
- sig8 - literary (Chaozhou);
- sêg8 - literary (Jieyang);
- siêh8 - only in 石榴 (Chaozhou);
- sioh8 - only in 石榴 (Shantou, Jieyang, Chaoyang).
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 石 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ʂʐ̩³⁵/ |
Harbin | /ʂʐ̩²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /ʂʐ̩⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /ʃz̩⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ʂʐ̩⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /ʂʐ̩²⁴/ | |
Xining | /ʂʐ̩²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /ʂʐ̩¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ʂʐ̩⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /sz̩²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /sz̩³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /sz̩²¹/ | |
Kunming | /ʂʐ̩³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/ | |
Hefei | /ʂəʔ⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /səʔ⁵⁴/ |
Pingyao | /ʂʌʔ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /səʔ⁴³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /zaʔ¹/ |
Suzhou | /zɑʔ³/ | |
Hangzhou | /zɑʔ²/ | |
Wenzhou | /zei²¹³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /ɕi²²/ |
Tunxi | /ɕi¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ʂʐ̩²⁴/ |
Xiangtan | /ʂɒ⁵⁵/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /sɑʔ²/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /sak̚⁵/ |
Taoyuan | /ʃɑk̚⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /sɛk̚²/ |
Nanning | /sɛk̚²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /sɛk̚²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sik̚⁵/ /t͡sioʔ⁵/ /sia²²/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /suoʔ⁵/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡siɔ⁴⁴/ /si⁴⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sioʔ⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /sek̚⁵/ /t͡sio³³/ |
- Middle Chinese: dzyek
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*dAk/
- (Zhengzhang): /*djaɡ/
Definitions
Synonyms
Compounds
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Descendants
(Others)
- → Tocharian B: cāk
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
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Definitions
Compounds
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Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: じゃく (jaku)←じやく (zyaku, historical)
- Kan-on: せき (seki, Jōyō)
- Tō-on: しく (shiku)
- Kan’yō-on: こく (koku, Jōyō †)、しゃく (shaku, Jōyō †)←しやく (syaku, historical)
- Kun: いし (ishi, 石, Jōyō)、いわ (iwa)←いは (ifa, historical)
- Nanori: あつ (atsu)、いさ (isa)、いす (isu)、いそ (iso)、かた (kata)、し (shi)、せっく (sekku)、と (to)
Compounds
- 標石 (hyōseki, “markstone”)
- 石南花, 石楠花 (shakunage)
- 石英 (sekiei, “quartz; crystal”)
- 石菖 (sekishō, “Japanese sweet flag”)
- 石製 (sekisei, “stonen”)
- 石炭 (sekitan, “coal”)
- 石板 (sekiban, “slate”)
- 石版 (sekiban, “lithograph”)
- 石盤 (sekiban, “slate”)
- 石油 (sekiyu, “oil, petroleum”)
- 石灰 (sekkai, “lime (mineral), quicklime, caustic lime”)
- 石棺 (sekkan, “sarcophagus; stone coffin”)
- 懐石 (kaiseki, “simple meal eaten before tea is served”)
- 化石 (kaseki, “fossil, fossil remains; petrifaction, fossilisation”)
- 岩石 (ganseki, “rock”)
- 奇石 (kiseki, “rare stone; precious gem”)
- 輝石 (kiseki, “pyroxene, augite”)
- 金剛石 (kongōseki, “diamond”)
- 歯石 (shiseki, “dental calculus, tartar”)
- 硝石 (shōseki, “saltpetre”)
- 聖石 (seiseki, “holy stone, rock or mineral”)
- 胆石 (tanseki, “gallstones”)
- 宝石 (hōseki, “gemstone”)
- 木石 (bokuseki, “trees and stones”)
- 石蓴 (aosa, “sea lettuce”)
- 石見 (Iwami)
- 流石 (sasuga)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
---|
石 |
いし Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
⟨isi⟩ → /iɕi/
From Old Japanese.[1] First cited in the Man'yōshū of 759. In turn, the Old Japanese is reconstructed as from Proto-Japonic *esi.
Likely cognate with 磯 (iso, “pebble; gravel; rocky beach”).
Pronunciation
Noun
- a stone
- 1999 March 27, “ストーン・アルマジラー [Stone Armadiller]”, in Vol.2, Konami:
- 体が石のように堅い毛で覆われており、守りがかたい。
- Karada ga ishi no yō ni katai ke de ōwareteori, mamori ga katai.
- With a body covered in a coat as hard as stones, its defence is solid.
- 体が石のように堅い毛で覆われており、守りがかたい。
- (slang, electronics) a transistor
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
石 |
こく Grade: 1 |
kan'yōon |
From Middle Chinese 斛 (MC huwk).
The 石 spelling came about through customary use in Japan of this character for the unit of measure.[1]
Pronunciation
Noun
- a traditional Japanese unit of volume:
- a unit of quantity for 鮭 (sake, “salmon”) and 鱒 (masu, “trout”); one koku is equal to 40 salmon or 60 trout
Derived terms
- 石高 (kokudaka)
Descendants
- → English: koku
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
石 |
せき Grade: 1 |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 石 (MC dzyek).
Pronunciation
Counter
石 or 石 • (seki or counter) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|せき]]
- counter for gemstones used as bearings in watches and other devices
- (slang, electronics) counter for transistors, especially discrete ones
- 六石ラジオ
- rokuseki rajio
- six-transistor radio
- 六石ラジオ
Noun
- Same as こく (koku) above
Affix
- stone
- needle made of stone
- go stone
- something solid but worthless
- Short for 石見国 (Iwami-no-kuni): Iwami Province
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 石 (MC dzyek).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 쎡〮 (Yale: ssyék) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] | 돌〯 (Yale: twǒl) | 셕〮 (Yale: syék) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰʌ̹k̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [석]
Hanja
Compounds
- 석유 (石油, seogyu)
- 석탄 (石炭, seoktan)
- 석류 (石榴, seongnyu)
- 운석 (隕石, unseok)
- 암석 (巖石, amseok)
- 옥석 (玉石, okseok)
- 석회 (石灰, seokhoe)
- 반석 (盤石, banseok)
- 광석 (鑛石, gwangseok)
- 비석 (碑石, biseok)
- 초석 (礎石, choseok)
- 화석 (化石, hwaseok)
- 석탑 (石塔, seoktap)
- 자석 (磁石, jaseok)
- 휘석 (輝石, hwiseok)
- 석불 (石佛, seokbul)
- 투석 (投石, tuseok)
- 석재 (石材, seokjae)
- 보석 (寶石, boseok)
- 석굴 (石窟, seokgul)
- 금석 (金石, geumseok)
- 정석 (定石, jeongseok)
- 석기 (石器, seokgi)
- 석면 (石綿, seongmyeon)
- 석공 (石工, seokgong)
- 석각 (石刻, seokgak)
- 석조 (石造, seokjo)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Kunigami
Kanji
石
Etymology
Cognate with Japanese 石 (ishi).
Pronunciation
Noun
Miyako
Kanji
石
Etymology
Cognate with Japanese 石 (ishi).
Pronunciation
Noun
References
- “イス” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Miyako Dialect Dictionary.
“いす” in Celik Kenan Thibault, Online Miyako Dictionary, 2016.
Okinawan
Kanji
石
Etymology
Cognate with Japanese 石 (ishi).
Pronunciation
Noun
References
- “イシ” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).
Old Japanese
Etymology
Cognate with 磯 (iso1, “pebble; gravel; rocky beach”).
Noun
石 (isi) (kana いし)
- a stone
- , text here
- 多良志比賣可尾能美許等能奈都良須等美多多志世利斯伊志遠多礼美吉
- tarasi pi1me1 kami2 no2 mi1ko2to2 no2 na turasu to2 mi1-tatasi serisi isi wo tare miki1
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- [Note: Another version replaces na turasu to2 with 阿由都流等 (ayu turu to2, “catching sweetfishes”)
- , text here
Derived terms
Descendants
- Japanese: 石 (ishi)
Vietnamese
Han character
石: Hán Việt readings: thạch[1][2][3], đán[3]
石: Nôm readings: thạch[1][2], sạch[1]
References
Yaeyama
Kanji
石
Etymology
Cognate with Japanese 石 (ishi).
Pronunciation
Noun
Yonaguni
Kanji
石
Etymology
Cognate with Japanese 石 (ishi).
Pronunciation
Noun
References
- “いち【石】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
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