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|kun=ちから-, りき-む, つと-める |
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|nanori=いさお, いさむ, お, か, ちか, ちから, じから, つとむ, よし |
|nanori=いさお, いさむ, お, か, ちか, ちから, じから, つとむ, よし |
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Revision as of 20:47, 28 January 2023
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Translingual
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Han character
力 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大尸 (KS), four-corner 40027, composition ⿻𠃌丿)
- Kangxi radical #19, ⼒.
Derived characters
- Appendix:Chinese radical/力
- 仂, 伤, 𭂇, 㔹, 叻, 㘦, 㘯, 𭒹, 𡯄, 𡴽, 幼, 忇, 扐, 氻, 𤜜, 阞, 边, 攰, 㫑, 朸, 𣦺, 牞, 玏, 肋, 𥘋, 㽖, 糼, 𦔳, 𦘓, 𬜑, 𧖩, 助, 𡖎, 㱝, 𪵶, 觔, 𧲡, 𧴧, 赲, 𧾼, 䡃, 䣦, 釛, 飭(饬), 𩖙, 𤟋, 䯇, 𩱹, 𭱛, 𬂿, 𬈆, 𩵓, 鳨, 𫜋, 𪋾, 𣾗, 𢣛
- 𬩳, 𫻧, 𣂒, 𭤧, 历, 另, 夯, 屴, 𢆲, 艻, 𪭊, 男, 穷, 竻, 虏, 𩫸, 𪧔, 𩾜, 𣪤, 𤼶, 𡉂, 𢖰, 𤰛, 𧴥, 𬮅, 为, 辦, 𫝓, 䏮, 朂, 䇟
Descendants
See also
- カ (Japanese katakana)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2288
- Dae Jaweon: page 327, character 31
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 364, character 4
- Unihan data for U+529B
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
力 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 𠠲 ⿻力丶 |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 力 | |||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – alternative interpretation, either an arm bending out from the side of the body, or a wooden plough.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) + *-k (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Burmese အား (a:, “strength; force”); Proto-Loloish *ra² (“strength”), whence Nuosu ꊋ (we); Panyi Bai [script needed] (ɣɯ̱⁴², “strength”); Central Bai hhep (“strength”). A causative derivative is 飭 (OC rhək) (Shcuessler, 2007).
Schuessler (2007) also suggests an etymological connection with 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ni2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ли (li, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): lit6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): lieh4
- Northern Min (KCR): lì / sā̤
- Eastern Min (BUC): lĭk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5liq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): li6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lì
- Wade–Giles: li4
- Yale: lì
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
- Palladius: ли (li)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ni2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: li
- Sinological IPA (key): /ni²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ли (li, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: lik6
- Yale: lihk
- Cantonese Pinyin: lik9
- Guangdong Romanization: lig6
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɪk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: let5
- Sinological IPA (key): /let̚³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: lit6
- Sinological IPA (key): /lit̚⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: li̍t
- Hakka Romanization System: lid
- Hagfa Pinyim: lid6
- Sinological IPA: /lit̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: lieh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /liəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lì / sā̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /li⁴²/, /sɛ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- lì - literary;
- sā̤ - vernacular.
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃iʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
- Tâi-lô: li̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: lek
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
- Tâi-lô: lia̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: liak
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /liak̚²⁴/
- la̍t - vernacular;
- le̍k/lia̍k - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 力 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /li⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /li⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /li⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /li²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /li⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /li²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /li²¹/ | |
Xining | /l̩⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /li¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /li¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /li²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /ni²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /ni³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /ni²¹/ | |
Kunming | /li³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /liʔ⁵/ | |
Hefei | /liəʔ⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /liəʔ²/ |
Pingyao | /liʌʔ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /liəʔ⁴³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /liɪʔ¹/ |
Suzhou | /liəʔ³/ | |
Hangzhou | /liəʔ²/ | |
Wenzhou | /lei²¹³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /li²²/ |
Tunxi | /li¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /li²⁴/ |
Xiangtan | /ni²⁴/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /liʔ⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /lit̚⁵/ |
Taoyuan | /lit̚⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /lek̚²/ |
Nanning | /lek̚²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /lik̚²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lik̚⁵/ /lat̚⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /liʔ⁵/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /li⁴²/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /lak̚⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /lek̚⁵/ /lak̚³/ |
- Middle Chinese: lik
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.rək/
- (Zhengzhang): /*rɯɡ/
Definitions
- physical strength; physical power; energy
- force; strength; power
- (physics) force
- ability; capability
- power and influence; might
- (literary) to make an effort; to strive; to endeavor; to work hard
- with all one's might; doing all in one's power
- a surname: Li
Synonyms
- (physical strength):
- (ability):
- 一手
- 人才 (réncái)
- 伎倆/伎俩 (jìliǎng) (literary)
- 俊才 (jùncái)
- 兩手/两手 (liǎngshǒu)
- 力量 (lìliàng)
- 功力 (gōnglì)
- 功夫 (gōngfu) (especially in martial arts)
- 天才 (tiāncái) (genius)
- 才具 (cáijù) (formal)
- 才力 (cáilì)
- 才器 (cáiqì) (literary)
- 才幹/才干 (cáigàn)
- 才情 (cáiqíng)
- 手段 (shǒuduàn)
- 手法 (shǒufǎ)
- 手眼 (shǒuyǎn)
- 才能
- 手腕 (shǒuwàn)
- 手腕子 (shou3 onn3 zr) (Xiang)
- 才華/才华 (cáihuá)
- 技巧 (jìqiǎo)
- 把式 (bǎshì) (dialectal)
- 技能 (jìnéng)
- 技藝/技艺 (jìyì)
- 技術/技术 (jìshù)
- 招數/招数 (zhāoshù)
- 本事
- 本領/本领 (běnlǐng)
- 材幹/材干 (cáigān) (Classical Chinese)
- 能力 (nénglì)
- 能為/能为 (néngwéi) (literary, dialectal)
- 能耐 (néngnài) (colloquial)
- 能量 (néngliàng)
- 花頭/花头 (Wu)
- 著數/着数
- 解數/解数
- 資力/资力 (zīlì)
- 路數/路数 (lùshù)
- 身手 (shēnshǒu)
- 道行
- (function):
- (to make an effort):
- 一力 (yīlì)
- 下力 (xiàlì)
- 不遺餘力/不遗余力 (bùyíyúlì)
- 僶俛/𠊟俯 (mǐnmiǎn) (literary)
- 儘力/尽力 (jìnlì) (archaic)
- 全力以赴 (quánlìyǐfù)
- 出力 (chūlì)
- 力圖/力图 (lìtú)
- 力求 (lìqiú)
- 力爭/力争 (lìzhēng)
- 加勁/加劲 (jiājìn)
- 努力 (nǔlì)
- 勉力 (miǎnlì)
- 呵嘶呵嘶 (o4 sr1 o4 sr1) (Xiang)
- 強力/强力 (qiánglì) (literary)
- 悉力 (xīlì) (literary)
- 打拼 (dǎpīn)
- 拍拚 (Hokkien, Teochew)
- 拍灘/拍滩 (Xiamen Hokkien)
- 拼搏 (pīnbó)
- 搏 (bó) (literary, or in compounds)
- 摔拍 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 攢勁/攒劲 (zan3 jin4) (Xiang)
- 極力/极力 (jílì)
- 殫力/殚力 (dānlì)
- 用力 (yònglì)
- 盡力/尽力 (jìnlì)
- 竭力 (jiélì)
- 竭盡全力/竭尽全力 (jiéjìnquánlì)
- 落力 (lok6 lik6) (Cantonese, Pinghua, Hakka, Pinghua, Hokkien, Pinghua, Teochew, Pinghua, Wenzhounese, Pinghua)
- 賣力/卖力 (màilì)
- 賣力氣/卖力气 (mài lìqi)
Compounds
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Descendants
Others:
References
- “力”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: りき (riki, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: りょく (ryoku, Jōyō)
- Kun: ちから (chikara, 力, Jōyō); りきむ (rikimu, 力む); つとめる (tsutomeru, 力める)
- Nanori: いさお (isao); いさむ (isamu); お (o); か (ka); ちか (chika); ちから (chikara); じから (jikara); つとむ (tsutomu); よし (yoshi)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
---|
力 |
ちから Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *tikara. Compound of Old Japanese elements 霊 (chi, “power, life force, essence”) + 柄 (kara, “source, origin”).
Pronunciation
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Noun
Derived terms
- 力足 (chikara ashi): a tensed leg; tensing one's legs; (sumo) the traditional sumo stomp at the beginning of a match
- 力合わせ (chikara awase): matching strength: a competition of strength; (by extension) a sumo match
- 力軍 (chikara ikusa): a test of strength, a competition of strength
- 力石 (chikara ishi): a large stone used as a dumbbell for purposes of tests of strength
- 力一杯 (chikara ippai): with all one's strength, as hard as one can
- 力持ち (chikaramochi): a very strong person
- 力添え (chikarazoe): help, assistance, aid
Proper noun
- a male given name
- a surname
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
力 |
りき Grade: 1 |
goon |
From Middle Chinese 力 (lik). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern Cantonese reading lik6.
Pronunciation
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Affix
- power, strength
- 力学、力士、二馬力
- rikigaku, rikishi, nibariki
- “power studies” (dynamics), “strength person” (sumo wrestler), two horsepower
- 力学、力士、二馬力
Noun
- physical strength
- (Buddhism) capability, especially mystical power
- (Buddhism) the suchness of ability, one of the Ten Suchnesses in Mahayana Buddhism
- short for 力者 (rikisha): a strong person
- (archaic) short for 車力 (shariki), 力車 (rikisha): a rickshaw
- (archaic) a rickshaw operator's wages
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
力 |
りょく Grade: 1 |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 力 (lì), but apparently from a different source dialect or at a different time than 力 (lik). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare reconstructed Middle Chinese reading /li̯ək/ or Korean reading ryeok.
Only found in compounds and idioms in modern Japanese.
Pronunciation
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Affix
Derived terms
- 引力 (inryoku, “attractive force”)
- 営力 (eiryoku, “geomorphic agent”)
- 気力 (kiryoku, “spirit; drive; morale; vigor”)
- 斥力 (sekiryoku, “repulsive force”)
- 動力 (dōryoku, “energy, motive force”)
- 力争 (ryokusō, “test of strength; hard fight”)
- 努力 (doryoku, “effort, endeavor”)
- 協力 (kyōryoku, “cooperation; working together”)
- 体力 (tairyoku, “bodily strength; physical power”)
- 魅力 (miryoku, “allure, charm, glamour”)
- 実力 (jitsuryoku, “merit, true ability; force”)
References
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 力 (MC lik). Perhaps more specifically from Late Middle Chinese 力 (LMC *liə̌k).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 륵〮 (Yale: lúk) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɾjʌ̹k̚] ~ [jʌ̹k̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [력/역]
Hanja
力 (eumhun 힘 력 (him ryeok), word-initial (South Korea) 힘 역 (him yeok))
Compounds
- 마력 (魔力, maryeok)
- 마력 (馬力, maryeok)
- 강력 (強力, gangnyeok)
- 권력 (權力, gwollyeok)
- 근력 (筋力, geullyeok)
- 노력 (努力, noryeok)
- 능력 (能力, neungnyeok)
- 동력 (動力, dongnyeok)
- 매력 (魅力, maeryeok)
- 무력 (武力, muryeok)
- 부력 (浮力, buryeok)
- 병력 (兵力, byeongnyeok)
- 세력 (勢力, seryeok)
- 속력 (速力, songnyeok)
- 수력 (水力, suryeok)
- 시력 (視力, siryeok)
- 실력 (實力, sillyeok)
- 압력 (壓力, amnyeok)
- 약력 (弱力, yangnyeok)
- 역기 (力器, yeokgi)
- 역도 (力道, yeokdo)
- 외력 (外力, oeryeok)
- 인력 (人力, illyeok)
- 인력 (引力, illyeok)
- 조력 (助力, joryeok)
- 조력 (潮力, joryeok)
- 중력 (重力, jungnyeok)
- 지력 (智力, jiryeok)
- 폭력 (暴力, pongnyeok)
- 풍력 (風力, pungnyeok)
- 학력 (學力, hangnyeok)
- 협력 (協力, hyeomnyeok)
- 화력 (火力, hwaryeok)
- 효력 (效力, hyoryeok)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
Han character
力: Hán Việt readings: lực (
力: Nôm readings: sức[1][3][4], lực[2][3], sực[3][4], sựt[3][4], rực[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
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- Japanese kanji with nanori reading いさお
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading いさむ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading お
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading か
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ちか
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ちから
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading じから
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading つとむ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading よし
- Japanese terms spelled with 力 read as ちから
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- Japanese single-kanji terms
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- ja:Cartomancy
- Japanese proper nouns
- Japanese given names
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- Japanese terms spelled with 力 read as りき
- Japanese terms read with goon
- Japanese terms borrowed from Middle Chinese
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- ja:Buddhism
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- Korean terms derived from Late Middle Chinese
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- Vietnamese Chữ Hán
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Nom
- CJKV radicals