夏
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See also: 复
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
夏 (Kangxi radical 35, 夊+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一山竹水 (MUHE), four-corner 10247, composition ⿱𦣻夂(GJK) or ⿱𦣻夊(HT))
Derived characters[edit]
- 𠌘, 嗄, 𡏘, 𡟺, 𡺷, 𭡲, 𭱣, 榎, 𤌤, 𤧶, 𥔹, 𦥍, 𧏡, 𥜂, 𮢩, 𧈄, 𩡘, 𮬆, 𥫏, 𢥭, 𣣺, 𡕵, 𥻴, 𪄂, 𭐲, 𡙣, 𭔆, 𦷜, 𥧜, 厦, 𭕥, 廈, 𤹉, 𢟜, 𡖃
References[edit]
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 245, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5720
- Dae Jaweon: page 485, character 29
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 869, character 10
- Unihan data for U+590F
Chinese[edit]
| trad. | 夏 | |
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| simp. # | 夏 | |
| 2nd round simp. | ⿳丆冂夂 | |
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 夏 | |||||||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||||
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 日 (“sun”) + 頁 (“head; man”) – man under the scorching sun; summer.
Various variants were seen in the bronze inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn period. 止 (“foot”) was often added to the bottom of the man. Additionally, in the form shown above, the 日 was removed and 𦥑 (“two hands”) was added. The seal script inherits its form from this form, with 止 replaced with the related 夊.
Various forms were also seen from the Warring States period. The bamboo and silk script above shows a common form: 日 + 止 + 頁. The “ancient script” (古文) from Shuowen (labelled as the large seal script) has deviated significantly, with 止 becoming the related 足. The top part may be a corruption of 頁.
The current form is simplified from the seal script, with the removal of 𦥑 and the legs from 頁.
Etymology 1[edit]
- “great; Xia Dynasty; China; Chinese”
- Possibly related to 假 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, “great”), 嘏 (OC *kraːʔ, “great”) and 廈 (OC *sraːs, *ɡraːʔ, “big house”) (Wang, 1980). Shi (2000) and Mair (2013) relate this word to Tibetan རྒྱ (rgya, “great; wide; width; size; expanse; China”).
- “magnificent colours; variegated”
- The sense “variegated” may be of a different origin. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *Krā(H) (“variegated”) (Starostin), whence Tibetan བཀྲ (bkra, “variegated; bright; radiant; splendid”), Tibetan ཁྲ (khra, “many-coloured; variegated; mottled; striped”) and Burmese ကျား (kya:, “variegated; striped; chequered”). Possibly related to 騢 (OC *ɡraː, “horse with mixed red and white colour”).
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
夏
- (～朝) (historical) the Xia dynasty (2070 BCE – 1600 BCE)
- † (by extension) China; Chinese
- † great; grand; magnificent
- † magnificent colours; resplendent colours; variegated
- 羽畎夏翟 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCE
- yǔquǎn xiàdí [Pinyin]
- variegated long-tailed pheasants from the ravines of Feather Mountain
- † Alternative form of 廈／厦 (“big house”)
- a surname
- 夏志清 ― Xià Zhìqīng ― Hsia Chih-tsing (Chinese literary critic)
Synonyms[edit]
- (the Xia dynasty):
Descendants[edit]
See also[edit]
Compounds[edit]
- 中夏 (Zhōngxià)
- 佛卡夏 (fókǎxià)
- 函夏
- 區夏／区夏
- 夏侯 (Xiàhóu)
- 夏后氏 (Xiàhòushì)
- 夏威夷
- 夏官
- 夏屋
- 夏庭
- 夏新莊／夏新庄 (Xiàxīnzhuāng)
- 夏時／夏时
- 夏普吐勒 (Xiàpǔtǔlè)
- 夏曆／夏历 (xiàlì)
- 夏書／夏书 (Xià Shū)
- 夏朝 (Xiàcháo)
- 夏桀 (Xiàjié)
- 夏正 (xiàzhēng)
- 夏津 (Xiàjīn)
- 夏禮／夏礼
- 夏禹
- 夏馬勒巴格／夏马勒巴格 (Xiàmǎlèbāgé)
- 夏鼎
- 大夏 (dàxià)
- 子夏懸鶉／子夏悬鹑
- 子夏肥
- 寧夏／宁夏 (Níngxià)
- 廣夏細旃／广夏细旃
- 方夏
- 旌夏
- 有夏
- 李劉馬夏／李刘马夏
- 江夏 (Jiāngxià)
- 烏夏巴什／乌夏巴什 (Wūxiàbāshí)
- 猾夏
- 用夏變夷／用夏变夷
- 華夏／华夏 (Huáxià)
- 西夏 (Xīxià)
- 諴夏／𫍯夏
- 諸夏／诸夏 (Zhūxià)
- 那瑪夏／那玛夏 (Nàmǎxià)
Etymology 2[edit]
Sagart (2023b) relates it to 暇 (OC *[g]ˤra-s) "leisure" and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”), the latter of which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) but does not compare to 夏 (OC *[g]ˤraʔ). See 暇 (xiá) for more.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
夏
- summer (season)
Synonyms[edit]
See also[edit]
| Seasons in Mandarin · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 春 (chūn, “spring”) | 夏 (xià, “summer”) | 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) | 冬 (dōng, “winter”) |
Compounds[edit]
- 三冬兩夏／三冬两夏
- 三夏
- 中夏 (Zhōngxià)
- 九夏
- 仲夏 (zhòngxià)
- 冬夏 (dōngxià)
- 冬扇夏爐／冬扇夏炉
- 冬暖夏涼／冬暖夏凉 (dōngnuǎnxiàliáng)
- 冬溫夏凊／冬温夏凊
- 冬蟲夏草／冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo)
- 初夏 (chūxià)
- 剪夏羅／剪夏罗
- 半夏 (bànxià)
- 夏五
- 夏五郭公
- 夏令 (xiàlìng)
- 夏令時／夏令时 (xiàlìngshí)
- 夏令時間／夏令时间
- 夏令營／夏令营 (xiàlìngyíng)
- 夏候鳥／夏候鸟
- 夏天 (xiàtiān)
- 夏娃 (Xiàwá)
- 夏威夷州
- 夏季 (xiàjì)
- 夏季作物
- 夏季季風／夏季季风
- 夏布
- 夏播
- 夏日 (xiàrì)
- 夏日可畏
- 夏時／夏时
- 夏時制／夏时制 (xiàshízhì)
- 夏曆／夏历 (xiàlì)
- 夏服
- 夏枯草 (xiàkūcǎo)
- 夏正 (xiàzhēng)
- 夏熟
- 夏畦
- 夏眠 (xiàmián)
- 夏糧／夏粮
- 夏臘／夏腊
- 夏至 (xiàzhì)
- 夏至線／夏至线 (Xiàzhìxiàn)
- 夏至草
- 夏至點／夏至点
- 夏花
- 夏苗
- 夏蟲／夏虫 (xiàchóng)
- 夏蟲朝菌／夏虫朝菌
- 夏衣 (xiàyī)
- 夏裝／夏装 (xiàzhuāng)
- 夏鑪冬扇／夏𬬻冬扇
- 夏雨雨人 (xiàyǔyùrén)
- 季夏 (jìxià)
- 孟夏 (Mèngxià)
- 害夏
- 拉夏
- 春誦夏絃／春诵夏弦
- 春風夏雨／春风夏雨
- 晾夏
- 歇夏
- 歷夏經秋／历夏经秋
- 殘夏／残夏
- 消夏 (xiāoxià)
- 涼夏／凉夏
- 炎夏 (yánxià)
- 炎炎夏日 (yányánxiàrì)
- 無冬無夏／无冬无夏
- 盛夏 (shèngxià)
- 破夏
- 立夏 (Lìxià)
- 約克夏／约克夏
- 約克夏豬／约克夏猪 (yuēkèxià zhū)
- 結夏／结夏
- 結夏安居／结夏安居
- 苦夏
- 蘭開夏／兰开夏
- 賽夏族／赛夏族 (Sàixiàzú)
- 過夏／过夏
- 郭公夏五
- 金夏沙 (Jīnxiàshā)
- 長夏／长夏
Etymology 3[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
夏
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- “夏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00837
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
夏
Readings[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
- 華夏 (Kaka)
- 夏時 (geshi)
- 夏朝 (Kachō, “Xia Dynasty”)
- 夏炉冬扇 (karotōsen, “summer fires, winter fans; useless things”)
- 夏至 (geshi)
- 夏臘, 夏﨟 (gerō)
- 昨夏 (sakka, “last summer”)
- 春夏秋冬 (shunkashūtō)
- 初夏 (shoka, “beginning summer”)
- 消夏, 銷夏 (shōka)
- 盛夏 (seika)
- 冬扇夏炉 (tōsenkaro)
- 晩夏 (banka, “ending summer”)
- 孟夏 (mōka)
- 立夏 (rikka, “first day of summer”)
- 冷夏 (reika)
- 解夏 (gege)
- 結夏 (ketsuge)
- 半夏 (hange)
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 夏 |
| なつ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
/natu/ → /nat͡su/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *natu.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
- 夏茜 (natsuakane)
- 夏井 (Natsui)
- 夏犬 (natsuinu)
- 夏鶯 (natsu uguisu)
- 夏瓜 (natsuuri)
- 夏帯 (natsuobi)
- 夏草 (natsukusa)
- 夏茱萸, 夏胡頽子 (natsugumi)
- 夏越しの祓 (Nagoshi no Harae), 夏越し (Nagoshi)
- 夏蝉 (natsuzemi)
- 夏鳥 (natsudori)
- 夏場 (natsuba, “summertime”)
- 夏深し (natsufukashi)
- 夏祭, 夏祭り (natsu-matsuri)
- 棗 (natsume, “jujube”)
- 夏休, 夏休み (natsuyasumi, “summer break”)
- 夏山 (natsuyama)
- 夏の大三角 (Natsu no Daisankaku), 夏の大三角形 (Natsu no Daisankakkei)
- 常夏 (tokonatsu)
- 真夏 (manatsu, “midsummer”)
- 翌夏 (yokunatsu, “next summer”)
Proverbs[edit]
See also[edit]
| Seasons in Japanese · 四季 (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 春 (haru, “spring”) 春季 (shunki, “spring”) 春期 (shunki, “spring period”) |
夏 (natsu, “summer”) 夏季 (kaki, “summer”) 夏期 (kaki, “summer period”) |
秋 (aki, “fall; autumn”) 秋季 (shūki, “fall; autumn”) 秋期 (shūki, “fall period”) |
冬 (fuyu, “winter”) 冬季 (tōki, “winter”) 冬期 (tōki, “winter period”) |
Proper noun[edit]
- a female given name
- a surname
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 夏 |
| げ Grade: 2 |
| goon |
From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeH). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
Also used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ge1⟩.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- (Buddhism) summer according to the lunisolar calendar; the ninety days starting from the sixteenth day of the fourth month until the fifteenth day of the seventh month
Derived terms[edit]
See also[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 夏 |
| か Grade: 2 |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeX).
The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.
Proper noun[edit]
- the Xia dynasty (first dynasty of China)
- Short for 大夏 (Daika): Xia, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms
- Short for 西夏 (Seika): Western Xia, an empire during the Song dynasty
- a surname
- a male or female given name
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 夏 (MC haeH).
| Historical readings |
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Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [하(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
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