苦
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
Mainland China and Japan![]() |
Han character
[edit]苦 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+6 in traditional Chinese, 艸+5 in mainland China and Japanese, 9 strokes in traditional Chinese, 8 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 廿十口 (TJR), four-corner 44604, composition ⿱艹古)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1023, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30797
- Dae Jaweon: page 1482, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3186, character 2
- Unihan data for U+82E6
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 苦 | |
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simp. # | 苦 | |
alternative forms | 𡿵 𩇵 瘔 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 苦 | |
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Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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箇 | *kaːls |
個 | *kaːls |
居 | *kɯ, *kas |
橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
嫴 | *kaː |
姑 | *kaː |
辜 | *kaː |
酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
蛄 | *kaː |
鴣 | *kaː |
沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
古 | *kaːʔ |
罟 | *kaːʔ |
估 | *kaːʔ |
鈷 | *kaːʔ |
詁 | *kaːʔ |
牯 | *kaːʔ |
故 | *kaːs |
固 | *kaːs |
稒 | *kaːɡs |
痼 | *kaːɡs |
錮 | *kaːɡs |
鯝 | *kaːɡs |
棝 | *kaːɡs |
凅 | *kaːɡs |
枯 | *kʰaː |
軲 | *kʰaː |
跍 | *kʰaː |
骷 | *kʰaː |
苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
餬 | *ɡaː |
瑚 | *ɡaː |
湖 | *ɡaː |
鶘 | *ɡaː |
猢 | *ɡaː |
醐 | *ɡaː |
糊 | *ɡaː |
箶 | *ɡaː |
蝴 | *ɡaː |
胡 | *ɡaː |
瓳 | *ɡaː |
怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
据 | *ka |
裾 | *ka |
琚 | *ka |
椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
鶋 | *ka |
蜛 | *ka |
崌 | *ka |
涺 | *ka |
腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
鋸 | *kas |
倨 | *kas |
踞 | *kas |
涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) – bitter (as in bitter plants).
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka (“bitter; salty”); compare Tibetan ཁ (kha, “bitter”), Tangut 𗎖 (*khie¹, “bitter”) (STEDT; Jacques, 2014). Within Chinese, cognate with 肝 (OC *kaːn, “liver”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ku3
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): ku3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ku2
- Northern Min (KCR): kǔ
- Eastern Min (BUC): kū
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5khu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ku3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kǔ
- Wade–Giles: kʻu3
- Yale: kǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuu
- Palladius: ку (ku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ku3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ku
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu⁵³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: fu2
- Yale: fú
- Cantonese Pinyin: fu2
- Guangdong Romanization: fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /fuː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /fu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ku3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fú / khú
- Hakka Romanization System: fuˋ / kuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: fu3 / ku3
- Sinological IPA: /fu³¹/, /kʰu³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ku2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰu⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kǔ
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: kū
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: ku3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: khuX, khuH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤaʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːʔ/, /*kʰaːs/
Definitions
[edit]苦
- bitter
- 苦瓜 ― kǔguā ― bittermelon
- Alternative name for 荼 (tú, “bitter plant”).
- difficult; painful; hard
- hardship; suffering
- 辛苦 ― xīnkǔ ― laborious; hard; miserable
- (regional) excessive
- (transitive) to cause someone suffering; to give someone a hard time
- to suffer from; to be handicapped by
- 魏武曰:「人苦無足,既得隴右,復欲得蜀!」 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
- From: 648 CE, Fang Xuanling (lead editor), Book of Jin
- Wèi Wǔ yuē: “Rén kǔ wúzú, jì dé Lǒngyòu, fù yù dé Shǔ!” [Pinyin]
- (Emperor) Wu of Wei said: "Men suffer from insatiability, already having Longyou yet still wanting to get Shu!"
魏武曰:「人苦无足,既得陇右,复欲得蜀!」 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete or Eastern Min) to worry about; to be concerned about
- strenuously; painstakingly
- 苦笑 ― kǔxiào ― to force a smile
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 一片苦心
- 不以為苦/不以为苦
- 不知甘苦
- 不苦歡/不苦欢
- 不苦詐/不苦诈
- 不辭勞苦/不辞劳苦 (bùcíláokǔ)
- 伶仃孤苦
- 何苦 (hékǔ)
- 作苦
- 何苦來/何苦来 (hékǔlái)
- 倒懸之苦/倒悬之苦
- 停辛佇苦
- 備嘗艱苦/备尝艰苦
- 備嘗辛苦/备尝辛苦
- 免苦錢/免苦钱
- 八苦
- 冥思苦想 (míngsīkǔxiǎng)
- 冥思苦索 (míngsīkǔsuǒ)
- 冤苦
- 冤苦錢/冤苦钱
- 分甘共苦
- 刻苦 (kèkǔ)
- 刻苦耐勞/刻苦耐劳
- 勞苦/劳苦
- 勞苦功高/劳苦功高 (láokǔgōnggāo)
- 勤苦 (qínkǔ)
- 匏有苦葉/匏有苦叶
- 千辛百苦
- 千辛萬苦/千辛万苦 (qiānxīnwànkǔ)
- 厭苦/厌苦
- 受苦 (shòukǔ)
- 叫苦 (jiàokǔ)
- 叫苦不迭 (jiàokǔbùdié)
- 叫苦連天/叫苦连天 (jiàokǔliántiān)
- 同甘共苦 (tónggāngòngkǔ)
- 同甘同苦
- 合苦
- 吃苦 (chīkǔ)
- 吐苦水
- 吃苦耐勞/吃苦耐劳 (chīkǔnàiláo)
- 吃苦頭/吃苦头 (chī kǔtou)
- 含辛茹苦 (hánxīnrúkǔ)
- 命苦 (mìngkǔ)
- 嘴甜心苦
- 嚥苦吞甘/咽苦吞甘
- 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
- 埋頭苦幹/埋头苦干 (máitóukǔgàn)
- 堅苦/坚苦 (jiānkǔ)
- 堅苦卓絕/坚苦卓绝
- 報苦窮兒/报苦穷儿
- 大苦
- 孤苦 (gūkǔ)
- 孤苦伶仃 (gūkǔlíngdīng)
- 孤苦無依/孤苦无依 (gūkǔwúyī)
- 孤苦零丁 (gūkǔlíngdīng)
- 害苦
- 家貧命苦/家贫命苦
- 寒苦
- 忆苦思甜 (yìkǔsītián)
- 怨憎會苦/怨憎会苦
- 恤孤念苦
- 恨苦
- 恨苦修行
- 患苦
- 悲苦 (bēikǔ)
- 悽苦/凄苦
- 愛別離苦/爱别离苦
- 愁眉苦目
- 愁眉苦眼
- 愁眉苦臉/愁眉苦脸 (chóuméikǔliǎn)
- 愁苦 (chóukǔ)
- 慳吝苦剋/悭吝苦克
- 憐貧恤苦/怜贫恤苦
- 挖苦 (wākǔ)
- 攢眉苦臉/攒眉苦脸
- 攻苦
- 攻苦食淡
- 救苦救難/救苦救难
- 春宵苦短
- 有苦難言/有苦难言
- 毒藥苦口/毒药苦口
- 氣苦/气苦
- 清苦 (qīngkǔ)
- 淒風苦雨/凄风苦雨
- 濟苦憐貧/济苦怜贫
- 濟貧拔苦/济贫拔苦
- 無邊苦海/无边苦海
- 煞費苦心/煞费苦心
- 犯顏苦諫/犯颜苦谏
- 甘瓜苦蒂
- 甘盡苦來/甘尽苦来
- 甘苦 (gānkǔ)
- 甜酸苦辣 (tiánsuānkǔlà)
- 用心良苦
- 病苦
- 疾苦 (jíkǔ)
- 痛苦 (tòngkǔ)
- 研精苦思
- 萬苦千辛/万苦千辛
- 窮苦/穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
- 脫離苦海/脱离苦海
- 自找苦吃
- 自苦 (zìkǔ)
- 自討苦吃/自讨苦吃 (zìtǎokǔchī)
- 艮苦冰涼/艮苦冰凉
- 良工心苦
- 良藥苦口/良药苦口 (liángyàokǔkǒu)
- 艱苦/艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
- 艱苦卓絕/艰苦卓绝 (jiānkǔzhuójué)
- 艱苦奮鬥/艰苦奋斗 (jiānkǔfèndòu)
- 芒芒苦海
- 苦不堪言 (kǔbùkānyán)
- 苦不聊生
- 苦中作樂/苦中作乐 (kǔzhōngzuòlè)
- 苦主 (kǔzhǔ)
- 苦事
- 苦人
- 苦修
- 苦刑 (kǔxíng)
- 苦力 (kǔlì)
- 苦功 (kǔgōng)
- 苦勸/苦劝 (kǔquàn)
- 苦參/苦参 (kǔshēn)
- 苦口 (kǔkǒu)
- 苦口婆心 (kǔkǒupóxīn)
- 苦命 (kǔmìng)
- 苦哈哈 (kǔhāhā)
- 苦啾啾
- 苦土 (kǔtǔ)
- 苦土肥料
- 苦地
- 苦境 (kǔjìng)
- 苦夏
- 苦多
- 苦子
- 苦孜孜
- 苦寒 (kǔhán)
- 苦寒行
- 苦工 (kǔgōng)
- 苦差事
- 苦幹/苦干 (kǔgàn)
- 苦待 (kǔdài)
- 苦心 (kǔxīn)
- 苦心孤詣/苦心孤诣
- 苦心焦慮/苦心焦虑
- 苦心積慮/苦心积虑
- 苦心竭力
- 苦心經營/苦心经营 (kǔxīnjīngyíng)
- 苦思 (kǔsī)
- 苦思惡想/苦思恶想
- 苦悶/苦闷 (kǔmèn)
- 苦惱/苦恼 (kǔnǎo)
- 苦憶/苦忆
- 苦戰/苦战 (kǔzhàn)
- 苦手
- 苦撐/苦撑
- 苦日子 (kǔrìzi)
- 苦旱 (kǔhàn)
- 苦李
- 苦果 (kǔguǒ)
- 苦楚 (kǔchǔ)
- 苦業/苦业
- 苦楝子 (kǔliànzǐ)
- 苦樂/苦乐
- 苦死 (kǔsǐ)
- 苦殺/苦杀
- 苦水 (kǔshuǐ)
- 苦求
- 苦河
- 苦活兒/苦活儿
- 苦海 (kǔhǎi)
- 苦海無涯/苦海无涯
- 苦海無邊/苦海无边
- 苦澀/苦涩 (kǔsè)
- 苦熬
- 苦瓜 (kǔguā)
- 苦瓜臉/苦瓜脸 (kǔguāliǎn)
- 苦瓠子
- 苦留
- 苦痛 (kǔtòng)
- 苦盡甘來/苦尽甘来 (kǔjìngānlái)
- 苦相
- 苦空
- 苦窳
- 苦竹 (kǔzhú)
- 苦笑 (kǔxiào)
- 苦等
- 苦節/苦节 (kǔjiè)
- 苦累
- 苦練/苦练 (kǔliàn)
- 苦繃苦拽/苦绷苦拽
- 苦肉計/苦肉计 (kǔròujì)
- 苦腦子/苦脑子
- 苦船
- 苦艾 (kǔ'ài)
- 苦苣
- 苦苦 (kǔkǔ)
- 苦苦哀求
- 苦苦相逼
- 苦苣苔
- 苦茶
- 苦茶油
- 苦荼 (kǔtú)
- 苦菜 (kǔcài)
- 苦著臉/苦著脸
- 苦薏 (kǔyì)
- 苦處/苦处 (kǔchù)
- 苦行 (kǔxíng)
- 苦衷 (kǔzhōng)
- 苦言
- 苦諫/苦谏
- 苦買賣/苦买卖
- 苦車/苦车
- 苦辛 (kǔxīn)
- 苦難/苦难 (kǔnàn)
- 苦雨
- 苦雨淒風/苦雨凄风
- 苦頭/苦头 (kǔtóu)
- 茹苦含辛
- 茫茫苦海
- 訴苦/诉苦 (sùkǔ)
- 貧苦/贫苦 (pínkǔ)
- 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
- 辛辛苦苦 (xīnxīnkǔkǔ)
- 道傍苦李
- 酸甜苦辣 (suāntiánkǔlà)
- 零丁孤苦
- 顏苦孔卓/颜苦孔卓
- 顛連困苦/颠连困苦
See also
[edit]Basic tastes in Chinese · 味道 (layout · text) | |||||
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甜 (tián) | 酸 (suān) | 鹹/咸 (xián) | 苦 | 辣 (là) | 鮮味/鲜味 (xiānwèi) |
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
- Wade–Giles: ku3
- Yale: gǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
- Palladius: гу (gu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]苦
- Alternative form of 盬 (gǔ)
Further reading
[edit]- “Entry #5452”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
- “Entry #15357”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
- “苦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: く (ku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: こ (ko)
- Kun: くるしい (kurushii, 苦しい, Jōyō)、くるしむ (kurushimu, 苦しむ, Jōyō)、くるしめる (kurushimeru, 苦しめる, Jōyō)、くるしみ (kurushimi, 苦しみ)、くるしむめる (kurushimumeru, 苦しむめる)、にがい (nigai, 苦い, Jōyō)、にがむ (nigamu, 苦む)、にがみ (nigami, 苦み)、にがめる (nigameru, 苦める)、にがる (nigaru, 苦る, Jōyō)、はなはだ (hanahada, 苦だ)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
苦 |
く Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 苦 (khuX, “suffering”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ko̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [고]
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Han character
[edit]苦: Hán Việt readings: khổ
苦: Nôm readings: cỏ, khó, khủ, khổ, cô
References
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement block
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- Old Chinese adverbs
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 苦
- Mandarin terms with collocations
- Regional Chinese
- Chinese transitive verbs
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
- Eastern Min Chinese
- Beginning Mandarin
- zh:Emotions
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese third grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- ja:Buddhism
- Japanese kanji with goon reading く
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading こ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くる・しい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くる・しむ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くる・しめる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くる・しみ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading くる・しむめる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading にが・い
- Japanese kanji with kun reading にが・む
- Japanese kanji with kun reading にが・み
- Japanese kanji with kun reading にが・める
- Japanese kanji with kun reading にが・る
- Japanese kanji with kun reading はなは・だ
- Japanese terms spelled with 苦 read as く
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 苦
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Nom