羨

See also: 羡

羨 U+7FA8, 羨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FA8 ← 羧 [U+7FA7] CJK Unified Ideographs 義 → [U+7FA9]

Translingual

Han character

羨 (radical 123, 羊+7, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿土水弓人 (TGENO), four-corner 8018₂, composition ⿱𦍌㳄)

References

• KangXi: page 952, character 31
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28503
• Dae Jaweon: page 1396, character 25
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3134, character 10
• Unihan data for U+7FA8

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Chinese

trad.		羨/羡
simp.		羡

Glyph origin

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 羊 (“sheep”) + 㳄 (“saliva”) – to envy.

羊 may be interpreted as a beautiful sheep or good mutton (cf. 美 “beautiful” and 善 “good”).

The Kangxi Dictionary, following 《佩觿》, enters the word in etymology 2 as 羡, separating it from 羨 (etymology 1). This is also followed by dictionaries such as Hanyu Da Cidian and Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, but Zhongwen Da Cidian disagrees with this treatment. (Hanyu Da Zidian regards 羡 as the main form of all pronunciations.) According to 《說文解字羣經正字》:

羨，貪欲也，今經典往往作羡。郭忠恕《佩觿》分羨、羡爲二字。羡，以脂翻，江夏地名；羨，似面翻，慕也。非也，字書無从次之字，惟一字而數音耳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

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羡，贪欲也，今经典往往作羡。郭忠恕《佩觿》分羡、羡为二字。羡，以脂翻，江夏地名；羡，似面翻，慕也。非也，字书无从次之字，惟一字而数音耳。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: 《說文解字羣經正字》, quoted from Zhongwen Da Cidian

羨 (Xiàn), tānyù yě, jīn jīngdiǎn wǎngwǎng zuò 羡. Guō Zhōngshù “Pèixī” fēn 羨 (xiàn), 羡 (yí) wéi èr zì. Yí, yǐ zhī fān, Jiāngxià dìmíng; xiàn, sì miàn fān, mù yě. Fēi yě, zìshū wú cóng 次 (cì) zhī zì, wéi yī zì ér shù yīn ěr. [Pinyin]

羨, meaning "to covet", is now frequently written as 羡 in the classics. Guo Zhongshu's Peixi distinguishes 羨 and 羡 as separate characters. 羡, fanqie 以脂, name of a place in Jiangxia. 羨, fanqie 似面, to desire. This is not the case. There's no such character with the 次 element in character dictionaries. There is only one character but several pronunciations.

Etymology 1

Possibly related to 餘 (OC *la, “surplus”) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): xiàn (xian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ

  (Chengdu, SP): xian⁴

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): sin⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhun⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): xien⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sien

  (Meixian, Guangdong): xiên³

• Jin (Wiktionary): xie³
• Min Bei (KCR): sīng
• Min Dong (BUC): siêng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): siān / siǎn / soān / soan

  (Teochew, Peng'im): iang⁶ / iêng⁶

• Wu (Wiktionary): xxi (T3)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): sienn⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: xiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
    • Wade–Giles: hsien4
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjɛn⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: xian⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiɛn²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: sin⁶
    • Yale: sihn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: sin⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: xin⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siːn²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: lhun⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬun³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: xien⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiɛn¹¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sien
    • Hakka Romanization System: xien
    • Hagfa Pinyim: xian⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ɕi̯en⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: xiên³
    • Sinological IPA: /ɕiɛn³¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: xie³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sīng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: siêng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siɛŋ²⁴²/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siān
    • Tâi-lô: siān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sien
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɕiɛn²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɕiɛn³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕiɛn⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siǎn
    • Tâi-lô: siǎn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕiɛn²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soān
    • Tâi-lô: suān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soan
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /suan³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /suan²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan
    • Tâi-lô: suan
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soafn
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴/

Note:

• Xiamen, Zhangzhou:
  • siān - literary;
  • soān - vernacular.
• surname:
  • siān - Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou;
  • soān - Zhangzhou;
  • soan - Taiwan.

(Teochew)

• Peng'im: iang⁶ / iêng⁶
• Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iăng / iĕng
• Sinological IPA ^(key): /iaŋ³⁵/, /ieŋ³⁵/

Note:

• iang6 - Shantou;
• iêng6 - Chaozhou.

Wu

• (Shanghainese)
  • Wiktionary: xxi (T3)
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʑ̻i²³/

Xiang

• (Changsha)
  • Wiktionary: sienn⁴
  • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /siẽ⁴⁵/
  • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /ɕiẽ⁴⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /ziᴇn^H/

Rime
Character	羨
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	邪 (17)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	似面切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ziᴇnH/
Pan Wuyun	/ziɛnH/
Shao Rongfen	/zjænH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/zianH/
Li Rong	/ziɛnH/
Wang Li	/zĭɛnH/
Bernard Karlgren	/zi̯ɛnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-N-qa[r]-s/, /*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ljans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羨	羨
Reading #	1/3	2/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàn	xiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ zjenH ›	‹ zjenH ›
Old Chinese	/*s-N-qa[r]-s/	/*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/
English	covet, desire	surplus, affluence
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨
Reading #	2/3
No.	13574
Phonetic component	羨
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	羡
Old Chinese	/*ljans/
Notes	㳄字轉註

Definitions

羨

1. to envy; to admire
2. ^† superfluous; in surplus
3. ^† surplus; affluence
4. ^† to surpass; to exceed
5. ^† abundant; plentiful
6. ^† crooked; evil
7. 10th tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝌏)
8. A surname​.

Compounds

• 企羨／企羡
• 個個稱羨／个个称羡
• 健羨／健羡
• 充羨／充羡
• 奇羨／奇羡
• 曼羨／曼羡
• 欣羨／欣羡 (xīnxiàn)
• 欽羨／钦羡

• 歆羨／歆羡 (xīnxiàn)
• 歎羨／叹羡
• 稱羨／称羡 (chēngxiàn)
• 羨慕／羡慕 (xiànmù)
• 羨煞／羡煞
• 羨財／羡财
• 羨餘／羡余 (xiànyú)
• 耗羨／耗羡

• 臨川羨魚／临川羡鱼
• 臨河羨魚／临河羡鱼
• 臨淵羨魚／临渊羡鱼 (línyuānxiànyú)
• 談羨／谈羡 (tánxiàn)
• 豔羨／艳羡 (yànxiàn)
• 陽羨／阳羡
• 餘羨／余羡
• 驚羨／惊羡

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yí (yi²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: yí
    • Zhuyin: ㄧˊ
    • Wade–Giles: i2
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yi
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yí
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /jiɪ/

Rime
Character	羨
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	脂 (15)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以脂切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiɪ/
Pan Wuyun	/ji/
Shao Rongfen	/jɪ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ji/
Li Rong	/i/
Wang Li	/ji/
Bernard Karlgren	/i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*lel/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨
Reading #	1/3
No.	13573
Phonetic component	羨
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	姨
Old Chinese	/*lel/
Notes	沙羨漢縣

Definitions

羨

1. Only used in 沙羨／沙羡.

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 羨 – see 延 (“to prolong; to stretch; to extend; etc.”). (This character, 羨, is a variant form of 延.)

References

• “羨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

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Japanese

Kanji

羨

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): せん (sen, Jōyō); えん (en)
• Kun: うらやましい (urayamashii, 羨ましい, Jōyō); うらやむ (urayamu, 羨む, Jōyō); あまり (amari)
• Nanori: よし (yoshi)

Compounds

• 羨(うらや)ましい (urayamashī): jealous, envious
• 羨(うらや)む (urayamu): to be jealous, to be envious

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Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 羨 (MC ziᴇn^H).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 쎤〮 (Yale: ssyén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 션訓 (Yale: syen) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰɘːn]
• Phonetic hangeul: [선ː]
  • Long vowel distinction only applies at the initial position. Most speakers no longer distinguish vowel length at any position.

Hanja

Wikisource

羨 (eumhun 부러워할 선 (bureowohal seon))

1. Hanja form^? of 선 (“envy; envious”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 선망 (羨望, seonmang, “envy”)
• 선모 (羨慕, seonmo)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 羨 (MC jiᴇn^H).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 연〮 (Yale: yén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jʌ̹n]
• Phonetic hangeul: [연]

Hanja

羨 (eumhun 무덤길 연 (mudeomgil yeon))

1. Hanja form^? of 연 (“road to a grave”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 연문 (羨門, yeonmun)
• 연도 (羨道, yeondo)
• 연도분 (羨道墳, yeondobun, “passage grave”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]