ja

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"

English

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Afrikaans ja (“yes”), from Dutch ja (“yes”). More at yeah.

Alternative forms

• ya

Adverb

ja (not comparable)

1. (chiefly South Africa, informal) yes

Derived terms

• ja well no fine

Etymology 2

From the Revised Romanization of Korean 자 (ja)

Alternative forms

• cha

Noun

ja (plural jas or ja)

1. (Korean units of measure) Synonym of Korean foot: a traditional unit of length equivalent to about 30.3 cm.

Anagrams

• AJ

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Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch ja.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jaː/

Adverb

ja

1. yes

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Alemannic German

Alternative forms

• jaa, jä

Etymology

From Old High German ja, jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja. Cognate with German ja, Dutch ja, English yea, Swedish ja.

Adverb

ja

1. (Uri) yes

References

• Abegg, Emil, (1911) Die Mundart von Urseren (Beiträge zur Schweizerdeutschen Grammatik. IV.) [The Dialect of Urseren], Frauenfeld, Switzerland: Huber & Co., page 13.

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Assan

Etymology

From Proto-Yeniseian *ʔaʒ (“I”). Compare Kott ai (“I”), Pumpokol ad (“I”), and Arin aj.

Pronoun

ja

1. I (first-person singular subjective)

Synonyms

• aj

Related terms

• ajun

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Catalan

Etymology

From Latin iam.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈʒa/
• IPA^(key): /ˈja/
• Rhymes: -a

Adverb

ja

1. already, (in negative sentences) any more
2. now, immediately, at once

Derived terms

• ja que

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Central Melanau

Central Melanau cardinal numbers

<  0	1	2  >
Cardinal : ja

Alternative forms

• je-

Numeral

ja

1. one

Synonyms

• satu

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Cimbrian

Etymology

From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja. Cognate with German ja, Dutch ja, English yea, Icelandic já.

Adverb

ja

1. (Sette Comuni) yes

References

• “ja” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

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Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse já (“yes”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ja/, [jɛ]
• IPA^(key): /jar/, [jæɐ̯]
• Rhymes: -a

Interjection

ja

1. yes

Antonyms

• nej

Related terms

• jo

Noun

ja n (singular definite jaet, plural indefinite jaer)

1. yes

Inflection

Declension of ja

neuter gender	Singular		Plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ja	jaet	jaer	jaerne
genitive	jas	jaets	jaers	jaernes

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Dimasa

Noun

já

1. foot

Derived terms

• jaga

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Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch ja, from Old Dutch *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja.

Pronunciation

• audio:

  (file)

• IPA^(key): /jaː/

Adverb

ja

1. yes

   Wil je met ons meegaan? — Ja, graag!

   Would you like to come with us? — Yes, I'd love to!

Synonyms

• jep

Antonyms

• nee, neen

Derived terms

• jawel

Noun

ja m or n (plural ja's, diminutive jaatje n)

1. yes

   Een ja kan je krijgen, een nee heb je al.

   A yes you can get, a no you already have.

   Het begon met een ja...

   It began with a yes...

Synonyms

• jawoord

Antonyms

• nee

Interjection

ja

1. yes!

   "Ja!" riep hij luid toen er een doelpunt viel.

   Yes! he screamed loudly when they scored a goal.

Synonyms

• yes

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Esperanto

Etymology

From German ja. Compare Danish jo, Swedish ju.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Adverb

ja

1. indeed

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Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”); compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh.

Conjunction

ja

1. and

Synonyms

• ning

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Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse já, from Proto-Germanic *ja.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɛaː/

Adverb

ja

1. yes

Antonyms

• nei, neiggj

Related terms

• jú, júgv

Noun

ja n (genitive singular jas, plural ja)

1. yes

Declension

Declension of ja
n3	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ja	jaið	ja	jaini
accusative	ja	jaið	ja	jaini
dative	jai	jainum	jaum	jaunum
genitive	jas	jasins	jaa	jaanna

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Finnish

Etymology

From (compare Estonian ja, Ingrian ja, Livonian ja, Votic ja), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”) (compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ̝]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑ
• Syllabification^(key): ja

Conjunction

ja

1. (coordinating) and

Synonyms

• sekä (used when listing things — not when joining clauses)

Noun

ja

1. AND (logic gate or connector)

Declension

Rarely inflected; if inflection is necessary, it is used as a first component in a compound, such as JA-portti ("AND gate").

Inflection of ja (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation)
nominative		ja	jat
genitive		jan	jaiden jaitten
partitive		jata	jaita
illative		jahan	jaihin
		singular	plural
nominative		ja	jat
accusative	nom.	ja	jat
	gen.	jan
genitive		jan	jaiden jaitten
partitive		jata	jaita
inessive		jassa	jaissa
elative		jasta	jaista
illative		jahan	jaihin
adessive		jalla	jailla
ablative		jalta	jailta
allative		jalle	jaille
essive		jana	jaina
translative		jaksi	jaiksi
abessive		jatta	jaitta
instructive		—	jain
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of ja (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative jani jani accusative nom. jani jani gen. jani genitive jani jaideni jaitteni partitive jatani jaitani inessive jassani jaissani elative jastani jaistani illative jahani jaihini adessive jallani jaillani ablative jaltani jailtani allative jalleni jailleni essive janani jainani translative jakseni jaikseni abessive jattani jaittani instructive — — comitative — jaineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative jasi jasi accusative nom. jasi jasi gen. jasi genitive jasi jaidesi jaittesi partitive jatasi jaitasi inessive jassasi jaissasi elative jastasi jaistasi illative jahasi jaihisi adessive jallasi jaillasi ablative jaltasi jailtasi allative jallesi jaillesi essive janasi jainasi translative jaksesi jaiksesi abessive jattasi jaittasi instructive — — comitative — jainesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative jamme jamme accusative nom. jamme jamme gen. jamme genitive jamme jaidemme jaittemme partitive jatamme jaitamme inessive jassamme jaissamme elative jastamme jaistamme illative jahamme jaihimme adessive jallamme jaillamme ablative jaltamme jailtamme allative jallemme jaillemme essive janamme jainamme translative jaksemme jaiksemme abessive jattamme jaittamme instructive — — comitative — jainemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative janne janne accusative nom. janne janne gen. janne genitive janne jaidenne jaittenne partitive jatanne jaitanne inessive jassanne jaissanne elative jastanne jaistanne illative jahanne jaihinne adessive jallanne jaillanne ablative jaltanne jailtanne allative jallenne jaillenne essive jananne jainanne translative jaksenne jaiksenne abessive jattanne jaittanne instructive — — comitative — jainenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative jansa jansa accusative nom. jansa jansa gen. jansa genitive jansa jaidensa jaittensa partitive jataan jatansa jaitaan jaitansa inessive jassaan jassansa jaissaan jaissansa elative jastaan jastansa jaistaan jaistansa illative jahansa jaihinsa adessive jallaan jallansa jaillaan jaillansa ablative jaltaan jaltansa jailtaan jailtansa allative jalleen jallensa jailleen jaillensa essive janaan janansa jainaan jainansa translative jakseen jaksensa jaikseen jaiksensa abessive jattaan jattansa jaittaan jaittansa instructive — — comitative — jaineen jainensa

References

• Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN

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German

Etymology

From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā (“yes”), from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes”), from Proto-Indo-European *yē (“already”). Cognate with Dutch ja (“yes”), English yea (“yes, yea”), Latin iam (“already”). More at yes.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jaː/

• audio:

  (file)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aː
• Homophone: Jahr

Adverb

ja

1. yes

   Willst du das? Ja. ― Do you want that? Yes.

   Aber ja! ― Yes, of course!

2. (intensifier) obviously; certainly; of course; really; just; as you know; as is generally known (indicates and emphasises that one is expressing a known fact)

   Es kann ja nicht immer so bleiben. ― It obviously cannot always remain so.

   Der Peter war ja gestern krank. ― Peter was sick yesterday, as you know.

Usage notes

• (yes): Ja is used to indicate agreement with a positive statement. To contradict a negative statement (where English would use “yes”), doch is used instead.
• (obviously): Ja means roughly the same as English obviously or as you know, but given its shortness it is used much more frequently. In colloquial German, ja is used in most statements of facts already known to the one addressed.

Synonyms

• (yes): jawohl
• (obviously): doch, bekanntlich

Antonyms

• nein

Derived terms

• bejahen
• Ja
• jein

Interjection

ja

1. yes

Synonyms

• (yes): jawohl

Antonyms

• (yes): nein

Further reading

• “ja” in Duden online

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Gothic

Romanization

ja

1. Romanization of 𐌾𐌰

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Guerrero Amuzgo

Adjective

ja

1. heavy

Pronoun

ja

1. I

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Gutnish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jaː/, [jɑː]

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ek. Compare Swedish jag.

Alternative forms

• jag (Fårö and Lau dialects)

Pronoun

ja

1. I (first-person singular pronoun)

Inflection

	inflection of "ja"
subject	ja
object	mi
possessive	min, mein, mitt, meine

Etymology 2

From Old Norse já

Adverb

ja

1. yes

Usage notes

Uncertain or stalling answer; jo is used for yes-no questions

Related terms

• (used for yes-no questions) jo, jå (Lau dialect)

Interjection

ja

1. yes

References

• "ja" in Gutamålgildes Årdliste
• "ja in Gustavson, H. (red.). 1972-1986. Ordbok över Laumålet på Gotland. Uppsala: AB Lundequistska Bokhandeln.

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Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈjɒ], [ˈjaː] (the long pronunciation is used in case of great surprise)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -jɒ

Interjection

ja

1. (informal) yep (indicates agreement, approval, or understanding)

   Jössz holnap a meccsre? - Ja.

   Are you coming to the game tomorrow? - Yep.

2. oh (indicates understanding something finally after a misunderstanding or confusion)

   Este nem jár a vonat. - Ja, hát akkor menjünk busszal!

   No train is leaving in the evening. - Oh, well then let's travel by bus!

   Ezt nem is Miki küldte! - Ja, lehet, hogy én értettem félre.

   This was not sent by Miki! - Oh, then I must have misunderstood it.

Synonyms

• (approval): aha, ühüm, jaja

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Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian già, French déjà and Spanish ya, from Latin iam, replacing Esperanto jam which is cognate.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒa/

Adverb

ja

1. already

Related terms

• ya

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Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”); compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh. Akin to Finnish ja.

Conjunction

ja

1. and

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Japanese

Romanization

ja

1. Rōmaji transcription of じゃ
2. Rōmaji transcription of ジャ
3. Rōmaji transcription of ぢゃ
4. Rōmaji transcription of ヂャ

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Latvian

Conjunction

ja

1. if
2. in case

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Lithuanian

Pronoun

ja f

1. Template:lt-form-pronoun

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Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronoun

ja sg

1. I

Declension

Declension of the first-person pronouns

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ja	mej	my
Genitive	mě (after preposition) mnjo	naju	nas
Dative	mě (after preposition) mnjo	nama	nam
Accusative	mě (after preposition) mnjo	naju	nas
Instrumental	mnu	nama	nami
Locative	mnjo	nama	nas
Possessive determiner	mój	naju	naš

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Lule Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).

Conjunction

ja

1. and

Further reading

• Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎^[1], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

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North Frisian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ja/

Pronoun

ja

1. (Sylt and Mooring) they

Synonyms

• djo (Heligolandic)
• jo (Amrum and Fering)
• jä (Halligen, Hoorning and Wiedingharde)

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Northern Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).

Pronunciation

• (Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈja/

Conjunction

ja

1. and

Further reading

• Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎^[2], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

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Northern Sotho

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.

Verb

ja

1. to eat

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Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse já

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɑː/

• Audio:

  (file)

Adverb

ja

1. yes

Antonyms

• nei

Related terms

• jo
• jaja
• jada

Interjection

ja

1. yes

Noun

ja n (definite singular jaet, indefinite plural ja or jaer, definite plural jaa or jaene)

1. yes

References

• “ja” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

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Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse já

Adverb

ja

1. yes

Antonyms

• nei

Related terms

• jo

Interjection

ja

1. yes

Noun

ja n (definite singular jaet, indefinite plural ja, definite plural jaa)

1. yes

References

• “ja” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

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Old French

Etymology

From Latin iam

Adverb

ja

1. already
2. as soon as possible
3. quickly
4. (with "ne") never

References

• Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle (1881) (ja)

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Pennsylvania German

Alternative forms

• ya

Etymology

Compare German ja, Dutch ja, Swedish ja.

Interjection

ja

1. yes, yeah

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Pite Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).

Conjunction

ja

1. and

Further reading

• ja in Bidumsáme Báhkogirrje (“Pite Sami word list”)
• Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎^[3], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

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Polish

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ja/

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

ja

1. I (first-person pronoun)

   Ja chcę mieć przyjaciół.

   I want to have friends.

Declension

Declension of ja

	singular	plural
nominative	ja	—
genitive	mnie/mię	—
dative	mnie/mi	—
accusative	mnie/mię	—
instrumental	mną	—
locative	mnie	—
vocative	—	—

Notes

Mute forms ("mię", "mi") cannot be used in accented positions in the sentence. "Mię" is considered dated in Standard Polish, but can still be heard in some dialects.

See also

• siebie ("myself")
• Appendix:Polish pronouns

Further reading

• Template:R:PWN

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Portuguese

Adverb

1. Obsolete spelling of já.

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Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jâː/

Pronoun

jȃ (Cyrillic spelling ја̑)

1. I

   Ja sam učio. ― I have studied.

2. me

   Ovo sam ja. ― This is me.

Declension

Declension of ja

	singular	plural
nominative	jȃ	mȋ
genitive	mȅne, me	nȃs
dative	mȅni, mi	nȁma, nam
accusative	mȅne, me	nȃs
vocative	—	mȋ
locative	mȅni	nȁma
instrumental	mnȏm, mnóme	nȁma

Etymology 2

Borrowed from German ja.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jâ/

Adverb

jȁ (Cyrillic spelling ја̏)

1. (colloquial, regional) yes, yeah

Etymology 3

Interjection

ja

1. (archaic) Alternative form of jao.

Ja Ivane, mio pobratime!

O woe, Ivan, dear blood-brother!

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Silesian

Adverb

ja

1. yes

Antonyms

• ńy

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Slovak

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈja/

Pronoun

ja

1. I (first person singular)

Usage notes

Following prepositions, ma and mi are replaced by mňa and mne respectively.

Declension

Declension of ja

	singular	plural
nominative	ja	my
genitive	mňa, ma	nás
dative	mne, mi	nám
accusative	mňa, ma	nás
locative	mne	nás
instrumental	mnou	nami

See also

• ty
• on, ona, ono
• my
• vy
• oni, ony

References

• “ja”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

Anagrams

• aj

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Slovene

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German ja.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jàː/, /jáː/

Particle

jā

1. (informal) yes

   Synonym: dȁ

   Antonym: nȅ

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ja

1. (dialectal) Alternative form of jȁz

   Ja sem Slovenec.

   I am Slovenian.

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Sotho

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.

Verb

ja

1. to eat

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Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xa/

Interjection

ja

1. representation of laughter, ha

   Also used repeatedly: jaja, jajaja

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Swahili

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jìja. Compare Zulu -za.

Verb

-ja (infinitive kuja)

1. to come
2. going to (followed by an infinitive, future, or subjunctive verb)

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ja
Positive present -nakuja Subjunctive -je Negative -ji Imperative singular njoo kuja
Infinitives
Positive kuja Negative kutokuja
Imperatives
Singular njoo kuja Plural njooni njoni
Tensed forms
Habitual huja Positive past positive subject concord + -likuja Negative past negative subject concord + -kuja
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nakuja) Singular Plural 1st person ninakuja/nakuja tunakuja 2nd person unakuja mnakuja 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anakuja wanakuja other classes positive subject concord + -nakuja
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ji) Singular Plural 1st person siji hatuji 2nd person huji hamji 3rd person m-wa(I/II) haji hawaji other classes negative subject concord + -ji
Positive future positive subject concord + -takuja Negative future negative subject concord + -takuja
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -je) Singular Plural 1st person nije tuje 2nd person uje mje 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aje waje other classes positive subject concord + -je
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sije Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngekuja Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singekuja Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalikuja Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalikuja
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aja) Singular Plural 1st person naja twaja 2nd person waja mwaja 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aja waja m-mi(III/IV) waja yaja ji-ma(V/VI) laja yaja ki-vi(VII/VIII) chaja vyaja n(IX/X) yaja zaja u(XI) waja see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwaja pa(XVI) paja mu(XVIII) mwaja
Perfect positive subject concord + -mekuja "Already" positive subject concord + -meshakuja "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaja "If/When" positive subject concord + -kija "If not" positive subject concord + -sipokuja Consecutive kaja / positive subject concord + -kaja Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kaje
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nija -tuja 2nd person -kuja -waja/-kujeni/-wajeni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mja -waja m-mi(III/IV) -uja -ija ji-ma(V/VI) -lija -yaja ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kija -vija n(IX/X) -ija -zija u(XI) -uja see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kuja pa(XVI) -paja mu(XVIII) -muja Reflexive -jija
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ja- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -jaye -jao m-mi(III/IV) -jao -jayo ji-ma(V/VI) -jalo -jayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -jacho -javyo n(IX/X) -jayo -jazo u(XI) -jao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -jako pa(XVI) -japo mu(XVIII) -jamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -kuja) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yekuja -okuja m-mi(III/IV) -okuja -yokuja ji-ma(V/VI) -lokuja -yokuja ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chokuja -vyokuja n(IX/X) -yokuja -zokuja u(XI) -okuja see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kokuja pa(XVI) -pokuja mu(XVIII) -mokuja
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -jia

• Nominal derivations:
  • mja (“comer, visitor; male servant”)
  • ujaji (“arrival”)

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Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse já, from Proto-Germanic *ja.

Pronunciation 1

• IPA^(key): /jɑː/, (Scania) /jaː/, /ja/

• audio:

  (file)

Adverb

ja (not comparable)

1. yes

Synonyms

• japp

Antonyms

• nej

Related terms

• jo
• nja
• tja
• jaha
• jaja

Pronunciation 2

• IPA^(key): /jɑː/, (Scania) /jaː/

Noun

ja n

1. a yes, an aye; a positive answer or vote

Declension

Declension of ja
	Uncountable
	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	ja	jaet	—	—
Genitive	jas	jaets	—	—

Pronunciation 2

• IPA^(key): /jɑː/

Etymology 2

See jag.

Pronoun

ja

1. (colloquial, text messaging) Pronunciation spelling of jag.

Anagrams

• aj

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Tswana

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dʒa/

Verb

go ja (past jelê)

1. to eat

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Tz'utujil

Alternative forms

• jar

Article

ja

1. the

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Upper Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronoun

ja

1. I

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West Frisian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ja/, /jaː/

Interjection

ja

1. yes

Derived terms

• jawis

Further reading

• “ja”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

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Zialo

Noun

ja

1. water

References

• Kirill Vladimirovich Babaev, Zialo: the newly-discovered Mande language of Guinea (2010), page 213