家
Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
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Han character
家 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十一尸人 (JMSO), four-corner 30232, composition ⿱宀豕)
Derived characters
Descendants
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 286, character 17
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7169
- Dae Jaweon: page 566, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 930, character 15
- Unihan data for U+5BB6
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 家 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
|
|
|
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraː) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 豕 (“pig”).
豕 is an abbreviation of 豭 (OC *kraː, “male pig, boar”) (Shuowen Jiezi), a homophone of 家 (jiā) in Old Chinese. See 豭 for more on the glyph composition.
Etymology 1
| simp. and trad. |
家 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 𡦼 | |
Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007).
嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa1
- Gan (Wiktionary): ga1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jia1
- Northern Min (KCR): gá
- Eastern Min (BUC): gă
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 1ka; 1cia
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jia1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jia
- Wade–Giles: chia1
- Yale: jyā
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jia
- Palladius: цзя (czja)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ˙ㄐㄧㄚ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiå
- Wade–Giles: chia5
- Yale: jya
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .jia
- Palladius: цзя (czja)
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡ʑ̥i̯ä/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җя (ži͡a, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕia²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gaa1
- Yale: gā
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaa1
- Guangdong Romanization: ga1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaː⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: ga1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ka⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâ
- Hakka Romanization System: ga´
- Hagfa Pinyim: ga1
- Sinological IPA: /ka²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jia1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕia¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gá
- Sinological IPA (key): /ka⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gă
- Sinological IPA (key): /ka⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- ke - vernacular;
- ka - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gê1 / gia1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ke / kia
- Sinological IPA (key): /ke³³/, /kia³³/
Note:
- gê1 - vernacular;
- gia1 - literary (used only in operas).
Note: 1jia is literary.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: jia1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯a̠³³/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 家 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ |
| Harbin | /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /t͡ɕiɑ²¹/ | |
| Jinan | /t͡ɕia²¹³/ | |
| Qingdao | /t͡ɕia²¹³/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕia²⁴/ | |
| Xi'an | /t͡ɕia²¹/ | |
| Xining | /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/ | |
| Lanzhou | /t͡ɕia³¹/ | |
| Ürümqi | /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/ | |
| Wuhan | /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ 國～ /ka⁵⁵/ 人～ | |
| Chengdu | /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ | |
| Guiyang | /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ | |
| Kunming | /t͡ɕia̠⁴⁴/ | |
| Nanjing | /t͡ɕiɑ³¹/ | |
| Hefei | /t͡ɕia²¹/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕia¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /t͡ɕiɑ¹³/ /t͡ɕiɑ⁵³/ 娘～ | |
| Hohhot | /t͡ɕia³¹/ /t͡ɕiaʔ⁰/ 人～ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ka⁵³/ /t͡ɕia⁵³/ |
| Suzhou | /kɑ⁵⁵/ /t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/ | |
| Hangzhou | /t͡ɕiɑ³³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ko³³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕia³¹/ /ka³¹/ |
| Tunxi | /kɔ¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕia³³/ /ka³³/ |
| Xiangtan | /kɒ³³/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /kɑ⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ka⁴⁴/ |
| Taoyuan | /kɑ²⁴/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ka⁵³/ |
| Nanning | /ka⁵⁵/ | |
| Hong Kong | /ka⁵⁵/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ka⁵⁵/ /ke⁵⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ka⁴⁴/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ka⁵⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /ke³³/ /ka³³/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /ka²³/ /kia²³/ /kɛ²³/ |
- Middle Chinese: kae
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤra/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kraː/
Definitions
- home
- house
- family; household
- (polite, for family member) my
- domesticated; domestic
- Classifier for families, businesses and companies.
- school of thought; philosophical school
- † fief of ministers or senior officials
- Suffix denoting a person with a certain occupation or social standing. -er
- Suffix denoting specialist in a certain activity or field. -ist; -er
- Suffix used after a noun to specify a type of person.
- a surname
Synonyms
- (family):
Dialectal synonyms of 家 (“home”) [map]
- (house):
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Tong'an, Kaohsiung, Taipei, Tainan, Yilan, Lukang, Sanxia, Hsinchu, Penang)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kāi
- Tâi-lô: kāi
- Phofsit Daibuun: kai
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /kai⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ka
- Tâi-lô: ka
- Phofsit Daibuun: kaf
- IPA (Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /ka⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kinmen, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kai
- Tâi-lô: kai
- Phofsit Daibuun: kay
- IPA (Kinmen): /kai⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ga1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ka
- Sinological IPA (key): /ka³³/
Definitions
- (Southern Min) Only used in 家己 (ka-kī).
Pronunciation 3
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kha
- Tâi-lô: kha
- Phofsit Daibuun: qaf
- IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang): /kʰa³³/
- IPA (Xiamen): /kʰa⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Sanxia, Yilan, Hsinchu, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khia
- Tâi-lô: khia
- Phofsit Daibuun: qiaf
- IPA (Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /kʰia⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khia
- Tâi-lô: khia
- Phofsit Daibuun: qiaf
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰia⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: kia1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khia
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰia³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Lukang)
Definitions
- (Southern Min) Only used in 私家.
Etymology 2
| simp. and trad. |
家 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 價／价 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ˙ㄐㄧㄝ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jie̊
- Wade–Giles: chieh5
- Yale: jye
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .jie
- Palladius: цзе (cze)
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡ʑ̥i̯ɛ/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Japanese
Kanji
家
Readings
- Go-on: け (ke, Jōyō); く (ku)
- Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō); こ (ko)
- Kun: いえ (ie, 家, Jōyō)←いへ (ife, 家, historical); や (ya, 家, Jōyō); うち (uchi, 家)
Compounds
Compounds
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 家 |
| いえ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨ipe1⟩ → */ipʲe/ → /iɸe/ → /iwe/ → /ie/
From Old Japanese.
Possibly related to 廬 (iho → io, “temporary hut”).
Pronunciation
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Noun
- a house
- one's own home
- a home, household
- Kore Yamazaki, “第1篇 April showers bring May flowers. [Composition 1: April showers bring May flowers.]”, in (deprecated template usage) [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride) [The Ancient Magus’ Bride], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 17:
- ここが僕の家 そして今日から君が暮らす家でもある
- Koko ga boku no ie Soshite kyō kara kimi ga kurasu ie de mo aru
- This is my home. From now on, you will live here, too.
- ここが僕の家 そして今日から君が暮らす家でもある
- a family
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 家 |
| や Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
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Noun
- a house
Suffix
家 or 家 • (ya or suffix) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|や]]
- house of something, place where some business is conducted
- person who does that thing
See also
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 家 |
| うち Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Cognate with 内 (uchi, “middle”).[1]
Pronunciation
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Noun
- a house
- one's house
Descendants
- → English: hooch
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 家 |
| Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
Contraction of uchi above.
Often following the genitive case marker の (no) which contracts to -n.
Noun
- a house
- 俺ん家に来ない？ ― Orenchi ni konai? ― Wanna come to my place?
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 家 |
| か Grade: 2 |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kae).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”), so likely a latter borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Suffix
家 or 家 • (ka or suffix) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|か]]
- an expert, professional, performer
Derived terms
Etymology 6
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 家 |
| け Grade: 2 |
| goon |
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”), so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Suffix
家 or 家 • (ke or suffix) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|け]]
- representing relationship to a family
- 平家 ― Taira-ke ― the Taira family
References
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
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Korean
Hanja
- home; family; household
Compounds
Okinawan
Kanji
家
Readings
Compounds
- 家内 (chinē, “household”)
- 家鴨 (ahiru), 家鴨 (ahirā), 家鴨 (afirā, “domestic duck”)
Noun
家 (yā)
Derived terms
Vietnamese
Han character
(deprecated template usage) 家 (gia, nhà)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Yonaguni
Kanji
Noun
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- ryu:Buildings
- ryu:Housing
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- Vietnamese Han characters
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- yoi:Buildings
- yoi:Housing