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→‎Japanese: @Xbypass, highly unlikely -- none of the known derivations from {{ncog|map-pro|*Semay}} develop initial /k/, nor is this shift explainable by any known mechanism within Japonic.
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Line 142: Line 142:
* Perhaps from {{ja-l||籠め|kome}}, the {{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei||stem or continuative form}} of verb {{m|ja|籠める|tr=komeru||do with one's heart}}, from the way rice is farmed.
* Perhaps from {{ja-l||籠め|kome}}, the {{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei||stem or continuative form}} of verb {{m|ja|籠める|tr=komeru||do with one's heart}}, from the way rice is farmed.
* Possibly cognate with {{ncog|mkh-vie-pro|*kəːm||[[cooked rice]]}}, modern {{com|vi|cơm||cooked rice}}.
* Possibly cognate with {{ncog|mkh-vie-pro|*kəːm||[[cooked rice]]}}, modern {{com|vi|cơm||cooked rice}}.
* Possibly cognate with {{ncog|map-pro|*Semay}} and {{ncog|och|糜}}.


====Pronunciation====
====Pronunciation====

Revision as of 02:07, 23 February 2022

See also: 釆
米 U+7C73, 米
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7C73
← 籲
[U+7C72] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 籴 →
[U+7C74]
⽶ U+2F76, ⽶
KANGXI RADICAL RICE
← ⽵
[U+2F75] 		Kangxi Radicals ⽷ →
[U+2F77]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

See images of
Radical 119 米

米 (Kangxi radical 119, 米+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火木 (FD), four-corner 90904, composition ⿻丷木(GHJKV) or ⿻十⿱丷八(T) or ⿻丷⿻十八(T))

  1. Kangxi radical #119, ⽶.

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 906, character 31
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26832
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1331, character 28
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3141, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+7C73

Chinese

trad. 米
simp. # 米
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 米 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 米 (Cantonese)
  • 米 (Classical)
  • mī (Eastern Min)
  • bí (Southern Min)

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 米
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (米) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
謎 *miː, *miːs
迷 *miː
米 *miːʔ
眯 *miːʔ
洣 *miːʔ
蔝 *miːʔ
麊 *me
冞 *me
糜 *mral
敉 *meʔ
侎 *meʔ
麋 *mril
蘪 *mril
攗 *mril

Pictogram (象形) – rice kernels.

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma-j ~ mej (“rice; paddy”). Cognate with Garo mi (“rice”), Atong (India) mai (“rice”), Jingpho ma (“rice; paddy”), Rabha মাই (mai), Dimasa mai.

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 米
Mandarin Beijing /mi²¹⁴/
Harbin /mi²¹³/
Tianjin /mi¹³/
Jinan /mi⁵⁵/
Qingdao /mi⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /mi⁵³/
Xi'an /mi⁵³/
Xining /mji⁵³/
Yinchuan /mi⁵³/
Lanzhou /mi⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /mi⁵¹/
Wuhan /mi⁴²/
Chengdu /mi⁵³/
Guiyang /mi⁴²/
Kunming /mi⁵³/
Nanjing /mi²¹²/
Hefei /mz̩²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /mi⁵³/
Pingyao /mi⁵³/
Hohhot /mi⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /mi²³/
Suzhou /mi³¹/
Hangzhou /mi⁵³/
Wenzhou /mei³⁵/
Hui Shexian /mi³⁵/
Tunxi /me²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /mi⁴¹/
Xiangtan /mi⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /mi²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /mi³¹/
Taoyuan /mi³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /mɐi²³/
Nanning /mei²⁴/
Hong Kong /mɐi¹³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /bi⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /mi³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /mi²¹/ 量
/mi⁴²/ 名
Shantou (Teochew) /bi⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /vi²¹³/
Rime
Character 米
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 莫禮切
Baxter mejX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/meiX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/meiX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/mɛiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/mɛjX/
Li
Rong 		/meiX/
Wang
Li 		/mieiX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/mieiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		mǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		mai5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 米
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		mǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mejX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*(C.)mˁ[e]jʔ/
English millet or rice grains, dehusked and polished

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 米
Reading # 1/1
No. 9003
Phonetic
component 		米
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		米
Old
Chinese 		/*miːʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 米

  1. hulled or husked uncooked rice
  2. husked seed
  3. grain-like things
  4. (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 米粉 (mǐfěn, “rice vermicelli”).
    星洲炒米  ―  Xīngzhōu chǎomǐ  ―  Singapore-style noodles
  5. a surname
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 大米 (“husked uncooked rice”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 米
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 稻米
Mandarin Beijing 白米, 大米, 米
Taiwan 米
Harbin 大米, 米
Yantai (Muping) 大米
Jinan 大米
Luoyang 大米
Wanrong 大米
Xi'an 白米
Yinchuan 稻米, 白米
Lanzhou 大米
Xining 大米, 米
Ürümqi 米
Wuhan 米
Chengdu 米, 大米, 飯米
Guiyang 米
Guilin 米
Liuzhou 米
Xuzhou 大米, 米
Yangzhou 米
Nanjing 米
Hefei 米
Malaysia 米
Singapore 米
Cantonese Guangzhou 米
Hong Kong 米
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 米
Dongguan 米
Yangjiang 米
Danzhou 米
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 米
Singapore (Guangfu) 米
Gan Nanchang 米
Lichuan 米
Pingxiang 米
Hakka Meixian 米
Yudu 米
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 米
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 米
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 米
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 米
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 米
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 米
Hong Kong 米
Senai (Huiyang) 米
Kuching (Hepo) 米
Huizhou Jixi 米
Shexian 米
Tunxi 米
Jin Taiyuan 大米
Xinzhou 大米
Northern Min Jian'ou 米
Jian'ou (Dikou) 米
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 米
Pucheng (Shibei) 早米
Eastern Min Fuzhou 米
Southern Min Xiamen 米
Quanzhou 米
Zhangzhou 米
Singapore (Hokkien) 米
Manila (Hokkien) 米
Chaozhou 米
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 米
Singapore (Teochew) 米
Leizhou 米
Wenchang 米
Haikou 米
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 米
Wu Shanghai 米
Shanghai (Chongming) 米
Suzhou 米
Danyang 米
Hangzhou 米
Ningbo 米
Wenzhou 米
Jinhua 米
Xiang Changsha 米
Loudi 米
Shuangfeng 米

Compounds

Etymology 2

Short for 米突 (mǐtū), from English metre.

Pronunciation

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 米

  1. metre
    米三 [Teochew]  ―  bhi2 san1 [Peng'im]  ―  1.3 metres
    我有一米九高。  ―  Wǒ yǒu yī mǐ jiǔ gāo.  ―  I'm 1.9 metres tall.
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 米 (“metre”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 米, 公尺
Mandarin Beijing 米, 公尺
Taiwan 公尺, 米
Tianjin 米, 公尺
Tangshan 米, 公尺
Cangzhou 米, 公尺
Baoding 米, 公尺
Shijiazhuang 米, 公尺
Chifeng 米, 公尺
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 米, 公尺
Harbin 米, 公尺
Shenyang 米, 公尺
Qingdao 米, 公尺
Jinan 米, 公尺
Zhengzhou 米, 公尺
Xi'an 米, 公尺
Yinchuan 米, 公尺
Lanzhou 米, 公尺
Xining 米, 公尺
Ürümqi 米, 公尺
Wuhan 米, 公尺
Chengdu 米, 公尺
Chongqing 米, 公尺
Guiyang 米, 公尺
Kunming 米, 公尺
Guilin 米, 公尺
Liuzhou 米, 公尺
Xuzhou 米, 公尺
Yangzhou 米, 公尺
Nanjing 米, 公尺
Hefei 米, 公尺
Nantong 米, 公尺
Cantonese Guangzhou 米
Hong Kong 米, 公尺, M
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 公尺
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 公尺
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 公尺
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 公尺
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 公尺
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 公尺
Huizhou Shexian 米, 公尺
Jin Taiyuan 米, 公尺
Xinzhou 米, 公尺
Linhe 米, 公尺
Jining 米, 公尺
Hohhot 米, 公尺
Zhangjiakou 米, 公尺
Handan 米, 公尺
Southern Min Xiamen 米, 公尺
Quanzhou 米, 公尺
Zhangzhou 米, 公尺
Tainan 米
Wu Suzhou 米
Jinhua 米

Compounds

See also

  • (unit of length): 丈 (zhàng), 尺 (chǐ), 寸 (cùn), 分 (fēn)

References

(deprecated template usage)

Japanese

Kanji

米

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
米
こめ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

⟨ko2me2⟩ → */kəməj/ → /kome/

From Old Japanese.

Many theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

Pronunciation

Noun

米(こめ) • (kome) 

  1. rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa), one of the five grains
    Hypernym: 五穀 (gokoku)
Derived terms
Proverbs
Proverbs
Coordinate terms
See also

Proper noun

米(こめ) or 米(proper) • (kome or proper) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|こめ]]

  1. a female given name
  2. Lua error in Module:names at line 627: dot= and nodot= are no longer supported in Template:surname because a trailing period is no longer added by default; if you want it, add it explicitly after the template

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
米
よね
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

⟨yo2nai⟩ → */jənai/ → */jəne/ → /jone/

First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).

Possibly from Proto-Japonic *jənaC- (Vovin, 1998)[4] and related to 稲 (ine, “rice plant”).

Unknown "-C-" consonantal segment, reconstructed by Vovin, seems unlikely considering [a ~ e] vowel alternation, seen in bound form yona- and free form yone:[5]

Compare 藍 (awi → ai, “indigo”) from 青 (awo → ao, “blue”) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle)[6] against 白い /siroi/ from ⟨siro1ki1⟩.[7]

The colloquial sense is derived from the components of the 米 kanji: 八 (hachi, “eight”) + 十 (jū, “ten”) + 八 (hachi, “eight”).

Noun

米(よね) • (yone) 

  1. the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa
    Synonym: 稲 (ine)
  2. rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa)
  3. (colloquial) an eighty-eight-year-old
    Synonym: 米寿 (beiju)
Derived terms

Proper noun

米(よね) or 米(proper) • (yone or proper) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|よね]]

  1. a female given name
  2. Lua error in Module:names at line 627: dot= and nodot= are no longer supported in Template:surname because a trailing period is no longer added by default; if you want it, add it explicitly after the template

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
米
めめ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

First attested around the Edo period.

Probably a shortened reduplication of kome (see above). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Noun

米(めめ) • (meme) 

  1. (colloquial) rice (husked grains of the rice plant)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
米
めーとる
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Borrowing from French mètre.[1]

The use of this kanji is attested in the Meiji period and is an example of ateji (当て字), shortened from Mandarin 米突 (mǐtū), see Chinese section above.

Pronunciation

Noun

米(メートル) • (mētoru) 

  1. Rare spelling of メートル (mētoru): meter, metre (SI unit of length)
  2. Rare spelling of メーター (mētā): a device or implement used for measurement
Derived terms
Derived terms
Coordinate terms
See also
See also

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
米
べい
Grade: 2

See 米国.

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 77: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.

Adjective

米(べい) • (bei) 

  1. American, Americo-

References

Template:ja-kref

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  3. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  4. ^ Whitman, John (2012). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan, Rice, Volume 4, Issue 3–4, pp 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0
  5. ^ Salingre, Maëlys Apophonic toponyms in Japanese 2019
  6. ^ Thomas Pellard (2013). Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system. Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 20, CSLI Publications, pp.81–96, 2013.
  7. ^ Hamano, S. "Voicing of Obstruents in Old Japanese: Evidence from the Sound-Symbolic Stratum." Journal of East Asian Linguistics (2000) 9. 3: 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008367619295

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 米 (MC mejX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 몡〯 (Yale: myěy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] ᄡᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: psól) 미〯 (Yale: mǐ)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

米 (eumhun 쌀 미 (ssal mi))

  1. Hanja form? of 미 (“rice”). [affix]

Compounds

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Old Korean

Suffix

米 (*-moy?)

  1. Apparently a verbal causative suffix; because, since

Reconstruction notes

  • This form is attested commonly in the hyangga poems of the first millennium, but nowhere else.
  • In the twentieth century, this was conventionally compared to Modern Korean 으매 (-eumae, “because, since”), but this seems impossible given that the modern construction is a grammaticalization of elements not found in Old Korean, and is not attested in Middle Korean.
  • Some scholars believe it is a mere orthographic variant of 㢱 (*-mye, connective suffix).

Further reading

  • 이용 (Yi-Yong) (1999) 연결 어미의 형성에 관한 연구, Seoul City University (PhD), pages 144—146
  • 김지오 (Kim Ji-o) (2019) “고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 55–87

Vietnamese

Han character

米: Hán Việt readings: mễ (莫(mạc)禮(lễ)切(thiết))[1][2]
米: Nôm readings: mễ[1][2][3][4], mè[1]

  1. Template:han tu form of

Compounds

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Trần (2004).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bonet (1899).
  3. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  4. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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