米: difference between revisions
→Japanese: @Xbypass, highly unlikely -- none of the known derivations from {{ncog|map-pro|*Semay}} develop initial /k/, nor is this shift explainable by any known mechanism within Japonic. Tags: Undo Reverted |
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* Perhaps from {{ja-l||籠め|kome}}, the {{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei||stem or continuative form}} of verb {{m|ja|籠める|tr=komeru||do with one's heart}}, from the way rice is farmed. |
* Perhaps from {{ja-l||籠め|kome}}, the {{m|ja|連用形|tr=ren'yōkei||stem or continuative form}} of verb {{m|ja|籠める|tr=komeru||do with one's heart}}, from the way rice is farmed. |
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* Possibly cognate with {{ncog|mkh-vie-pro|*kəːm||[[cooked rice]]}}, modern {{com|vi|cơm||cooked rice}}. |
* Possibly cognate with {{ncog|mkh-vie-pro|*kəːm||[[cooked rice]]}}, modern {{com|vi|cơm||cooked rice}}. |
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* Possibly cognate with {{ncog|map-pro|*Semay}} and {{ncog|och|糜}}. |
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====Pronunciation==== |
====Pronunciation==== |
Revision as of 02:07, 23 February 2022
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Han character
米 (Kangxi radical 119, 米+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火木 (FD), four-corner 90904, composition ⿻丷木(GHJKV) or ⿻十⿱丷八(T) or ⿻丷⿻十八(T))
- Kangxi radical #119, ⽶.
Derived characters
- Appendix:Chinese radical/米
- 侎, 咪, 𪤹, 𫰤, 𢘺, 𢬊, 洣, 𤝸, 迷, 𭥻, 𭩽, 𣧲, 毩, 𤇿, 𤥄, 脒, 眯, 𥒄, 𥞪, 䋛, 詸, 𧵵, 𨀷, 𮠩, 𡲸, 銤, 𩗐, 𩡅, 䱊, 𫜇, 𪌬, 𮮒, 𪓋, 𡅊
- 釆, 冞, 夈, 宩, 屎, 㪰, 㫧, 𭽀, 𥅼, 𥞫, 𥥪, 䍘, 𥭁, 𦊮, 𩂮, 𫡿, 𢊪, 𤌟, 𩭄, 𪀳, 麋, 𮒷
- 𫥾, 𫦨, 敉, 料, 𭩼, 𧊾, 頪, 𪀿, 㐘, 𢘻, 𢍨, 𭫮, 麊, 匊, 氣, 𠩕, 𢈍, 𠤻, 𡇒, 𧗱, 歯
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 906, character 31
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26832
- Dae Jaweon: page 1331, character 28
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3141, character 1
- Unihan data for U+7C73
Chinese
trad. | 米 | |
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simp. # | 米 |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 米 | |||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Pictogram (象形) – rice kernels.
Etymology 1
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma-j ~ mej (“rice; paddy”). Cognate with Garo mi (“rice”), Atong (India) mai (“rice”), Jingpho ma (“rice; paddy”), Rabha মাই (mai), Dimasa mai.
Pronunciation
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Definitions
- hulled or husked uncooked rice
- husked seed
- grain-like things
- (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 米粉 (mǐfěn, “rice vermicelli”).
- 星洲炒米 ― Xīngzhōu chǎomǐ ― Singapore-style noodles
- a surname
Synonyms
Compounds
Etymology 2
Short for 米突 (mǐtū), from English metre.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): mǐ
- Eastern Min (BUC): mī
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄧˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: mǐ
- Wade–Giles: mi3
- Yale: mǐ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mii
- Palladius: ми (mi)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mi²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mai5 / mai5-1
- Yale: máih / māi
- Cantonese Pinyin: mai5 / mai5-1
- Guangdong Romanization: mei5 / mei5-1
- Sinological IPA (key): /mɐi̯¹³/, /mɐi̯¹³⁻⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: mai2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbai⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mí
- Hakka Romanization System: miˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: mi3
- Sinological IPA: /mi³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mǐ
- Sinological IPA (key): /mi²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: mī
- Sinological IPA (key): /mi³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Definitions
- metre
Synonyms
Compounds
See also
References
- “米”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #2599”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: まい (mai, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: べい (bei, Jōyō)
- Kun: こめ (kome, 米, Jōyō)、めめ (meme, 米)、よね (yone, 米)、メートル (mētoru, 米)
- Nanori: こん (kon)、たから (takara)、めい (mei)
Compounds
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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米 |
こめ Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
⟨ko2me2⟩ → */kəməj/ → /kome/
From Old Japanese.
Many theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
- Perhaps from 籠め (kome), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 籠める (komeru, “do with one's heart”), from the way rice is farmed.
- Possibly cognate with Proto-Vietic *kəːm (“cooked rice”), modern cơm.
- Possibly cognate with Proto-Austronesian *Semay and Old Chinese 糜 (*mral).
Pronunciation
Noun
- rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa), one of the five grains
- Hypernym: 五穀 (gokoku)
Derived terms
Proverbs
- 米の飯とお天道様はどこへ行っても付いて回る (kome no meshi to o-tentō-sama wa doko e itte mo tsuite mawaru)
- 乞食が米を零したよう (kojiki ga kome o koboshita yō)
- 糠を舐りて米に及ぶ (nuka o neburi te kome ni oyobu)
- 熊野松風は米の飯 (Yuya Matsukaze wa kome no meshi)
Coordinate terms
- 五穀 (gokoku, “five grains”): 米 (kome, “rice”), 麦 (mugi, “wheat”), 粟 (awa, “foxtail millet”), 黍 (kibi, “proso millet”), 豆 (mame, “soybeans”)
See also
Proper noun
米 or 米 • (kome or proper) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|こめ]]
- a female given name
- Lua error in Module:names at line 633: dot= and nodot= are no longer supported in Template:surname because a trailing period is no longer added by default; if you want it, add it explicitly after the template
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
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米 |
よね Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
⟨yo2nai⟩ → */jənai/ → */jəne/ → /jone/
First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
Possibly from Proto-Japonic *jənaC- (Vovin, 1998)[4] and related to 稲 (ine, “rice plant”).
Unknown "-C-" consonantal segment, reconstructed by Vovin, seems unlikely considering [a ~ e] vowel alternation, seen in bound form yona- and free form yone:[5]
- Compare 藍 (awi → ai, “indigo”) from 青 (awo → ao, “blue”) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle)[6] against 白い /siroi/ from ⟨siro1ki1⟩.[7]
The colloquial sense is derived from the components of the 米 kanji: 八 (hachi, “eight”) + 十 (jū, “ten”) + 八 (hachi, “eight”).
Noun
- the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa
- Synonym: 稲 (ine)
- rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa)
- (colloquial) an eighty-eight-year-old
- Synonym: 米寿 (beiju)
Derived terms
Proper noun
米 or 米 • (yone or proper) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|よね]]
- a female given name
- Lua error in Module:names at line 633: dot= and nodot= are no longer supported in Template:surname because a trailing period is no longer added by default; if you want it, add it explicitly after the template
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
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米 |
めめ Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
First attested around the Edo period.
Probably a shortened reduplication of kome (see above). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Noun
- (colloquial) rice (husked grains of the rice plant)
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
---|
米 |
めーとる Grade: 2 |
kun'yomi |
Borrowing from French mètre.[1]
The use of this kanji is attested in the Meiji period and is an example of ateji (当て字), shortened from Mandarin 米突 (mǐtū), see Chinese section above.
Pronunciation
Noun
- Rare spelling of メートル (mētoru): meter, metre (SI unit of length)
- Rare spelling of メーター (mētā): a device or implement used for measurement
Derived terms
- 粍 (mirimētoru, “millimeter, millimetre”)
- 糎 (senchimētoru, “centimeter, centimetre”)
- 粉 (deshimētoru, “decimeter, decimetre”)
- 籵 (dekamētoru, “decameter, decametre”)
- 粨 (hekutomētoru, “hectometer, hectometre”)
- 粁 (kiromētoru, “kilometer, kilometre”)
Coordinate terms
See also
Etymology 5
Kanji in this term |
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米 |
べい Grade: 2 |
See 米国.
Pronunciation
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Adjective
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
- ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
- ^ Whitman, John (2012). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan, Rice, Volume 4, Issue 3–4, pp 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0
- ^ Salingre, Maëlys Apophonic toponyms in Japanese 2019
- ^ Thomas Pellard (2013). Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system. Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 20, CSLI Publications, pp.81–96, 2013.
- ^ Hamano, S. "Voicing of Obstruents in Old Japanese: Evidence from the Sound-Symbolic Stratum." Journal of East Asian Linguistics (2000) 9. 3: 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008367619295
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 米 (MC mejX).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 몡〯 (Yale: myěy) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | ᄡᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: psól) | 미〯 (Yale: mǐ) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [mi]
- Phonetic hangul: [미]
Hanja
Compounds
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]
Old Korean
Suffix
米 (*-moy?)
Reconstruction notes
- This form is attested commonly in the hyangga poems of the first millennium, but nowhere else.
- In the twentieth century, this was conventionally compared to Modern Korean 으매 (-eumae, “because, since”), but this seems impossible given that the modern construction is a grammaticalization of elements not found in Old Korean, and is not attested in Middle Korean.
- Some scholars believe it is a mere orthographic variant of 㢱 (*-mye, connective suffix).
Further reading
- 이용 (Yi-Yong) (1999) 연결 어미의 형성에 관한 연구 [Study of the formation of connective suffixes], Seoul City University (PhD), pages 144—146
- 김지오 (Kim Ji-o) (2019) “고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [The conditions and future tasks of analyzing connective endings in Old Korean]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 55–87
Vietnamese
Han character
米: Hán Việt readings: mễ (
米: Nôm readings: mễ[1][2][3][4], mè[1]
Compounds
References
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Kangxi Radicals block
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- Japanese kanji with goon reading まい
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading べい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading こめ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading めめ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading よね
- Japanese kanji with kun reading めーとる
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading こん
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading たから
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading めい
- Japanese terms spelled with 米 read as こめ
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- Japanese terms spelled with 米 read as よね
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
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- Japanese colloquialisms
- Japanese terms spelled with 米 read as めめ
- Japanese terms spelled with 米 read as めーとる
- Japanese terms borrowed from French
- Japanese terms derived from French
- Japanese terms spelled with ateji
- Japanese terms borrowed from Mandarin
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- Japanese adjectives
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