Appendix:List of Proto-Semitic stems

This is a list of Proto-Semitic stems (triconsonantal roots and extensions) with their reflexes in several Semitic languages (i.e. actually-pronounced forms with vowels, as opposed to Semitic pure consonantal roots). Only stems attested in Akkadian, or with cognates in other Afro-Asiatic groups, can be confidently included in Proto-Semitic; others must be placed in West Semitic. There is some controversy in Semitic linguistics over the sibilants' pronunciation.

Proto-Semitic Stems

English	PS	Akkadian	Arabic	Hebrew	Syriac	Ge'ez	Mehri	Phoenician
earth	*ʼarṣ́-	erṣet-	ʼarḍ-	ʼéreṣ	ʼarʻ-ā	?	?	ʼarṣ,ʼirṣ
father	*ʼab-	ab-	ʼab-	ʼāḇ	ʼab-ā	ʼab	ḥa-yb	ʼab,bu
god	*ʼil-(āh)-	il-	ʼilāh-	ʼēl-(ôh)-	ʼalāh-ā	-	-	ʼel-, ʼil-(uh)-
grape/wine	*wayn-	-	wayn-	yáyin ('wine')	-	wayn-	-	yen
house	*bayt-	bītu, bētu	bayt-	báyiṯ, bêṯ	bayt-ā	bet	beyt, bêt	bet,beyt bit
lord	*baʻl-	bēlu	baʻl-	báʻal	b·ʻ·l	baʻāl	bâl	baʻl
king	*mal(i)k-	mal(i)ku	malik-	méleḵ	malk-ā	-	-	malk,milk
milk	*ḥalīb-	ḫilpu	ḥalīb-, ḥalab-	ḥālāḇ	ḥalb-ā	ḥalīb	-	ḥaleb
name	*šm-	šum-	ism-	šēm	šm-ā	sim	ham	šēm
peace	*šalām-	šalām-	salām-	šālôm	šlām-ā	salām	səlōm	šolōm, šolem
sun	*śamš-	šamšu	šams-	šémeš	šemš-ā	-	-	šamš
tree	*ʻiṣ́-	iṣu, iṣṣu	ʻiḍ-at-	ʻēṣ	-	ʻiṣ	'aʻā	ʻiṣ
water	*may-/*māy-	mû	māʼ-	máyim	mayy-ā	māy	ḥə-mō	mem,meym, may

Body parts

English	PS	Akkadian	Arabic	Hebrew	Syriac	Geez	Mehri	Phoenician
blood	*dam-	damu	dam-	dām	dm-ā	dam	-	dom
eye	*ʻayn-	īn-	ʻayn-	ʻáyin	ʻayn-ā	ʻayn	ʼāyn	ʻeyn,ʻen
hand	*yad-	id-	yad-	yāḏ	ʼīdā	ʼid	ḥayd	yad, yid, id
heart	*lib(a)b-	libb-	lubb-	lēḇ(āḇ)	lebb-ā	libb	ḥa-wbēb	lib
tongue	*lišān-/*lašān-	lišān-	lisān-	lāšôn	leššān-ā	lissān	əwšēn	lošun, lašun
tooth	*šinn-	šinn-	sinn-	šēn	šenn-ā	śinn*	-	šinn-

Animal names

English	PS	Akkadian	Arabic	Hebrew	Syriac	Geez	Mehri	Phoenician
bull	*ṯawr-	šūru	ṯawr-	šôr (> 'ox')	tawr-ā	sōr	-	šūr
camel	*gam(a)l-	gammal- (gaml-)	ǧamal-	gāmāl	gaml-ā	gamal	gəmmōl	gemāl, gamāl
dog	*kalb-	kalb-	kalb-	kéleḇ	kalb-ā	kalb	?	kalb
ewe	*raḫil-	laḫru	riḫl(at)-	rāḫēl	-	-	-	-

• Note: "ś" is used to transliterate Ge'ez śin, which could represent either "ś" or "s," depending on the word and time period.

Proto-West-Semitic Stems

This is a list of cognates for which no Akkadian cognate is known or attested.

English	PWS	Arabic	Hebrew	Syriac	Geez	Mehri	Phoenician
wasp	*dVb(V)r-	dabr-, dibr-	dəḇôrāh (> "bee")	debbōr-ā, debbor-t-ā	-	-	dobrot
holy	*ḳudš-	quds-	qōḏeš	qudš-ā	qiddūs	-	quddoš,qudš
son	*bn-	ibn-	bēn	br-ā	-	bər, ḥə-brē	bin
white	*laban-	laban "milk"	lāḇān	-	-	lbōn	labōn

External links

• Semitic Roots Repository
• Starling Etymological Databases- Use with caution. This represents the view of the authors, not the consensus of researchers.
• Akkadian dictionary
• Phoenician dictionary