This is a Swadesh list of Hindi languages, specifically Hindi , Urdu , Braj , Haryanvi , Bundeli , Kannauji , Awadhi , Bagheli and Chhattisgarhi , compared with that of English .
Presentation [ edit ] For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English Hindiहिंदी ( hindī ) edit (207) Urduاردو edit (207) Brajब्रज ( braj ) edit (8) Awadhiअवधी ( avdhī ) edit (112) Haryanviहरियाणवी ( hariyāṇvī ) edit (20) 1 I (1sg )ma͠i ma͠i me ma͠i mai 2 you (2sg )tū * tum * āp * tū * tum * āp * tu tui tum * 3 he , she , it (3sg )yah * vah * yeh * voh * i * bu * iu * yahu * yā * yah * ū * vahu * vā * vah * vo 4 we (1pl )ham ham ham ham 5 you (2pl )tum * āp * tum * āp * tum tum 6 they (3pl )ye * ve * yeh * voh * ye * be * ī * ui * 7 this yah yeh i * ye * iu * yahu * yā * yah * 8 that vah voh bu * be * ū * vahu * vā * vah * 9 here yahā̃ yahā̃ hiā̃ āṛe 10 there vahā̃ vahā̃ huā̃ 11 who kaun kaun ko kaun 12 what kyā kyā kā 13 where kahā̃ kahā̃ kahā̃ kahãvā * 14 when kab kab kab kabbai * 15 how kaisā kaisā kais kas kaise kukar 16 not nahī̃ nahī̃ nā nāī nāhī̃ nahī̃ 17 all sab sabhī * sāre sab sabhī * sāre sab sāre 18 many bahut bahut bahut ḍher bohat 19 some kuch kuch 20 few thoṛā thoṛā thorā dhoṛā 21 other dūsrā dūsrā ān 22 one ek ek ek yāk * 23 two do do dui 24 three tīn tīn tīni 25 four cār cār cāri 26 five pā̃c pānc pā̃c pān * 27 big baṛā baṛā baṛā 28 long lambā lambā lambā 29 wide cauṛā cauṛā 30 thick gāṛhā gāṛhā sahan 31 heavy bhārī bhārī garū 32 small choṭā choṭā choṭ 33 short choṭā choṭā 34 narrow taṅg tang 35 thin patlā patlā pātar dūbar 36 woman aurat mahilā 'aurat aurat 37 man (adult male)ādmī ādmī manaī admī 38 man (human being)insān manuṣya insān ādmī janā 39 child baccā baccā 40 wife patnī bīvī mehārū meharvā istirī 41 husband pati śauhar bhaterā 42 mother mātā mā̃ ammī 43 father pitā abbū abbā bāp bābu 44 animal jānvar jānvar 45 fish machlī machlī machrī 46 bird ciṛiyā ciṛiyā ciraiyā 47 dog kuttā kuttā kutvā 48 louse jū̃ jū̃ jũā 49 snake sā̃p sānp sā̃pu 50 worm kīṛā kīṛā 51 tree peṛ daraxt birvā 52 forest jaṅgal jangal 53 stick ḍaṇḍā lāṭhī ḍanḍā lāṭhī svā̃ṭā chaṛī 54 fruit phal phal phal 55 seed bīj bīj biā 56 leaf pattā pattā pātī 57 root jaṛ jaṛ 58 bark (of a tree)chāl chāl 59 flower phūl phūl phūl 60 grass ghās ghās 61 rope rassī rassī 62 skin camṛī tvacā jild 63 meat mā̃s gośt 64 blood xūn xūn rakat 65 bone haḍḍī haḍḍī hā̃ṛ 66 fat (noun)carbī carbī 67 egg aṇḍā anḍā 68 horn sīṅg sīng sīṅg 69 tail pū̃ch pūnch dum 70 feather paṅkh par 71 hair bāl bāl 72 head sir sar sar 73 ear kān kān kān 74 eye ā̃kh ā̃kh ā̃khi ākh 75 nose nāk nāk 76 mouth mũh munh muh 77 tooth dā̃t dānt dā̃t 78 tongue (organ)jībh zabān jībh jībh 79 fingernail nāxun nāxun nah 80 foot pair pair pāõ goṛ per 81 leg ṭāṅg ṭāng ṭāṅg 82 knee ghuṭnā ghuṭnā 83 hand hāth hāth hā̃th hāthu hāth 84 wing paṅkh bāzū pankh 85 belly peṭ peṭ peṭ 86 guts antṛī andarūn 87 neck gardan gardan ghī̃c ghõṭuā 88 back pīṭh pīṭh pīṭh 89 breast chātī sīnā ā̃car 90 heart dil dil 91 liver jigar kalejā * jigar 92 to drink pīnā pīnā 93 to eat khānā khānā khāvab khānā 94 to bite kāṭnā kāṭnā kāṭab 95 to suck cūsnā cūsnā 96 to spit thūknā thūknā 97 to vomit ulṭī karnā ulṭī mārnā ulṭī karnā ulṭī mārnā qai karnā 98 to blow phū̃knā phū̃knā 99 to breathe sā̃s lenā sā̃ns lenā 100 to laugh hãsnā hãsnā hãsab 101 to see dikhnā * dekhnā * dikhnā * dekhnā * dekhab 102 to hear sunnā sunnā sunab 103 to know jānnā jānnā jānab 104 to think socnā socnā 105 to smell sūṅghnā sū̃ghnā sūṅghab 106 to fear ḍarnā ḍarnā 107 to sleep sonā sonā 108 to live jīnā jīnā 109 to die marnā marnā marab 110 to kill mārnā mārnā mārab 111 to fight laṛnā laṛnā 112 to hunt śikār karnā śikār karnā 113 to hit mārnā mārnā mārab 114 to cut kāṭnā kāṭnā kāṭab kāṭnā 115 to split baṇṭnā bā̃ṭnā * 116 to stab bhoṅknā bhoṅknā 117 to scratch kharoñcnā khuracnā 118 to dig khodnā khodnā 119 to swim tairnā tairnā 120 to fly uṛnā uṛnā uṛab 121 to walk calnā calnā 122 to come ānā ānā 123 to lie (as in a bed) leṭnā leṭnā 124 to sit baiṭhnā baiṭhnā baiṭhab 125 to stand khaṛā honā khaṛā honā ṭhāṛh hob 126 to turn (intransitive) muṛnā muṛnā 127 to fall girnā girnā girab 128 to give denā denā deb deṇā 129 to hold pakaṛnā pakaṛnā 130 to squeeze dabānā nicoṛnā * dabānā nicoṛnā * 131 to rub malnā malnā 132 to wash dhonā dhonā dhovab 133 to wipe poñchnā poñchnā põchab 134 to pull khīñcnā khīncnā 135 to push dhakkā denā dhakkā mārnā dhakkā denā dhakkā mārnā 136 to throw pheṅknā pheṅknā 137 to tie bāndhnā bā̃dhnā bāndhab 138 to sew sīnā sīnā sĩab 139 to count ginnā ginnā ganab 140 to say kahnā bolnā * kahnā bolnā * kahab 141 to sing gānā gānā 142 to play khelnā khelnā 143 to float tairnā tairnā 144 to flow bahnā bahnā 145 to freeze jamnā jamnā 146 to swell sūjnā sūjnā 147 sun sūraj sūraj 148 moon cānd cānd 149 star tārā sitārā nakhat 150 water pānī pānī pānī 151 rain bāriś bāriś 152 river nadī nadī 153 lake jhīl jhīl 154 sea samandar samundar 155 salt namak namak lon non 156 stone patthar patthar pāthar 157 sand ret ret 158 dust dhūl dhūl 159 earth dhartī zamīn bhuĩ dhartī 160 cloud bādal bādal 161 fog dhundh dundh 162 sky āsmān āsmān 163 wind havā havā bajāri 164 snow barf barf 165 ice barf barf 166 smoke dhuā̃ dhūā̃ 167 fire āg āg āgi āgī 168 ash rākh rākh 169 to burn jalnā * jalānā * jalnā jarab * jārab * 170 road saṛak saṛak 171 mountain pahāṛ pahāṛ 172 red lāl surx lāl lāl 173 green harā sabz 174 yellow pīlā pīlā 175 white safed safed sapet ujar 176 black kālā siyāh kariā 177 night rāt rāt 178 day din din din 179 year sāl sāl 180 warm garm garm tāt tātā 181 cold ṭhaṇḍā sard ṭhaṇḍā ṭhaṇḍh jūṛ sīl śīlā 182 full pūrā pūrā 183 new nayā nayā 184 old purānā purānā būṛh * 185 good acchā acchā nīk āchā ācyā 186 bad burā burā xarāb kharāb 187 rotten saṛā bosīdāh saṛā 188 dirty gandā gandā 189 straight sīdhā sīdhā 190 round gol gol 191 sharp (as a knife)tīkhā tīkhā pain 192 dull (as a knife)kund kund 193 smooth ciknā hamvār narm cīkan 194 wet gīlā gīlā gīl 195 dry sūkhā xuśk sūkh 196 correct sahī ṭhīk sahī durust sā̃cu * 197 near pās pās qarīb nazdīk nere nagīce tīr 198 far dūr dūr dūri 199 right dāyā̃ dāhinā dāyā̃ dāhinā 200 left bāyā̃ bāyā̃ 201 at pe par mẽ * pe par mẽ * pe par parihā̃ 202 in mẽ ke andar * mẽ ke andar * me mā maihā̃ 203 with ke sāth ke sāth sāth 204 and aur aur au au 205 if agar agar 206 because kyoṅki kyūṅki 207 name nām nām