若
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Translingual
Han character
若 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 廿大口 (TKR), four-corner 44604, composition ⿱艹右)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1023, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30796
- Dae Jaweon: page 1482, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3187, character 7
- Unihan data for U+82E5
Chinese
| trad. | 若 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 若 | |
| alternative forms | 叒 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 若 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – a person combing their hair; obedient.
Etymology
- “you; your”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
- "like this; such; if"
- Derived from 如 (OC *nja, *njas) with distributive suffix *-k (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 諾 (OC *naːɡ, “to agree; to say yes”).
- "that"
- Cognate with 那 (nà, “that”), 爾 (OC *njelʔ, “that”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): joek6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): na / ngiâ
- Eastern Min (BUC): nâ / iŏk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5zaq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ruò
- Wade–Giles: jo4
- Yale: rwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruoh
- Palladius: жо (žo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: joek6
- Yale: yeuhk
- Cantonese Pinyin: joek9
- Guangdong Romanization: yêg6
- Sinological IPA (key): /jœːk̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: na / ngiâ
- Hakka Romanization System: na / ngiaˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: na4 / ngia1
- Sinological IPA: /na⁵⁵/, /ŋi̯a²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
Note:
- na - vernacular (“if”);
- ngiâ - literary.
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nâ / iŏk
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡɑ²⁴²/, /yoʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- nâ - vernacular (“if”);
- iŏk - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nā
- Tâi-lô: nā
- Phofsit Daibuun: na
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /nã³³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /nã²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǎ
- Tâi-lô: nǎ
- IPA (Quanzhou): /nã²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍k
- Tâi-lô: lio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: liok
- IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔk̚²⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /liɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jio̍k
- Tâi-lô: jio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: jiok
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jia̍k
- Tâi-lô: jia̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: jiak
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziak̚¹²¹/
Note:
- ná - vernacular (“like; as if”);
- nā/nǎ - vernacular (“if”);
- lio̍k/jio̍k/jia̍k - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: riag8 / riêh8 / rioh8
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jia̍k / jie̍h / jio̍h
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡ziak̚⁴/, /d͡zieʔ⁴/, /d͡zioʔ⁴/
Note:
- riag8 - literary ("if", “like; as if”);
- riêh8/rioh8 - vernacular (dialectal usage - "how much", "so" (那麼)) (riêh8 - Chaozhou).
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 若 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐuo⁵¹/ |
| Harbin | /iau⁵³/ /ʐuo⁵³/ | |
| Tianjin | /ʐɤ⁵³/ | |
| Jinan | /luə²¹/ | |
| Qingdao | /yə⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ʐuo²⁴/ | |
| Xi'an | /vo²¹/ | |
| Xining | /u²¹³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ʐuə¹³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /və¹³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ʐuɤ²¹³/ | |
| Wuhan | /io²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /zo³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /zo²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /ʐo³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /ioʔ⁵/ | |
| Hefei | /ʐuɐʔ⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /zuaʔ²/ |
| Pingyao | /ʐʌʔ⁵³/ | |
| Hohhot | /ʐuaʔ⁴³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /zaʔ¹/ |
| Suzhou | /zɑʔ³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /zɑʔ²/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ja²¹³/ /ȵa²¹³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /iɔʔ²¹/ |
| Tunxi | ||
| Xiang | Changsha | /io²⁴/ |
| Xiangtan | /io²⁴/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lɔʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /iok̚⁵/ |
| Taoyuan | /ʒok̚⁵⁵/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jœk̚²/ |
| Nanning | /jœk̚²²/ | |
| Hong Kong | /jœk̚²/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /liɔk̚⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /nuoʔ⁵/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /iɔ²⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /ziak̚⁵/ /zioʔ⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /ziɔk̚⁵/ |
- Middle Chinese: nyak
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*nak/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njaɡ/
Definitions
- † to be obedient to; compliant
- † to trim vegetables
- † to choose
- † you; your
- 既使我與若辯矣，若勝我，我不若勝，若果是也？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Jì shǐ wǒ yǔ ruò biàn yǐ, ruò shèng wǒ, wǒ bù ruò shèng, ruò guǒ shì yě? [Pinyin]
- If you and I debate, you defeat me and I cannot defeat you, are you really correct?
既使我与若辩矣，若胜我，我不若胜，若果是也？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † he; his
- like; as if
- 讀若闌。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Shuowen Jiezi, circa 2nd century CE
- Dú ruò lán. [Pinyin]
- Read as "闌／阑 (lán)".
读若阑。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- if; supposing; assuming
- in this way
- (Teochew) how much; how many
- a surname
Synonyms
- (like):
- 不啻 (bùchì) (literary)
- 似 (ci5) (Cantonese, Classical Chinese)
- 似乎 (sìhū)
- 似如 (si4 y2) (Xiang)
- 像 (xiàng)
- 像係／像系 (Hakka)
- 像是 (xiàngshì)
- 儼如／俨如 (yǎnrú) (literary)
- 儼然／俨然 (yǎnrán)
- 儼若／俨若 (yǎnruò) (literary)
- 勝如／胜如 (5sen-zy) (Wu)
- 好似 (hǎosì)
- 好像 (hǎoxiàng)
- 如同 (rútóng)
- 好比 (hǎobǐ)
- 宛 (Classical Chinese, or compounds only)
- 宛如 (wǎnrú) (literary)
- 宛然 (wǎnrán) (literary)
- 宛若 (wǎnruò) (literary)
- 就像 (jiùxiàng)
- 彷彿／仿佛 (fǎngfú)
- 忽如 (hūrú) (literary)
- 恍若 (huǎngruò)
- 敢若 (Hokkien)
- 敢若是 (Hokkien)
- 𣍐輸／𫧃输 (bē-su) (Hokkien)
- 有如 (yǒurú) (formal)
- 猶似／犹似 (yóusì) (literary)
- 猶像／犹像 (yóuxiàng) (literary)
- 猶如／犹如 (yóurú) (formal)
- 甲像 (Hokkien)
- 甲像是 (Hokkien)
- 甲親像／甲亲像 (Hokkien)
- 看上去 (kàn shàngqù)
- 看似 (kànsì)
- 看來／看来 (kànlái)
- 看樣子／看样子 (kànyàngzi)
- 看起來／看起来 (kànqilai)
- 若像 (Hokkien)
- 若親像／若亲像 (Hokkien)
- 表面上 (biǎomiànshang)
- 親像／亲像 (Hakka, Hokkien)
- 象 (xiàng)
- 貌似 (màosì)
- 賽可／赛可 (Ningbonese)
- 較像／较像 (Hokkien)
- 較像是／较像是 (Hokkien)
- 較親像／较亲像 (Hokkien)
- 顯得／显得 (xiǎnde)
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄜˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: rě
- Wade–Giles: jê3
- Yale: rě
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ree
- Palladius: жэ (žɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐɤ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: je5
- Yale: yéh
- Cantonese Pinyin: je5
- Guangdong Romanization: yé5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɛː¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiâ
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiaˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngia1
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯a²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: nyaeX
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*njaʔ/
Definitions
Compounds
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Pronunciation 3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄜˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ré
- Wade–Giles: jê2
- Yale: ré
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: re
- Palladius: жэ (žɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐɤ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Middle Chinese: nyae
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*nja/
Definitions
Further reading
- “Entry #5469”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
Kanji
若
- young
- if
Readings
- Go-on: にゃく (nyaku, Jōyō †); にゃ (nya)
- Kan-on: じゃく (jaku, Jōyō); じゃ (ja)
- Kun: わかい (wakai, 若い, Jōyō); もしくは (moshiku wa, 若しくは); もし (moshi, 若し); ごとし (gotoshi, 若し); したがう (shitagau)
Compounds
Noun
Korean
Hanja
若 • (yak, ya)
- Eumhun:
- Sound (hangeul): 약, 야 (revised: yak, ya, McCune–Reischauer: yak, ya, Yale: yak, ya)
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Vietnamese
Han character
(deprecated template usage) 若 (nhược, nhã)
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