Appendix:Proto-Aslian reconstructions
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The Proto-Aslian language is the reconstructed proto-language of the Aslian languages of Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand. It has been reconstructed by Timothy Phillips (2012).
The 289 reconstructed Proto-Aslian forms below are from Phillips (2012:259-262).
List
[edit]| Gloss | Proto-Aslian |
|---|---|
| water, river | *[bə]teew |
| spider | *[ca(n)]bɨŋ |
| termite | *[d/g]arɯɯɲ |
| to swallow | *[gə]liik |
| liver | *[gə]rɛɛs |
| pig | *[ɟa]lɯɯʔ |
| nest | *[kə]soom |
| to close (eyes) | *[lə]bit |
| one | *[m/n]uay |
| to plant | *[pə]tam |
| to whistle | *[s/h]uəc |
| new | *[s]paay |
| right (side) | *[sa]tam |
| to sweep | *[tam]pɯɯs |
| earth | *[ʔa]tiɛʔ |
| cooked | *[ʔən]cɛɛn |
| (iterative) | *{(–)l–} |
| (nominalizer agentive) | *{(-)m-} |
| (nominalizer) | *{(-)n-} |
| (causative) | *{pər-} |
| (plural/comparative) | *{–ra–} |
| to dig | *baay |
| descendant | *bakaʔ |
| sky | *baliiŋ |
| to carry on back | *baʔ |
| deer | *bəhɔ(ɔ)l |
| sated (of food) | *bəhiiʔ |
| to tie | *bək |
| flower | *bəkaaw |
| to break | *bəkah |
| blowgun | *bəlaaw |
| arm | *bəliiŋ |
| thigh | *bəlooʔ |
| mountain | *bənɨ(ɨ)m |
| dart butt | *bərɔl |
| forest | *bəriʔ |
| mushroom | *bətees |
| white | *bəy[oo]k |
| flood | *bəʔaak |
| good | *bəʔet |
| hot | *bɨt |
| drunk | *bɯɯl |
| to suck | *bɯɯʔ |
| to put/place | *boh |
| cane | *bus |
| alligator | *buyaaʔ |
| to say | *ca(a)l |
| to eat | *caaʔ |
| cah | *cah |
| to catch | *cap |
| to stab | *cɔk |
| to tear | *cɛ(ɛ)s |
| louse | *cɛ(ɛ)ʔ |
| fingernail | *cə(n)ruas |
| rainbow | *cədaaw |
| to hiccough | *cədək |
| bird | *cɛɛm |
| to cook | *cɛɛn |
| hard | *cəgɛh |
| gecko | *cəkʔiɛk |
| back | *cəloon |
| sharp | *cəma(a)ʔ |
| drum | *cəntɯɯgŋ |
| eyebrow | *cəŋcɛ̃ɛ̃ŋ |
| rib | *cərəs |
| winnow basket | *cəruuʔ |
| to walk | *ciip |
| tattoo | *cɨl |
| to burn | *coom |
| to dig | *cuam |
| to defecate | *cuəh |
| dog | *cuəʔ |
| to see | *daŋ |
| type of monkey | *dɔŋ |
| they (3P) | *deh |
| bamboo rat | *dəka(a)n |
| to push | *dəlũũʔ |
| house | *dɯɯŋ |
| afternoon | *duuy |
| waist | *gaal |
| to bite | *gaɲ |
| to carry on back | *gɔl |
| moon | *gəcɛɛʔ |
| sweet | *gəhɛɛt |
| to whisper | *gəlisɛɛh |
| to laugh | *gəluk |
| monitor lizard | *gəriɛŋ |
| to spit | *gətɔh |
| they (3P) | *gɨn |
| to winnow | *gɯɯm |
| to carry on shoulder | *gulam |
| mortar | *guul |
| where | *hã(ã)n |
| we two (1D.IN) | *haar |
| to raft | *halap |
| mucus | *hawa(a)r |
| you (2S) | *heeʔ |
| to breathe | *hə̃m |
| we (1P.IN) | *hiiʔ |
| to play | *hiŋkaaʔ |
| to cry | *ɟaam / *ʔiɟaam |
| to step on | *ɟak |
| chin/jaw | *ɟaŋka(a)ʔ |
| thorn | *ɟarlaaʔ |
| to suck | *ɟɔ̃ɔ̃t |
| we (1P.EX) | *ɟeeʔ |
| tree | *ɟəhuuʔ |
| to bark | *ɟəl |
| bone | *ɟəʔaaŋ |
| to breathe | *ɟɨk |
| to move | *ɟɯɯk |
| foot/leg | *ɟuŋ |
| mouse | *k[a]niɛʔ |
| centipede | *k[a]ʔiɛp |
| to scratch | *kaac |
| fish | *kaaʔ |
| to carry under arm | *kamiɛk |
| elbow | *kaɲɔŋ |
| small | *kanɛ(ɛ)t |
| to bite | *kap |
| thunder | *karɛɛy |
| tree trunk | *karəŋ |
| bear | *kawããp |
| pregnant | *kayoot |
| male | *kɔɔɲ |
| he/she (3S) | *ke |
| to pull | *ke(e)ŋ |
| husband | *kə(n)siir |
| to fish | *kəbəc |
| to spit | *kəbɛɛc |
| fruit | *kəbɨɨʔ |
| to die | *kəbɨs |
| mosquito | *kəboʔ |
| bitter | *kədɛk |
| to seek | *kɛɛʔ |
| to gape | *kəhuəy |
| to fall | *kəl |
| eagle | *kəlaaŋ |
| shoulder | *kəlapuəh |
| firefly | *kəlɨɨt |
| inside | *kəluəŋ |
| to obtain | *kəm |
| twin | *kəmbaar |
| mosquito | *kəmeet |
| ghost | *kəmooc |
| worm, caterpillar | *kəmuar |
| nephew | *kəmuən |
| quick | *kəɲaaŋ |
| wife | *kəndah |
| turtle | *kəpiil |
| back | *kərɔʔ |
| to dance | *kərɟɛr |
| under | *kəroom |
| knee | *kərual |
| calf (leg) | *kəteŋ |
| skin, bark | *kətɯɯʔ |
| to hear | *kəyɔŋ |
| anus | *kiɛt |
| top | *kipaaŋ |
| to vomit | *kɯɯʔ |
| male | *kooɲ |
| butterfly | *krkbaak |
| to hold, grasp | *kuəm |
| child | *kuən |
| head | *kuuy |
| brain | *lakuəm |
| ant | *las |
| wrong/miss | *lɛc |
| armpit | *ləda(a)ʔ |
| bamboo | *leew |
| saliva | *ləhiɛŋ |
| quiver | *lək |
| tooth | *ləmooɲ |
| gums | *ləɲsiɲ |
| tongue | *ləntaak |
| neck | *ləŋɛ(ɛ)ʔ |
| rain | *ləsəm |
| bee | *ləwɛɛy |
| to plait (leaves) | *liɛp |
| you (2S) | *m(??)h |
| blood | *mahaam |
| to play | *man |
| eye | *mat |
| nose | *mɔɔh |
| how many? | *məriɛm |
| cheek | *miɛŋ |
| louse | *mro(o)ɲ |
| to bathe | *muuh |
| boar | *napak |
| to urinate | *nɔɔm |
| before | *nɛŋ |
| mat | *niis |
| road | *nooŋ |
| to suck | *ɲooʔ |
| bee | *padaw |
| to chop | *pak |
| shelf | *paraaʔ |
| monitor lizard | *pareeʔ |
| to break wind | *pəhɨɨm |
| astonished | *pəlɛ(ɛ)ʔ |
| bat | *pəleek |
| fruit | *pəlɛɛʔ |
| leech | *pələm |
| roof | *pəluaŋ |
| egg | *pənlɯɯŋ |
| wing | *pərəc |
| turtle | *pəʔaas |
| to extinguish | *pɨɨt |
| to blow | *pɨt |
| chicken | *puk |
| to thresh | *rəmpiɛt |
| soul | *rəwaay |
| to wring | *riɛt |
| friend | *rudɔŋ |
| friend | *ruəp |
| fly | *ruəy |
| to sow | *ruuy |
| root | *rʔiɛs / ʔriɛs |
| to descend | *sa(a)r |
| hair, feather | *sɔɔk |
| end | *sɛ(ɛ)ɲ |
| tail | *sə[n]taaʔ |
| flesh | *sɛc |
| to pound | *sɛɛh |
| shy | *sɛɛl |
| to ask, request | *səgu(u)ʔ |
| field | *səlaay |
| leaf | *səlaaʔ |
| cockroach | *səlɨʔdeʔ |
| to blowpipe | *səluuh |
| to ask | *səmaaɲ |
| human being | *səmaaʔ |
| cold | *səŋɛc |
| darkness | *səŋəp |
| to steal | *siɛc |
| to forget | *siɛm |
| to dance | *sisɛʔ |
| house | *siyãʔ |
| to sting | *sɯɯc |
| navel | *suək |
| marrow | *suəm |
| to wash | *suuc |
| lung | *suup |
| to plait, weave | *taaɲ |
| thumb | *tabooʔ |
| to carry in hand | *taɟaak |
| snake | *taɟuuʔ |
| python | *talun |
| type of gibbon | *tawɔɔh |
| spider | *tawiiŋ |
| to burn | *tɔɔt |
| full | *təbiŋ |
| turtle | *təhop |
| to blow | *təhuəl |
| pus | *təkɔɔʔ |
| stone | *təmɔʔ |
| male | *təmkal |
| lip | *təniit |
| molar | *təŋ(k)əm |
| to sleep | *tiɛk |
| footprint | *tiɛl |
| to dry | *tiil |
| to carry on head | *tool |
| to pull out | *tuəs |
| to wake up | *wɔɔk |
| to throw out | *we(e)n |
| they two (3D) | *weeh |
| again | *weel |
| to squeeze | *wɛ̃ɛ̃n |
| left (side) | *wiɛl |
| I (1S) | *yɛɛʔ |
| tiger | *ʔaap |
| stick/spear | *ʔaat |
| to swell | *ʔas |
| ladle | *ʔawak |
| to smell | *ʔɔ̃ɔ̃ɲ |
| fire | *ʔɔɔs |
| crow | *ʔə[k]ʔaak |
| belly, excrement | *ʔɛc |
| to dream | *ʔəmpuaʔ |
| ripe | *ʔəndɯɯm |
| before | *ʔəɲiiʔ |
| ear | *ʔəntaŋ |
| testicle | *ʔəntap |
| I (1S) | *ʔiiɲ |
| wasp | *ʔoo[k/ŋ] |
| to command | *ʔoor |
| to give | *ʔuək |
| to do | *ʔuuy |
References
[edit]- Phillips, Timothy C. 2012. Proto-Aslian: towards an understanding of its historical linguistic systems, principles and processes. Ph.D. thesis, Institut Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.