Appendix:Proto-Austroasiatic reconstructions
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The following Proto-Austroasiatic lexical proto-forms have been reconstructed by Sidwell & Rau (2015:340-363), and correspond to the 100-item Swadesh list.
List[edit]
Comparisons[edit]
Comparison of Proto-Austroasiatic with lower-level reconstructions, all of which are by Sidwell & Rau (2015), except for Proto-Mon-Khmer (Shorto 2006):
| No. | Gloss | p-Austroasiatic | p-Munda | p-Khasian | p-Palaungic | p-Khmuic | p-Vietic | p-Katuic | p-Bahnaric | p-Khmeric | p-Pearic | p-Monic | p-Aslian | Nancowry | #Shorto (2006) p-Mon-Khmer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | all | *klɔʔ ‘all’; *tum ‘all’ | - | *-rɔɁ | *hac | *l(o/ɔ)ːc | - | - | - | *grɔp | *ʔɨːs | (OM klɔʔ, tøm) | - | ki, ri, tum | #198 *klɔʔ ‘all’; #1344 *t1um ‘collection, accumulation’ |
| 2 | ashes | *bɔh, *buːh ‘ashes’ | - | *tpǝj | - | *bɔh | *p-lɔː, *ɓuːɲ | *ɲɛ(ː)ʔ | *buːh | *pheːh | *bɔh | *ptiŋ | - | - | #2034 *buh/*buːh/*buəh ‘ash, powdery dust’ |
| 3 | bark (of tree) | *-pɔːk ‘bark’ | - | *sneːʔ | *klɔʔ | *-pɔːk, *c(-)lɔʔ | *-pɔh, *k-ɗoːk | *ʔndrɔh, *ʔnɗɔh | *hmɔːk | *smpɔːk | *tkɔːˀ | *cŋkuar | *kətɯːʔ | - | #466 *sɔːk ‘to peel’; #1568 *cnkuər; *(c)nka(ː)r ‘integument’ |
| 4 | belly | *buŋ ‘belly’; *kluŋ ‘middle’; *wiəŋ ‘belly’ | **(sə)laɟ | *-pɔʔ | *kɗəl, *kluŋ | *poːŋ | *buŋˀ, *p-loːŋˀ | *buŋ | *klaːk | *buŋ | *guŋ | *bu(ː)ŋ | *ʔɛc | wiaŋ | #624 *buŋ[ ]; *buːŋʔ ‘belly’; #735 *kluːŋ; *[k]luəŋ ‘middle, belly’; #776 *rwiə(ŋ) ‘stomach, intestines’ |
| 5 | big | - | **məraŋ | *heʔ | *ɗiŋ, *ɗaːŋ | - | *roːŋˀ | *krɨs, *griːh | *tih | *luoŋ ~*ruoŋ | *tak | *ɟnɔːk | - | karuʔ | #569 *(d)a(i)ŋ; *(d)iːŋ; *(d)əːŋ ‘large’; #1996 *t1ih ‘large’ |
| 6 | bird | *ciːm, *ceːm ‘bird’ | - | *ksim | *ciːm | *ciːm | *-ciːm, *ʔoːˀ | *ceːm | *ceː₂m | - | *ciːˀm | *kɲciam | *cɛːm | sicua | #1324 *cim; *ciːm; *ciəm; *caim; *cum ‘bird’ |
| 7 | to bite | *kap ‘to bite’; *kat ‘to bite’ | **kaˀp | *kap, *kʰat; *kiːt | *gak | *kɛːt, *krəc | *g/kamˀ, *kaːt | *kap | *kap | *tkiːr~*tkɛːr; *kat | *tap | *kɯt | *kap | kap; (kat Car) | #1231 *kap; *kaːp ‘to bite’; #964 *giːt; *giət ‘to bite, to itch, scratch’; #957 *kiːt; *kiət; *kət ‘to bite, to itch’ |
| 8 | black | - | **kE(n)dE | *jɔŋ | *jam, *laŋ | *siəŋ | - | *koːm, *kajoŋ, *kajuaŋ | *ʔɲoːŋ | *kmaw | *caˀŋ | *lcɔk; (OM dəmjɯŋ) | - | ʔul | #653 *djuŋ; *djuːŋ ‘black, dark’; #654 *sjuəŋ ‘black’; #140 *kmuːʔ; *kmuəʔ; *kməʔ ‘dirty’ |
| 9 | blood | *saːm ‘to bleed’; *ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm ‘to bleed’ | **məjam | *snaːm | *snaːm | *maː₁m | *ʔa-saːmˀ, *t-muːˀ | *ʔahaːm | *bhaːm | *ɟhaːm | *pNhaːm | *chim | *mahaːm | wa | #1430 *ɟhaːm; *ɟhiːm ‘blood’ |
| 10 | bone | *cʔaːŋ ‘bone’ | **ɟaːˀŋ | *cʔɛːŋ | *c(n)ʔaːŋ | *ɟʔaː₁ŋ | *tʃ-ʔaːŋ, tʃɨəŋ | *ʔŋhaːŋ | *kʦɨːŋ | *cʔəŋ | *klɔːŋ | *ɟ(l)uːt | *ɟəʔaːŋ | kasuʔ | #488 *cʔaːŋ; *cʔaiŋ; *cʔi[ ]ŋ ‘bone’ |
| 11 | breast | *toːh ‘breast’ | - | *buɲ, *-buː | *tuːs | - | - | *toh | *toh | *tɔh | *j̊ɔk, *tuh | *tɔh | - | tuah | #1999 *t1ɔh ‘breast’ |
| 12 | to burn (vt.) | *coːh ‘to ignite’; *tɔːt, *tuːt ‘to ignite’; *guːc ‘to burn’ | **gEˀp | *tʰaŋ | *guːc | *haʔ, *pɔːk | *kuːm | *ceh, *kaːt, *-rɔh | *caːw, *coh | *tut, *ʔus | *pɔːs, *tuːt | *tuːr | *tɔːt, *coːm | cal, suah | #544 *t1aŋ ‘to roast, bake’; #549 *t1uːŋ ‘to light’; #805 *guc; *guːc ‘to burn’; #1004 *t1ut; *t1uːt to light’; #1984 *cuh; *cuəh ‘to kindle, blow into flame’ |
| 13 | claw/nail | *-rsiːm ‘finger-nail’ | **rəmAj | *trsim | *rnsiːm | *tnmɔːŋ | *k-toːŋ, *kr-sam | *knrias | *krʔniəh | *krcɔːk | *ktraːˀs | *(c/s)nliam | *cə(n)ruas | kisuah | #1422 *lsiːm; *sliəm ‘finger-nail’; #1874 *knʔiəs ‘nail, claw’ |
| 14 | cloud | *rməl ‘cloud’; *ʔuːt ‘cloud(y)’ | **tərIˀp | *lʔɔʔ, *lnpɛm | *pʔəːm, *ʔuːt | *ʔa₁p | *k-məl | *lmɨl, *taluk | *rməl, *ʦuk | *-(b/w)ɔːk | *juːr | - | - | mifãja | #277a *lʔɔk; *lʔɔːk ‘cloudy, opaque’; #945 *ʔut; *ʔuːt ‘cloud’; #1305 *[m]ʔəːm ‘cloud’; #1811 *[ ]mhuəl; *[ ]mhəl ‘cloud’ |
| 15 | cold | *tkat ‘cold’; *ŋi(ə)t ‘cold’ | **raŋ | *kɟam | *l̥aːŋ, *kat | *tkat, *ŋar, *ŋiər | *k-naːc, *mɛːlʔ, *t-maːc | *cŋiat, *kɔːk | *ŋiːt, *tkat | *rŋaː(r) | *saˀc | *tkat | *səŋɛc | hoaŋ | #1589a *[r]ŋar; *rŋa[ar] ‘cold’; #962 *tkat; *tkiət; *tkuət ‘cold’; #976 *cŋiːt; *cŋiət; *cŋait ‘cold’ |
| 16 | to come/arrive | *truh ‘to arrive’ | - | *laːr, *wan | *truh, *ʔiŋ | *wa₁l | *laːjˀ | *təʔ/*tək | *bɨh | *mɔːk | *jip | *(c/t-)loːŋ | - | sua, dak | #2079 *t1luːh; *t1ləh ‘to come, arrive’ |
| 17 | die (of a person) | *kceːt ‘to die’ | **gOˀj | *jap | *jam | *saː₁n | *k-ceːt | *kceːt | *ceː₃t | *slap | *hoːc | *kcət | *kəbɨs | kapah | #987 *kc[ə]t to die’; #1218 *haːn to die’; #1266a *yap; *yaːp to die, be extinguished’ |
| 18 | dog | *cɔːʔ ‘dog’ | **sOˀt | *ksəw | *cɔʔ | *cɔʔ | *ʔa-cɔːʔ | *ʔacɔː | *cɔː | *cɔː, *ckɛː | *cɔː | *clur | *cuəʔ | ʔam | #41 *cɔʔ ‘dog’ |
| 19 | to drink (water) | *ʔuək ‘to drink’; *hoːc ‘to suck, drink’ | **uˀt, **uˀk | *diʔ | *r̥uːp, *tiəŋ | - | *ʔɔːŋˀ, *ɲuːˀ | *ŋɔːc | *hoːc, *hu(ː)c | *phik | *taːˀl | *soːŋ | - | top | #63 *ɲuːʔ ‘to suck up, drink’; #268 *ʔuək ‘to drink’; #780 *suːŋ ‘to suck, drink’; #1106 *hut; *huːt; *huət; *huc; *huːc; *huəc ‘to suck, drink’ |
| 20 | dry (adj./stat.) | *raɲ ‘dry’ | **(ə)sAr | *raw, *r(n)kʰəːŋ | *cʔɔɲ, *hɔŋ | *-ras, *raɲ | *kʰoː | *sʔəːt, *ʔŋgɔh | *raɲ, *rɔː | *praŋ | *bah, *jeːˀs | *ckas | *tiːl | jəh | #160 *rɔʔ; *rɔs, *srɔs ‘dry’; #493 *[b]ʔoːŋ; *[b]hoːŋ ‘dry’; #913 *raɲ ‘dry’; #1970 *ckəh ‘dry’; #2086 *s[ɔ]h; *səh ‘dry’ |
| 21 | ear | *-toːr ‘ear’ | **lutur, **luˀt | *ckoːr | *hjoːk | *-toːr | *saːj | *ktoːr | *pɨt, *toːr | *(t/c)rciək | *prlaːŋ | *ktuar | *ʔəntaŋ | naŋ | #319 *tr(-)t1iək ‘ear’; #555 *kt1əŋ; *kt1aŋ ‘to hear’; #1621 *kt2uːr; *kt2uər ‘ear’ |
| 22 | earth/soil | *tiʔ ‘earth’ | **ʔOte | *kteʔ | *kteʔ | *pte₁ʔ | *tət | *ktiak | *t(n)ɛh | *tiː | *teːˀ | *tiːʔ | *[ʔa]tiɛʔ | du | #64 *t1iʔ; *t1ih; *t1iəh ‘earth, ground’ |
| 23 | to eat | *caːʔ ‘to eat’ | **ɟOm | *saː, *baːm, *baːŋ | *caːʔ, *cɔːm, *haːp | *caː | *ʔan | *caː | *caː | *cie | *caː | *caːʔ | *caːʔ | ŋok | #8 *caʔ ‘to eat’ |
| 24 | egg | *p(n)ləːŋ ‘egg’; *-tap ‘egg’; *ktam ‘egg’ | **(ə)tAˀp | *pnlǝŋ | *(k)tam | *kʔloŋ | *k-ləːŋˀ, *t-luːrˀ | *tarial | *ktap | - | *tuŋ | (OM təmˀaj) | *pənlɯːŋ | hujaʔ | #751 *pləŋ[ ]; *pləːŋʔ ‘egg’; #1253 *[k]t1ap ‘egg’; #1348a *kt1əm ‘egg’ |
| 25 | eye | *mat ‘eye’ | **maˀt | *-mat | *ʔŋaːj | *mat | *mat | *mat | *mat | *pnɛːk | *mat | *mat | *mat | mat | #1045 *mat ‘eye’ |
| 26 | fat/grease/oil | *pri(ə)ŋ ‘fat, oil’; *klaɲ ‘fat, oil’ | **sunum | *kʰlɛɲ, *lɁɔt | *lʔəːs, *priəŋ | *kləɲ | *məh | *ʔnsɛːŋ | *p(n)riːŋ | *klaɲ | *pɨːs | *kliŋ | - | tãc | #702 *priiŋ; *priəŋ; *pru[ə]ŋ ‘oil, fat’; #928 *kləɲ ‘oil, fat, grease’; #1879 *lʔus ‘fat, grease’ |
| 27 | feather | - | **bəlEˀt | *-nɛːr | *suk | *-soːk, *ksuːl | *-loːŋ, *-suk | *sok | *sɔk | *slaːp | *suk | *(s/c)niəŋ, *sɔːk | *sɔːk | pujol | #1291 *slaːp ‘wing’ |
| 28 | fire | *ʔuːs, *ʔɔːs ‘fire’ | **səŋal | *smɛn, *diŋ | *ŋal | *ʔoːs | *g/kuːs | *ʔuːs | *ʔuɲ, *ʔuːs | *ʔus | *pliːw | *(k/p)[ ]mat | *ʔɔːs | camal | #1872 *[ ]ʔus ‘fire’ |
| 29 | fish (n.) | *kaʔ ‘fish’ | **ka, **kadO(ŋ) | *kʰaː | *kaʔ | *kaʔ | *ʔa-kaːˀ | *ʔakaː | *kaː | *triː | *meːˀl | *kaːʔ | *kaːʔ | ka | #16 *kaʔ ‘fish’ |
| 30 | fly (v.) | *par ‘to fly’; *həːr ‘to fly’ | **pEr | *hɛːr | *pər, *sjuːl | *paːr | *pər | *par | *par | *həːr | *hɨːr | *par | - | hɛh | #1633 *par ‘to fly’; #1683 *hər; *həːr ‘to fly’; #1783 *sjuːl; *sjuəl ‘to fly through the air’ |
| 31 | foot | *ɟəːŋ ‘foot, leg’ | **ɟəːˀŋ | *kɟat | *ɟəːŋ | *ɟə(ː)ŋ | *ɟiːŋ, *ciɲ | *ʄɨɨŋ | *ɟəːŋ, *ɟɨŋ | *ɟəːŋ | *ɟɨŋ | *ɟuŋ | *ɟuŋ | lah | #538(I) *ɟuŋ; *ɟuəŋ; *ɟəŋ; *ɟəːŋ ‘foot, leg’ |
| 32 | full (vessel) | *biːŋ; *beːɲ ‘full’ | - | *dap | *nək, *ktam | *biŋ | *ɓ-lam | *bəɲ, *ɓiːŋ | *ɓeː₄ɲ | *beːɲ | *bɔːŋ | *piŋ | *təbiŋ | pus | #907 *dpəɲ; *[d]pu[ə]ŋ; *tbiɲ; *tbiːɲ; *tbiəɲ; *tbəɲ ‘full’ |
| 33 | give | *ʔam ‘to give’; *ʔa(ː)n ‘to give’; *ʔVːj ‘to give’ | **ʔam | *ʔaːj | *ɗɛh | *ʔan | - | *ʔoːn, *ɗɔŋ | *ʔam, *ʔaːn | ʔoːj | *ʔɨs | *kul | *ʔuək | kuam | #1119 *ʔun; *ʔuːn; *ʔuən; *ʔan; *ʔaːn ‘to give’; #1434 *ʔaːjh ‘to give’ |
| 34 | good | *ləʔ, *lʔɔʔ ‘good’ | - | *miat | *ləʔ, *-lɔk, *rak, *-rVːm | *liəm | *-hawˀ | *liam, *ʔɔː | *liəm | lʔɔː | toːˀn | *thiːc | *bəʔet | hõc | #193 *ləʔ ‘good’; #443 *[d1]lak ‘good’; #1401 *liəm ‘good’ |
| 35 | green | *kciʔ ‘young, green’; *-ŋaːr ‘green’ | - | *ŋaːr, *ɟrŋam | *sŋaːl, *ɲ(ɛ/iə)r | *ɟŋaːr | - | *(t)moŋ | - | *kciː | *weːt | - | - | ɲau | #47 *kciʔ ‘young, green’; #1559b *tʔiːr; *tʔər ‘blue, green’; #1585 *jŋaːr *jŋ[ɔː]r ‘green’ |
| 36 | hair (of head) | *suk, *sɔːk ‘hair’ | **suˀk | *suɁ, *sɲuɁ | *suk | *glə/iʔ | *-suk | *sok | *sɔk | *suk | *suk | *sɔːk | *sɔːk | jeh | #467 *suk; *suːk; *suək; *sək ‘hair’ |
| 37 | hand | *tiːʔ ‘hand, arm’ | **tiːˀ | *ktiː | *tiːʔ | *tiʔ | *siː | *ʔatiː | *tiː | *təj | *tiː | *təj | - | taj | #66 *t1iːʔ ‘hand, arm’ |
| 39 | to hear/listen | *ktəŋ ‘to hear’; *rməŋ ‘to hear’; *saŋ ‘to hear’ | **ajɔm | *bnaː, *sɲiaw | *ʔŋar, *m̥əŋ | *hmɲɛŋ | *saːj | *s(ə/a)ŋ | *-təŋ, *tmɨŋ | *stap | *saŋ | *grmɯŋ | *kəjɔŋ | jaŋ | #555 *kt1əŋ; *kt1aŋ ‘to hear’; #646 *rməŋ ‘to hear’; #649 *kj[ə]ŋ ‘to hear’; #1586 *[t1]ŋər ‘to listen, hear’ |
| 40 | heart | *(p)nɔːs ‘heart’; *ris ‘liver’ | **(gə)rE, **ʔim | *noːt, *klɔŋ-snaːm | *nɔːs | *srɲuːm | *seːmʔ, *toːŋ, *ɲiːm | *-cial | *nɔːs, *nuːs | *klim | - | *gris | - | tow | #1912 *puːs; *puəs ‘heart’; #1924 *ris; *riːs ‘liver’ |
| 41 | horn | *draŋ ‘horn’; *krəŋ ‘horn’ | **dəraŋ | *reŋ | *krəŋ | *ɟnra₁ŋ | *k-rəŋ, *t-kɔːj | *(ʔa)kiː, *tŋkɔːj | *ʔəkɛː | *sneːŋ | *soːc, *sroːc | *draŋ | - | hintop | #21 *tnkeʔ ‘horn’; #699 *d2raŋ ‘horn’ |
| 42 | I | *ʔaɲ ‘I’ | **(n)iɲ | *ʔɔː, *ŋaː | *ʔ(o/u)ʔ | *ʔaɲ | *soː | *kɨɨ, *kəw, *ʔŋkɔʔ | *ʔaj, *ʔaɲ, *ʔɨɲ | *ʔaɲ | *ʔiɲ | *ʔ(w)əj | *jɛːʔ | cɯa | #2 *ʔiːʔ ‘person’ |
| 43 | to kill | *krceːt ‘to die’ | **(bə)ɡOˀɟ | *pnjap | *pjam | - | *k-ə-ceːt | *kɲceːt | *kceː₃t | *psiət, *smlap | *pNhoːc | *k-r-cət | - | fah | #987 *kc(ə)t ‘to die’ |
| 44 | knee | *-kuːl ‘knee’ | - | *-suː | *groːŋ, *taːŋ | *knuːn | *t-kuːlˀ | *trkoːl | *-kuːl, *kruŋ, *krəŋ | - | *-nuːl, *mkuːr | *kɓɔŋ | *kərual | kɔj-kanɔŋ | #486 *kʔɔŋ ‘knee’; #543a *t2a(ː)ŋ ‘knee’; #1706 *[ ]kuːl ‘knee’ |
| 45 | know | *naŋ ‘to know’ | - | *naŋ, *tiːp | *nap, *sɔŋ, *ŋaːn | - | - | *cɔːm | - | *cih, *sgal | *kah | *liap, *tɯm | - | kah | #592 *[ ]n1[əː]ŋ ‘to know’; #1716 *ɟgal ‘to recognize’; #1973 *dk[a]h ‘to remember’ |
| 46 | leaf | *slaʔ ‘leaf’ | **Olaːˀ | *slaː | *l̥aʔ | *hlaʔ, *c(-)lɔʔ | *s-laːˀ | *salaː | *slaː | *slik | *-laːˀ | *slaːʔ | *səlaːʔ | raj | #230 *slaʔ ‘leaf’ |
| 47 | to lie (down) | *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; *ɓic ‘to lie down, sleep’ | **gətiˀc | *dɛm | - | - | - | *ɓic | *kuj, *ɓic | *tiek | *bic | *taŋ | - | tiak | #305 *tiːk; *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; #797 *ɓic; *ɓiəc ‘to lie down, sleep’ |
| 48 | liver | *kləːm ‘liver’; *ris ‘liver’ | **(ga)rE, **ʔim | *noːt | *ktɔːm | *lɔːm | *lɔːm | *lɔːm | *kləːm | *tləːm | *lɔːm | *gris | *[gə]rɛːs | ʔati | #1411 *t1ləːm; *t1luəm ‘liver’; #1924 *ris; *riːs ‘liver’ |
| 49 | long | *ɟroŋ, *ɟrɔŋ ‘high, long’; *ɟləːŋ, *ɟliːŋ ‘long’ | **ɟəlƏŋ | *ɟrɔŋ | *laŋ, *han | *loːŋ | *-joːn, *jaːr | *kajɨːŋ | *ɟəro(ː)ŋ | *wɛːŋ | *goŋ | *ɟliːŋ | - | caliŋ | #537 *ɟ[o]ŋ; *ɟ(oː)ŋ ‘long, high’; #690 *ɟruŋ; *ɟruːŋ; *ɟruəŋ; *ɟrəŋ ‘high, long’; #740 *ɟliːŋ; *ɟla(i)ŋ ‘long’ |
| 50 | louse (head) | *ciːʔ ‘louse’ | **siːˀ | *ksiː | *ciʔ | *ceʔ | *ciːˀ | *ʔɲcəj | *ciː | *ciː | *ciː | *caj | *cɛ(ː)ʔ | sej | #39 *ciːʔ ‘louse’ |
| 51 | man/husband | - | **kOrOˀ | *cnraŋ | *-mən | *-brɔʔ, *gle₁ʔ | *ʔoːŋ, *p-ʄoːŋ | *-law, *ʔndruːs, *kajaːk, *kajɨək | *(t/k)nəw | *ɟmoːl | *(c/k)lɔːŋ | *maːŋ | *kə(n)siːr | koɲ | #1859 *t1l(ə)w(ʔ) ‘male’; #692 *t2nraːŋ ‘man, male’ |
| 52 | many | *gləŋ ‘much, many’ | - | *boːn | *həŋ | - | - | *klɨŋ | - | - | *lɔː | *gləŋ | - | - | #737 *gluŋ; *gl(i)ŋ ‘much, many’ |
| 53 | meat/flesh | *sac ‘flesh’ | **ɟəlU(Uˀ) | *dɔʔ, *mim | *-neʔ, *jaŋ | *sac, *ʔah | *k-ɲuk, *ʔa-mɔːŋ, *-siːt, *k-hɛːk | *sac | *sac | *sac | *pɔːm, *ɟuːc | *c-w-aːʔ | - | ʔæha | #871 *sac ‘edible substance, fruit, meat’; #1956 *ʔah ‘flesh, meat’ |
| 54 | moon | *khaj ‘moon’ | **harkE, **aŋaj | *bnəj | *kheʔ, *kiər | *kiʔ | *p-lɔːŋ, *b-laŋ | *ksaj | *khaj | *khɛː | *kaːŋ | *kntuːʔ | *gəcɛːʔ | kahe | #1542 *khəjʔ ‘moon’ |
| 55 | mountain/hill | *bruːʔ ‘hill, mountain’; *bnəm ‘hill’; *du(ə)l ‘hill’; *-mɔl ‘mountain’ | **bəru(uˀ) | *loːm, *pdeŋ | *gɔːŋ, *mɔl, *pnəm, *puk, *raŋ, *ɗər | *muːl | *b-ruːˀ, *doːl | *ɓruː, *koh | *bnɨm, *gəw | *bnɔm; *duol | *nɔːŋ | (OM dəɗɔc, døl) | *bənɨ(ː)m | henjuan | #182 *bruːʔ ‘hill’; #1369 *bn2uːm; *bn2əm ‘hill’; #1626 *(d)(o)r ‘hill’; #1738 *bt1ul; *bt1uːl; *bt1uəl ‘swelling, mound, hill’; #1741 *dul (& *duəl?) ‘hill’; #1775 *[ɟ]m[ɔ]l ‘mountain’ |
| 56 | mouth | *paːŋ ‘mouth, opening’; *mɔːɲ ‘mouth’; *smuər ‘nose, beak’ | **təmOˀt | *lmɔr, *kteːn | *mɔːɲ, *tuːɲ | *miəŋ, *tnoːs | *kaːŋˀ, *mɛːŋˀ, *-moːm | *kaːŋ | *smuər, *ɓər | *mat | *(c)kaː | *paːŋ | - | ʔanap; ʔualfaŋ | #605 *paːŋ ‘mouth, opening’; #911 *miɲ[ ]; *miəɲʔ; *muːɲ[ ]; *muəɲ[ ] ‘mouth’; #1001 *t1ət ‘mouth’; #1655 *smuər ‘nose, beak’; #2020 *t1n1ɔh ‘mouth’ |
| 57 | name | *-məh ‘name’ | **ɲUm | *prtuːc | *muːs | *-məh | - | *prnɨh, *-rmɨh | *cnəʔ | *ɟmɔh | - | (OM cəmùʔ) | - | liaŋ | #147 *[hj]muʔ ‘name’ |
| 58 | neck | *kɔʔ ‘neck’; *-kɔːŋ ‘nape’; *-lɔːŋ ‘throat’ | **kO, **gOˀk | *rdaŋ | *koːk, *kɔ(ː)ŋ | *kɔːk | *koh, *kɛːl, *t-giːˀ | *tkɔːŋ | *-l(n)ɔŋ, *kɔːʔ | *kɔː | *kɔːk | *kɔːʔ | *ləŋɛ(ː)ʔ | ʔuŋloŋa | #17 *kɔʔ; (*kɔʔkɔʔ >) *kɔ(ː)k ‘neck’; #505 *tk(ɔː)ŋ’ (nape of) neck’; #744 *t1luŋ; *t1luːŋ; *t1luəŋ ‘throat’ |
| 59 | new | *tmiːʔ ‘new’ | **təmI | *tʰmaːj | *tmeʔ | *-meʔ | *ɓəːjˀ | *tmɛː | *ʔnaːw | *tmiː | *blaː | *t[ ]miːʔ | *[s]paːj | tijəh | #144 *t1miʔ ‘new’ |
| 60 | night | *cəːm ‘night’; *-tam ‘night’ | **(m)ədiˀp | *məːt | *cəːm, *m̥əːʔ | - | *teːm | *s(n)ɗa(ː)w | *-maŋ | *jɔp | *klɛːˀŋ | *prtam | - | ram; (hatam Car) | #264 *m[h][ɯə]ʔ; *m[h][ɯə]h ‘evening, night’; #1328 *[c][ɯə]m ‘night’; #1352 *btɔm ‘night’ |
| 61 | nose | *mɔːh, *muːh, *muːs ‘nose’ | **muːˀ | *kʰmut | *muːs, *kɗəʔ | *m(u/ɔ)h | *muːs | *moh | *muh | *crmuh | *-toːt, *mu(ː)s | *(cə)-mɔh | *mɔːh | muah | #2045 *muh; *muːh; *muːs ‘nose’ |
| 62 | not | *ʔət ‘used up, lacking’; *ʔam ‘not’ | **əˀt | *ʔəm, *tɔʔ | *ʔaŋ | - | - | *ʔən, *ʔɨːn | *paʔ | *ʔət~*ʔɔt~*ʔit | *ʔih | (OM kah, kə) | - | hat | #943 *ʔət; *ʔəːt; *[ʔ]it ‘used up, finished, lacking’; #1118 *ʔɔn ‘ small in quantity’; #1297 *ʔam ‘not’ |
| 63 | one | *diʔ ‘one’; *muəj, *moːj ‘one’ | **mOOˀj | *-wiː, *ciː | *muːj, *moːh, *diʔ | *moːj | *moːc | *muoj | *muəj | *muoj | *moːˀj | *mwaj | *[m/n]uaj | hĩan | #86 *ɗiːʔ; *ɗiːs; *ɗuːʔ; *ɗuːl ‘one’; #1495 *muːj; *muəj; *muːɲ ‘one’ |
| 64 | person/human | *ʔiːʔ ‘person’; *mraʔ ‘person’ | **kOrOˀ | *bruː | *ɓiʔ, *ʔiʔ, *ʔuʔ | *k-muʔ, *kmraʔ | *-riː, *ɗeː | *bnuːs, *kuːj | *bŋaːj | *ʔnak | *kɟɨm | *mnus | *səmaːʔ | pajuh | #2 *ʔiːʔ ‘person’; #60 *ɲaʔ; *ɲah ‘person’; #139 *k[n]muʔ ‘person, human being’; #183 *mraʔ ‘person’; #1455 *[m]ŋaːj ‘person, human being’ |
| 65 | rain | *gmaʔ ‘rain’; *briːʔ ‘sky, rain’ | **gəma | *slap | *sᵊlɛʔ, *ɟuŋ | *kmaʔ | *k-maː | *maː, *tɨŋ, *ɓɔː | *ʔmɨː | *pliəŋ | *gmaːˀ | *brəj | *ləsəm | mih | #127 *miʔ; *mih; *miːw ‘rain, to rain’; #141 *gmaʔ ‘rain’; #180 *briːʔ ‘sky, rain’; #539 *juːŋ ‘rain, to rain’ |
| 66 | red | *-saw ‘red’ | **ɟəŋAˀt | *saːw | *roːŋ | *-rVɲ, *thuəɲ | *tɔh, *koːl | *broːŋ, *ksəw | *ɓroːŋ | *krhɔːm | *ŋar | (OM bərket) | - | ʔak | #688 *[ɟ]rɔːŋ ‘red’; #788 *[t]huːŋ; *thuːɲ’ red’; #1977a *guːh ‘red’; #1865 *ks[aw]ʔ ‘red’ |
| 67 | road, path | *kraʔ ‘road, way’; *ɗeːŋ, *ɗiəŋ ‘road, way’; *truːŋ, *trɔːŋ ‘road, way’; *glɔːŋ ‘road, way’ | **kOrA | *lntiː | *kraʔ, *ɗeːŋ | *gruəŋ | *k-raːˀ | *krnaː | *truːŋ, *trɔːŋ | *gnlɔːŋ | *kraː | *trəw, *glɔːŋ | *noːŋ | kaji | #162 *kraʔ ‘road, way’; #590 *rɗiŋ; *rɗiəŋ ‘road, track’; #698 *truːŋ; *truəŋ ‘path, road’; #736 *glɔːŋ ‘path, road’ |
| 68 | root (of a tree) | *riəs ‘root’ | **rEˀt | *traːj, *tʰəːt | *riəs | *riəs | *k-riɛs | *rias | *riəh | *ris | *reːs | *ris | *rʔiɛs ~ ʔriɛs | jiah | #1927 *ris; *riəs; *rəs; *rʔiəs ‘root’ |
| 69 | round (object) | *wi(ə)l ‘round’ | - | *pnlun | *ʔmər | - | - | - | *(t)wil, *pɔːm | *wiel, *rwiəl, *rwɔŋ | *moːl | - | - | tual | #1201a *luːn; *luən ‘round, to roll’; #1653 *m[ ]uːr; *m[ ]ər ‘to roll up’; #1794 *wil; *wiːl; *wiəl(ʔ); *wəl; *wal; *wail ‘to turn’ |
| 70 | sand | *ksa(ː)c ‘sand’ | **kEˀt | *cʔiap | *smaːc | *kaːc | *t-kaːc, *-rɛh | *skaɲ, *cuah | *braːs | *ksac | *(g)laːŋ | *p-m-tɯl | - | jaja | #874 *ksac; *ksaːc ‘sand’; #1737 *bnt1iːl ‘sand’ |
| 71 | see | *jɔl ‘to see’ | **(n)El | *pɛc, *Ɂjiː | *jɔ(ː)t, *jəːʔ | - | *ɗaːm | *taloːj | *saw, *ʦaw | *jɔl, *ghəːɲ | *daŋ | *maj | *daŋ | hew | #158 *[s]jəːʔ; *[s]ʔəːj ‘to see’; #1696 *jɔl, *ʔɔl ‘to see’ |
| 73 | sit | *ŋgu(ː)j ‘to sit down’; *-kuːʔ ‘to sit, stay’ | **kO | *cɔŋ, *skəw | *moːk, *ɗeʔ | *jəːm | *ŋuːj | *tkuː | *ʔwaj | guj | *kɨl | - | - | kɯ̃ʔ | #283 *[ ]guk ‘to sit, remain, dwell’; #1448 *ŋguj ‘to sit down’; #1818 *tkaw[ʔ] ‘to sit, stay’ |
| 74 | skin | *huːr ‘skin’ | **usal | *sneːʔ | *n̥aːm, *huːr | *-puːr | *-taː, *k-roːt | *ʔŋkar | *ʔəkaːr | *spɛːk | *-loːˀ | *cnaːm | *kətɯːʔ | ʔok | #1370 *cn1aːm ‘skin’; #1568 *cnkuər; *[c]nka[a]r ‘integument’; #1687 *huːr ‘skin’; #1825 *kt(aw]ʔ ‘skin’ |
| 75 | sleep | *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; *ɓic ‘to lie down, sleep’ | **gətiˀc | *tʰiaʔ | *ʔiət | *cih | - | *ɓic | *kuj, *ɓic | *tiːk | *bic | *cŋkuj, *dəm, | *tiɛk | tiak | #305 *tiːk; *tiək ‘to lie down, sleep’; #797 *ɓic; *ɓiəc to lie down, sleep’ |
| 76 | small | *dit, *kɗi(ə)t ‘small’ | - | *-dit, *rit | *knɗiət, *ɓac | *ɲɛʔ | *ɗiːt | *kɛ(ː)t | *-dɛʔ | *tic, *cmaːr | *kic | - | *kanɛ(ː)t | ric, pẽc | #59 *ɲ(eː)ʔ ‘small’; #1016 *kɗit; *kɗiːt; *kɗiət ‘small’ |
| 77 | smoke (n.) | *ptoʔ | **mOˀk | *tdɛm | *təːʔ | *ptoʔ | *ɗuːp, *k-hɔːjˀ | *g(rn/ə)jɨək | *ʔɲuːj | (?*psɛːɲ) | *kmaː⁽ˀ⁾s | *jak | - | fus | #1828 *pt1(əw)ʔ ‘smoke’ |
| 78 | to speak, say | *ŋaːj ‘to speak’ | **sun, **gam, **kaj | *ʔɔŋ, *krɛn | *law, *rʔ(m)aːh, *ŋɛʔ | - | *coːlˀ | *paːj | *-nɔh | *srtiː | *ɲaːj | (OM gah) | *ca(ː)l | ʔujola | #1425 *hom ‘to speak’; #1457 *(s)ŋəːj ‘to speak’; #1964 *rʔah ‘to say, speak’ |
| 79 | to stand | *dək ‘to stand up’; *ɟə(ː)ŋ, *ɟuːŋ ‘to stand’; *taːw ‘to stand’ | **tənaŋ, **tƏŋgə | *jəŋ | *ɟəːŋ | *dək | *təŋˀ | *tʄɨŋ, *tjɨŋ, *juor | *-jɔːŋ, *-juːŋ, *taːw, *dɨk | *ɟhɔːr | *taːl | *taːw | - | siak | #332 *(ɗ)ək ‘to stand up, to go up’; #538(Iː) *ɟəŋ; *ɟiŋ; *ɟiːŋ; *ɟuːŋ ‘to stand’; #1824 *taːw ‘to stand’ |
| 80 | star | *s(ʔ)maɲ ‘star’ | - | *smaɲ, *kʰloːr | *sʔməɲ, *krlaːŋ | *sməɲ | *k-raːw, *k-ɓeː | *bntuor, *smaɲ | *s(n)lɔŋ, *smaɲ | *pkaːj | *ksɨm | *s( )maɲ | - | maleca | #888 *smʔaɲ ‘star’ |
| 81 | stone | *tmɔʔ | **bərƏl, **sərEŋ | *smaːw | *cmoʔ, *rʔaːŋ | *glaː₁ŋ | *l-taːˀ, *b-ruːˀ | *tməw | *tməw | *tmɔː | *tmoːˀ | *tmɔːʔ | *təmɔʔ | maŋɛʔ | #146 *t2mɔʔ ‘stone’ |
| 82 | sun | *tŋiːʔ ‘sun, day’ | **siŋi(iˀ) | *sŋiː | *sŋiːʔ | *cŋi/eʔ | - | *ʔmɓaːŋ | *mat-tŋaj | *tŋaj | *(t/s)ŋiːˀ | *tŋaj | - | hɛŋ | #31 *t2ŋiːʔ ‘sun, day’ |
| 83 | to swim | *loːj ‘to swim, wade’ | - | *ɟnpaː, *ɟŋiː | *l̥oːj; *ŋɔj | *luːj | - | *loːj, *poh | *rɛː | *hɛːl(?) | *heːl | *ɓiːŋ | - | kical | #1456 *(l)ŋuj ‘to swim’; #1516 *lujʔ; *luːj[ ]; *luəj[ ]; *ləːj[ ] ‘to wade, to swim’ |
| 84 | tail | *sntaʔ ‘tail’; *-dɔːŋ ‘stalk, tail’ | **pata | *tdɔŋ, *-tʰaː | *-taʔ | *hntaʔ, *dɔːŋ | *d/tɔːj | *sɔːj | *tiəŋ | - | *paːs | *prtaːʔ | *sə[n]taːʔ | ret | #73 *bt1aʔ; *st1aʔ ‘tail’; #542 *t1iə(ŋ) ‘tail’; #585 *t1ɗɔːŋ ‘stalk, tail’ |
| 85 | that (dist.) | *tiːʔ ‘that (dist.)’; *tɔʔ ‘that (med.)’ | **han | *taj | *ʔeʔ, *tVj | *niʔ | - | *kiː, *ʔntih | *tɔʔ, *tɔː | *nɔh | *dan | *tɛːʔ | - | ʔane | #65 *t1iʔ; *t1iːʔ; *t1iəʔ ‘that yonder’; #66a *tɔʔ ‘that, there’; #1466 *t1uːj; *t1uəj; *t1aːj ‘that (yonder)’ |
| 86 | this (prox.) | *gi(ː)ʔ ‘3rd person’; *niʔ; * neʔ ‘this (prox.)’; *nɔ(ː)ʔ ‘this; here’ | **En | *niː | *gəːʔ, *niʔ, *ʔǝ(h) | *giː, *ʔeːʔ | *-niː | *neʔ, *neː | *nɛʔ, *nɛː | *nih | *ʔan | *-nɔːʔ | - | ne, nine | #26 *ge(ː)ʔ ‘deictic & 3 pronoun’; #91 *niʔ; *nih ‘this’; #92 *nɔʔ; *nɔh ‘this’ |
| 87 | thou/you | *miːʔ ‘you (sing.)’ | **(n)Am | *meː | *miːʔ | *ʔmɔː | *miː | *maj | *maj, *ʔih, *ʔaj | - | *boː | *beh | *heːʔ | me | #128 *mi(ː)ʔ; *miːh ‘you (sing.)’ |
| 88 | tongue | *lntaːk ‘tongue’ | **laːˀŋ | *tnleːc | *-taːk | *hntaːk, *lat | *laːs | *ʔntaːk | *lpiət | *ʔntaːt | *ktaːˀk | *klntaːk | *ləntaːk | kalitak | #320 *nt1aːk, *l(n)t1aːk ‘tongue’ |
| 89 | tooth | *lmVɲ ‘tooth’; *sraŋ ‘tooth’; *p(i)əŋ ‘tooth’ | **gənE | *lmɛɲ | *r̥aːŋ, *kaɲ, *piəŋ | *sraː₁ŋ | *k-saŋ | *knɛːŋ | *p(ɨ/ə)ŋ | - | *koːj | *ŋiak | *ləmoːɲ | kanap | #597 *gnaiŋ; *gniəŋ ‘tusk, eye-tooth’; #709 *sraŋ; *sra[a]ŋ ‘tooth, sharp projection’ |
| 90 | tree | *ɟhuːʔ, *ɟhiːʔ ‘tree, wood’; *tnəːm ‘trunk, stem, tree’ | **ɟiːˀ | *dɛːŋ | *khoʔ, *kseʔ | *cʔɔːŋ | *gawˀ, *g/kəl, *k-caːŋˀ | *ʔalɔːŋ | *ʔlɔːŋ | *ɟhəː | *neːˀm | *chuːʔ | *ɟəhuːʔ | ʔuɲiha | #254 *ɟhoːʔ; *ɟhəːʔ; *ɟheːʔ ‘tree, wood’; #491 *t2ʔɔːŋ ‘tree, wood’; #1343 *t2əm; *t2əːm; *t2am ‘plant, to grow; to begin’ |
| 91 | two | *ɓaːr ‘two’ | **baːˀr | *ʔaːr | *lʔaːr | *baːr | *haːr | *ɓaːr | *ɓaːr | *bier | *baːˀr | *ɓaːr | - | ʔã | #1562 *ɓaːr ‘two’ |
| 92 | to walk, go | **sEn | *diʔ | *həl, *leh | - | *d/tiː | *snɗaːw, *cɗɨaw | *ceː₃w | *təːr | *ceːw | *ʔa(ː)r | *ciːp | soŋ | #462 *swa(ː)k ‘to walk, travel’; #1202 *luən; *lən ‘to go, proceed’; #1821 *cəw ‘to come, go, to return’ | |
| 93 | warm/hot | *toʔ ‘hot’; *taɲ ‘hot’; *(s)ʔ(a/ə)m ‘warm’ | - | *sɁaːc, *cit | *cʔəm, *kVc | *waːr, *pɔːk | *p-ruŋˀ, *p-ɗ/ruŋˀ | *ʔatoʔ, *s(a/ŋ)ʔam | *toʔ | *ktaw | *tuːˀ | *k-m-taw | *bɨt | taɲ; haʔuaj | #70 *ktuːʔ ‘hot.; #897 *t1aɲ ‘hot’; #1307 *(s)ʔəm; *(s)ʔəːm; *(s)ʔuːm; *(s)ʔuəm; *[ ]həm ‘warm’ |
| 94 | water | *ɗaːk ‘water’ | **daːˀk | *ʔum | *ʔoːm | *ʔom | *ɗaːk | *ɗaːk, *ɗəːk | *ɗaːk | *tɨk | *daːk | *ɗaːk | *b[ə]teːw | riak | #274 *ɗaːk ‘water’; #1298 *ʔ(o)m ‘water’ |
| 95 | we (excl.) | *ʔiːʔ ‘we (incl.); *ʔjeːʔ ‘we (excl.)’ (*ʄeːʔ ?) | - | *ʔiː | *ʔjeʔ | *jiʔ | - | - | (*ʔjɨː ?) | - | *hɛːŋ | *pəj/*pw(ə)j | *ɟeːʔ | he | #1 *ʔiʔ; *hiʔ ‘we’; #150 *j(eː)ʔ ‘we’ |
| 96 | what? | *məh ‘what’ | - | - | *məh, *mVʔ | - | - | *ʔaməh | - | - | *cmpiːˀj | *(ɟ-)moːʔ | - | cin, cja, ka | #136 *m(o)ʔ; *m(o)h ‘what’ |
| 97 | white | *ɓɔːk ‘white’; *-lɔːk ‘white’ | - | *leːʔ | *blɔːk, *kraːʔ, *-koʔ | *klɔːk | *baːk, *t-lɔːk | *ɓɔːk | *(ɓ/b)ɔːk | *skuː; *sɔː | *broːŋ, *pruːs | (OM bətaiŋ) | *bəj[oː]k | tĩah | 116 *kboːʔ ‘white’; 369a *kɓɔːk ‘white, grey’; 436 *kl(uə)k ‘white’ |
| 98 | who? | *mVh ‘who’ | - | *m̥ɛh | *-moh | *ʔeː | *ŋaːj | *buː | - | *ʔmih | (OM mə) | - | ci | 110 *bu(ː)ʔ ‘individual’ | |
| 99 | woman/wife | *kan ‘woman, female’; *k(-)duər ‘wife’ | **selA, **kəni | *kntʰaj | *-pən, *knjaʔ | *ka₁n | *muːˀ, *p-keːˀ, *-bəːˀ | *kan, *ʔnɗil, *kɗial, *k(m)paj | *ʔəkan | *knsaj, *kntaj | *kɨn | *braw; (OM *kndɔr ‘wife’) | *kəndah; (Semelai kdor ‘female’) | kan | 1126 *kan; *kaːn ‘woman, female’; 1163 *pən ‘female’; 1628 *kdɔːr, *kdar ‘woman, wife’ |
| 100 | yellow | *-ŋaːr ‘yellow’ | **saŋsaŋ | *lmit, *stɛm | *rmiːt | *ɟŋaːr | *-ʔɛːlˀ | *raːk | *dreː₂ŋ | - | *joːˀs | - | - | ŋə | 1052 *rmit; *rmiːt; *rmiət ‘Curcuma species; yellow’ |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.