Appendix:Proto-Karenic reconstructions

This list of Proto-Karenic (Proto-Karen) reconstructions is from Luangthongkum (2019).

Classification

Luangthongkum (2019) recognizes three branches of Proto-Karen, namely Northern, Central, and Southern, but is agnostic about how the three branches fit together.

Karenic

• Northern
  • Northern Pa-O
  • Southern Pa-O
• Central
  • Kayan
  • Kayah
  • Western Bwe (Blimaw, Geba)
  • Kayaw
• Southern
  • Northern Sgaw
  • Southern Sgaw
  • Northern Pwo
  • Southern Pwo

Note: Western Bwe Karen (Blimaw, Geba) preserves the implosives or preglottalised obstruents ɓ/ʔb and ɗ/ʔd, as well as voiceless sonorants such as hn, hl, and so forth.

Data sources

With the exception of Western Bwe, which is drawn from Henderson (1997), all of the Karen data was collected by Luangthongkum from field locations in Thailand.

Language	Branch	Location
Northern Pa-O	Northern Karen	Huai Khan village, Mok Champae sub-district, Mueang district, Mae Hong Son province
Southern Pa-O	Northern Karen	Wat Thaiwatthanaram, Mae Sot district, Tak province
Kayan	Central Karen	Huai Suea Thao village, Pha Bong sub-district, Mueang district, Mae Hong Son province
Kayah	Central Karen	Huai Suea Thao village, Pha Bong sub-district, Mueang district, Mae Hong Son province
Western Bwe	Central Karen	[Henderson’s Bwe Karen dictionary: with texts and English-Karen word list (1997)]
Kayaw	Central Karen	Huai Suea Thao village, Pha Bong sub-district, Mueang district, Mae Hong Son province
Northern Sgaw	Southern Karen	Huai Khom village, Mae Yao sub-district, Mueang district, Chiangrai province
Southern Sgaw	Southern Karen	Pa La-U village, Huai Sat Yai sub-district, Hua Hin district, Prachuap Khiri Khan province
Northern Pwo	Southern Karen	Dong Dam village, Dong Dam sub-district, Li district, Lamphun province
Southern Pwo	Southern Karen	Chao Wat Yang Daeng village, Kaen Magrut sub-district, Mueang district, Uthai Thani province

Phonology

The phonology of Proto-Karen is as follows:

Onsets

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Category I (High series):	*voiceless aspirated stops	*ph	*th	*ch	*kh
	*voiceless nasals	*hm (m̥)	*hn (n̥)	*hɲ (ɲ̥)	*hŋ (ŋ̥)
	*voiceless fricatives	*s				*h
	*voiceless approximants	*hw(w̥)	*hl (l̥)
	*voiceless rhotic		*hr (r̥)
Category II (Mid series):	*voiceless unaspirated stop	*p	*t	*c	*k
	*glottal and glottalised stops	*ʔb (ɓ)	*ʔd (ɗ)			*ʔ
	*glottalised nasal		*ʔn
	*glottalised approximants	*ʔw	*ʔl	*ʔj
Category III (Low series):	*voiced stops	*b	*d	*Ɉ	*g
	*voiced nasals	*m	*n	*ɲ	*ŋ
	*voiced approximants	*w	*l	*j
	*voiced rhotic		*r

Consonant clusters

*Cw-

*phw	*thw	*chw	*khw
*pw		*cw	*kw
	*dw		*gw
*ʔbw	*ʔdw
	*sw
	*mw		*ŋw
*hnw	*hrw
*ʔnw

*Cl-

*phl		*khl
*pl		*kl
*bl		*gl
*ʔbl
*ml
	*sl

*Cr-

*phr	*thr	*chr	*khr
*pr	*tr
*br			*gr
	*sr

*Crw-

• *khrw

*Cj-

*pj		*chj	*kj
			*ŋj
	*rj

Rimes

*-C

• *-K, (*-p), *-t, *-k, *-ʔ
• *-N, *-m, *-n, *-ŋ
• *-j, *-w

Type I

*-V

*-i	*-ɨ	*-u
*-e	*-ə	*-o
*-ɛ		*-ɔ
*-a

Type II

*-VN

*-im	*-in	*-iŋ
		*-eŋ	*-eN
*-ɛm	*-ɛn	*-ɛŋ	*-ɛN
*-ɨm	*-ɨn	*-ɨŋ	*-ɨN
*-əm		*-əŋ	*-əN
*-am		*-aŋ	*-aN
	*-un	*-uŋ	*-uN
*-om		*-oŋ
		*-ɔŋ	*-ɔN

Type III

*-V(j/w)

*-ej	*-ɛj	*-aj
*-aw	*-ow

Type IV

*-VC

*-iʔ	*-it	*-ik
*-eʔ		*-ek
*-ɛʔ
*-əʔ
*-aʔ	*-at
*-uʔ		*uk
*-oʔ	*-ot	*-ok
*-ɔʔ	*-ɔt

Tones

Tones A (modal), B, and D (checked) can be reconstructed for Proto-Karen.

The Proto-Karen tone box template is:

	A	B	D
1	A1	B1	D1
2	A2	B2	D2
3	A3	B3	D3

Proto-Tibeto-Burman reflexes

Proto-Karen reconstructions that have reflexes in Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff 2003).

Proto-Tibeto-Burman	Proto-Karenic	gloss
*a	*a
*g/m/b-la-y	*ʔblaᴮ	‘arrow’
*g-pwa, *r-pwa, *r-wa	*hwaᴮ	‘bamboo’
*ka	*khaᴮ	‘bitter’
*s-ka ⪤ *m-ka-y	*kaᴮ	‘chin, jaw’
*ra	*braᴬ	‘person, people’
*ma-t	*maᴮ	‘lost, disappear’
*r/g-na, *s-na	*naᴮ	‘ear’
*r-gya	*g-rjaᴬ	‘hundred’
*pwa, *wa	*gwaᴬ	‘husband’
*tsa-t, *tsa	*chaᴬ	‘ill’
*m-twa	*thaᴬ	‘handspan’
*r/g-na	*hnaᴮ	‘listen to’
*pa	* phaᴬ	‘male, father’
*s/g-la	*ʔlaᴬ	‘moon, month’
*tsa	*saᴮ	‘salt’
*b-wa	*ʔbwaᴬ	‘white’
*ŋya	*hɲaᴮ	‘flesh, meat’
*m-twa, *twa	*thaᴬ	‘handspan’
*-N	*-N
*d-wam	*thamᴬ	‘bear (animal)’
*ʔam	*ʔamᴮ	‘drink’
*r/s-maŋ	*maŋᴮ	‘dream’
*r-kaŋ	*khaŋᴮ	‘leg’
*kaŋ	*gaŋᴬ	‘spider’
*g-laŋ	*hlaŋᴬ/ᴮ	‘hawk, vulture’
*m-sin	*swɨnᴮ	‘liver’
*s-luŋ	*hloŋᴮ	‘maggot’
*mi:n	*minᴬ	‘name’
*s-min	*hminᴬ	‘ripe, cooked’
*dzyim	*chɨmᴬ	‘salty, sweet’
*m-nam	*(h)nɨmᴬ	‘smell’
*r-luŋ	*loŋᴮ	‘stone, rock’
*s-toŋ	*g-thɔNᴬ	‘thousand’
*g-sum	*səmᴬ	‘three’
*s-ni(:)ŋ	*hneŋᴮ	‘year’
*vd. C-	*Vl. C-/ *glottalised C-
*d-wam	*tham	‘bear (animal)’
*dow	*thoᴮ	‘bird’
*mi	*hmɨᴮ	‘female, woman’
*mey	*hmeᴮ	‘fire’
*ba:r	*phɔᴬ	‘flower’
*lap	*hlaᴮ	‘leaf’
*r-na	*hnaᴮ	‘listen to’
*r-wa	*hwaᴮ	‘bamboo’
*dwəy	*ʔdejᴮ	‘egg’
*d-yuk	*t-khroʔᴰ	‘sambhar deer’
*dzyim	*chimᴬ	‘salty, sweet’
*b-wa	*ʔbwaᴬ	‘white’
*ga:p	*khaʔᴰ	‘shoot (v.)’
*gwa-n	*chwɛŋᴬ	‘wear (shoulder bag)’
*dzo:p	*cwiKᴰ	‘suck’
*g-nis	*k-hnejᴬ	‘two’
*g-laŋ	*hlaŋᴬ/ᴮ	‘hawk’
*d-ləy	*klejᴮ	‘crossbow’
*s-Vd. Sonorant	*vl. sonorant
*s-min	*hminᴬ	‘ripe, cooked’
*s-ley	*hliᴮ	‘squirrel’
*s-ni(:)ŋ	*hneŋᴮ	‘year’
*s-luŋ	*hloŋᴮ	‘maggot’
*s-mwəy	*hmejᴬ	‘sleep’
*s-lay	*hlajᴮ	‘lick’
*vl. unasp. Stop	*vl. asp. Stop
*tak	*thaᴮ	‘weave (cloth)’
*r-kaŋ	*khaŋᴮ	‘leg’
*pa	*phaᴬ	‘male, father’
*s-kew	*khwiᴬ	‘nine’
*d-kruk	*khrowᴬ	‘six’
*kroy	*khloᴮ	‘snail’
*s-toŋ	*g-thɔNᴬ	‘thousand’
*krəw-t	*chrowᴮ	‘wash (clothes)’
*pwa:y	*pheᴬ	‘bran, chaff’
*-r	*-∅
*s(y)ar	*graᴮ	‘insect’
*swa:r	*chjaᴮ	‘sour’
*s-kar	*chaᴮ	‘star’
*-s	*-t
*was	*kwatᴰ	‘bee (Apis cerana)’
*rus	*khrwitᴰ	‘bone’
*s-nis	*ʔnwetᴰ	‘seven’
*-stop	*-stop or *-ʔ
*nuk	*nokᴰ	‘brain’
*b-r-gyat ⪤ *b-g-ryat	*khr/grɔtᴰ	‘eight’
*smik ⪤ *s-myak	*mɛʔᴰ	‘eye, face’
*l-tsyak	*thaʔᴰ	‘iron, needle’
*m-sak	*saʔᴰ	‘itchy’
*k-r-pwat	*s-waʔᴰ	‘land leech’
*ʔap ⪤ *ga:p	*khaʔᴰ	‘shoot (v.)’
*ma:k	*maʔᴰ	‘son-in-law’
*dzo:p	*cwiKᴰ	‘suck’
*dyuk	*t-khroʔᴰ	‘sambha deer’
*u	*o (vowel lowering)
*nuk	*nokᴰ	‘brain’
*d-yuk	*t-khroʔᴰ	‘sambhar deer’
*ruŋ	*noŋᴬ	‘horn’
*s-luŋ	*hloŋᴮ	‘maggot’
*d-kruk	*khrowᴬ	‘six’
*b-ru:l	*rowᴮ	‘snake’
*r-luŋ	*loŋᴮ	‘stone’
*b-yuw	*jowᴮ	‘mouse, rat’
*iy	*i
*s-hwiy	*swiᴮ	‘blood’
*kwiy	*thwiᴮ	‘dog’
*s/g-liy	*kliᴬ	‘flea’
*r-miy	*rwiᴮ	‘root’
*bwiy	*wiᴬ	‘bamboo rat’
*ey	*e
*b-rey	*breᴬ	‘buy’
*mey	*hmeᴮ	‘fire’
*r-ney-t	*neᴮ	‘get, obtain’
*rey	*reᴮ	‘rattan’
*d-key	*kheᴬ	‘tiger’
*ay	*e
*pwa:y	*pheᴬ	‘bran, chaff’
*r-may	*meᴮ	‘tail’
*s/m-lay	*bleᴬ	‘tongue’
*əy	*ej
*d-ləy	*klejᴮ	‘crossbow’
*mləy	*khlejᴬ	‘boat’
*twəy ⪤ *dwəy	*ʔdejᴮ	‘egg’
*nəy	*nejᴬ	‘sun, day’
*b-ləy	*lejᴬ	‘grandchild’
*r/s-mwəy	*hmejᴬ	‘lie down, sleep’
*d-kəy	*d-khejᴬ	‘barking deer’

List

No.	Gloss	Proto-Karenic (Luangthongkum 2019)	Proto-Karenic (Burling 1969)	Northern Pa-O	Southern Pa-O	Kayan	Kayah	Western Bwe	Kayaw	Northern Sgaw	Southern Sgaw	Northern Pwo	Southern Pwo	Page	Notes
1	all, all gone, whole	*loɁᴰ		loɁ⁴⁵	luɁ⁴⁵	lɔɁ³³	lɔ³³	-	lə³³	(khɛ³³)ləɁ²¹	lɔu¹¹	lauɁ²¹	lɔuɁ⁴⁵	xvi
2	ant	*dəŋᴮ		təŋ⁵³	təŋ⁵⁵	tə¹¹	tɔ¹¹	do³³ (aw)	tə¹¹	tə¹¹ ̈	tə³¹	thã¹¹ ̈	thə̃ɨ̯³³	xvi
3	arrive	*təᴮ	*thy³	tə⁵⁵	tə³³	təɨ̯¹¹	to¹¹	do³³	tə¹¹	tɨ³³	tɨ⁴⁵’	thɔ³³	tho³¹ ̈	xvi	N.Sgaw and S.Pwo have tone A instead of tone B. The two varieties of Pwo have irregular vowels.
4	arrow, dart	*blaᴮ	*phla¹	pla⁵⁵	pla³³	pla¹¹	pla¹¹	blɛ³³	ple¹¹	pla¹¹ ̈	pla³¹	pla¹¹ ̈	phla³³	xvi	Irregular vowels in Kayah (KH) and Kayaw (KW), i.e. they should be /e/ and /a/ in KH and KW, respectively. S.Karen (SK) tones suggest *bl-, while those in N.Karen (NK) indicate *pl-.
5	ascend, go up, rise	*thaŋᴮ	*thaŋ²	thaŋ⁵⁵	thaŋ³³	thaŋ¹¹	thɛ¹¹	tha³³	hɔ¹¹	thɔ³¹῀	thɔ⁴⁵’	thɛ̃³³	thɔ̃⁵⁵	xvi
6	ashes, fireplace	*phaᴮ		pha⁵⁵	pha³³	pha¹¹	phe¹¹	-	pha¹¹	pha³¹῀	pha⁴⁵’	-	-	xvi	In some N.Sgaw varieties phla¹¹ ̈~pha¹¹ ̈ means ‘fireplace’.
7	astringent	*kjaɁᴰ	*khiɁ¹	khjaɁ²¹	-	khiɁ⁴⁵	khja⁵⁵	-	-	kiɁ⁴⁵	kaiɁ²¹	kaiɁ⁴⁵	kaiɁ³¹	xvi
8	bamboo	*hwaᴮ	*wa²	wa⁵⁵	wa³³	hwa¹¹~hau¹¹	we¹¹	hʊ³³	-	wa³¹῀	wa⁴⁵’	wa³³	wa⁵⁵	xvii
9	bamboo rat	*(jowᴮ)khanᴬ		(ju⁵⁵)khan³¹ ̈	-	ɟu¹¹khaŋ⁵³	-	khɛ⁵⁵	(ju¹¹)khɔ⁵⁵	khɔ³³	khɔ⁵⁵	khɛ̃³⁵	khɔ̃⁵³	xvii
10	bamboo strip	*sraᴬ		sa³¹ ̈	sa³¹ ̈	θa⁵³	se³³	θrɛ⁵⁵~θə⁵⁵rɛ⁵⁵	sa⁵⁵	ɕɣa³³	ɕɣa⁵⁵	sja³⁵	θa⁵³	xvii
11	bamboo shoot	*Ɂbaŋᴮ		baŋ⁵⁵	baŋ³³	baŋ¹¹	bɛ¹¹	ɓa³³	bɔ¹¹	bɔ³¹῀	bɔ⁴⁵’	bɛ̃³³	bɔ̃⁵⁵	xvii
12	bark (n.), leather, skin	*pheɁᴰ	*phiɁ²	pheɁ²¹	-	-	pha⁵⁵	phe³³	phe³³	phiɁ⁴⁵	phaiɁ²¹	phaiɁ⁴⁵	phaiɁ³¹	xvii
13	bat	*plaᴬ/ᴮ		pla³¹ ̈	pla³¹ ̈	bla¹¹	ple¹¹	plɛ¹¹	pla¹¹	bla³³	bla⁵⁵	phla³³	phla⁵⁵	xvii	Pa-O and Sgaw have tone A while C.Karen (CK) languages and Pwo have tone B. *pl- has become bl- in Sgaw.
14	bathe	*hlowᴮ		lu⁵⁵	lu³³	-	lo¹¹	-	lu¹¹	lɨ¹¹ ̈~lu¹¹ ̈	lɨ⁴⁵’	lou³³	(Ɂɔ̃⁵⁵)lou⁵⁵	xvii	N.Sgaw has the B3 tone while S. Sgaw has the B1 tone as in Pwo and Pa-O.
15	bear (animal)	*thamᴬ	*tham⁴	tham³¹ ̈	tham³¹ ̈	thaŋ⁵³	the³³	thɛ⁵⁵	thɔ⁵⁵	-	-	(phɨ¹¹ ̈) thɔ̃³⁵	(phou⁵³)thɔ̃⁵³	xvii
16	bedbug	*gramᴬ		sam³³~ɕam³³	sam⁵³~saŋ⁵³	caŋ³³	khrɛ¹¹	-	cɔ³³	xɔ³³	xɔ³³	-	-	xvii
17	bee (Apis cerana)	*kwatᴰ		wat²¹	wat²¹	hwɛɁ⁴⁵	wɛ⁵⁵	wɛ³³~θə⁵⁵kwɛ⁵⁵	hwɛ³³~khwɛ³³	kwɛɁ⁴⁵	kwɛ⁵⁵	kwɛ⁵⁵	kwɛ³¹	xvii	This etymon has irregular tone change, i.e. *D has become tone A in S.Sgaw and Pwo. Perhaps, the final *-t had been dropped much earlier, then the *D tone became the *A tone.
18	bee (Apis dorsata)	*k-hneᴬ		ne³¹ ̈	ne³¹ ̈	nai⁵³	ni³³	(gə) nɪ³³	ni⁵⁵	kə¹¹nɛ³³	nɛ⁵⁵	ni³⁵	ni⁵³	xvii
19	believe	*jɨmᴮ		jum⁵³	jəm⁵⁵~jən⁵⁵	ɟɨ¹¹	ji¹¹	-	jɨ¹¹	-	-	-	-	xvii
20	below, under, underneath	*~laɁᴰ		(ka³³) laɁ⁴⁵	laɁ⁴⁵	laɁ⁴⁵	le³³	gɔ¹¹lɛ¹¹, -lɛ¹¹	lɔ³³	phɔ³³laɁ²¹	ka¹¹la¹¹ ̈	chaɁ⁴⁵laɁ²¹	phɔ⁵³laɁ⁴⁵	xviii
21	big, large	*Ɂdoᴮ	*do²	-	-	dau¹¹	du¹¹	do³³	du¹¹	do³¹῀	du⁴⁵’	du³³	du⁵⁵	xviii
22	bird	*thoᴮ	*tho²	-	-	thau¹¹	thu¹¹	tho³³	thu¹¹	tho³¹῀	thu⁴⁵’	thu³³	thu⁵⁵	xviii	The words meaning ‘bird’ in N.PO and S.PO are wa⁵³(B3) and wa⁵⁵(B3), respectively.
23	bite (v.)	*ɁɛNᴮ	*Ɂɛŋ²	Ɂɛŋ⁵⁵	Ɂɛm³³~Ɂɛn³³	Ɂi¹¹	Ɂa¹¹	-	-	Ɂe³¹῀	Ɂi⁴⁵’	Ɂãi³³	Ɂãi⁵⁵	xviii
24	bitter	*khaᴮ	*kha²	kha⁵⁵	kha³³	kha¹¹	khe¹¹	khe³³	kha¹¹	kha³¹῀	kha⁴⁵’	kha³³	kha⁵⁵	xviii
25	blood	*swiᴮ	*swi²	swi⁵⁵	swi³³	θwi¹¹	swi¹¹	θwi³³, θu³³	su¹¹	(ta¹¹)swi³¹῀	swi⁴⁵’	swi³³	θwi⁵⁵	xviii
26	blow (a fire)	*Ɂuᴬ	*Ɂu⁴	Ɂu³¹ ̈	Ɂu³¹ ̈	Ɂu⁵³	Ɂu³³	u³³	Ɂu⁵⁵	Ɂu³³	Ɂu⁵⁵	Ɂu⁵⁵	Ɂu³¹ ̈	xviii
27	boar (wild ~)	*thɔɁᴰmiᴬ		thɔɁ²¹mi³³	thɔɁ²¹mi⁵³	thauɁ⁴⁵mi³³	thɛ⁵⁵mi¹¹	-	tho³³mi³³	thɔɁ⁴⁵mi³³	thɔɁ²¹mi³³	thoɁ⁴⁵mei⁵⁵	thuɁ²¹mei³¹ ̈	xviii
28	boat	*klejᴬ	*khli⁴	phri³¹ ̈	pli³¹ ̈	-	klə³³	khli³³	kli⁵⁵	khli³³	khli⁵⁵	khlei³⁵	khlei⁵³	xviii	*kl- has become phr- and pl- in N.Pa-O and S.Pa-O. respectively.
29	body dirt	*khrejᴮ	*xi²	khri⁵⁵	khri³³	-	khrə¹¹	-	ci¹¹	xi³¹῀	xi⁴⁵’	kei³³	kei⁵⁵	xviii
30	boil (v.)	*phrɔᴬ		-	-	phɔ⁵³	pho³³	a⁵⁵phrɔ³³	pho⁵⁵	khlɔ³³	phɔ⁵⁵	phɔ³⁵	pho⁵³	xviii
31	bone	*khrwitᴰ	*xwi⁴	chut²¹	chə̯ut²¹	chwiɁ⁴⁵	khrwi⁵⁵	-khwi³³	chu³³	xi³³	(ta¹¹)xi⁵⁵	(ɁaɁ²¹) xei³³	xwi⁵⁵	xviii	This etymon has irregular tone changes in SK, i.e. tone A in Sgaw and tone B in Pwo, while it is still tone D in NK and CK. The final *-t might have been dropped very early; consequently, the tones in Sgaw and Pwo have developed differently.
32	braid	*srejᴮ	*si²	si⁵⁵	si³³	-	sə¹¹	θre³³	si¹¹	si³¹῀	-	sei³³	θei⁵⁵	xix
33	brain	*nokᴰ	*kho²nuɁ¹	(Ɂu⁵⁵)nok⁴⁵	(ɁaɁ²¹)nuɁ⁴⁵	nɔɁ²¹	(ku¹¹)nɔ³³	-no¹¹	(kə³³)nə³³	(kho³¹῀)nuɁ²¹	(khu⁴⁵’)nɔ¹¹ ̈	(khu³³)nauɁ²¹	(khu⁵⁵) nɔuɁ⁴⁵	xix
34	bran, chaff	*pheᴬ	*phe⁴	phe³¹ ̈	phe³¹ ̈	phai⁵³	phi³³	-	phi⁵⁵	phe³³	phe⁵⁵	phi³⁵	phi⁵³	xix
35	breasts	*nuᴮ	*ny¹	-	-	nu¹¹	(Ɂi¹¹)nu¹¹	nu³³	nu¹¹	nu¹¹ ̈	nu³¹	nə̯u¹¹ ̈	nu³³	xix
36	broken, split, separate	*paɁᴰ	*phaɁ²	paɁ²¹	paɁ²¹	phaɁ⁴⁵	phe⁵⁵	pha³³	phɔ³³	phaɁ⁴⁵	phaɁ²¹	phaɁ⁴⁵	phaɁ²¹	xix
37	buffalo	*p/b-naᴮ	*pəɁ²na¹	paɁ²¹na⁵³	paɁ²¹na⁵⁵	buɁ⁴⁵na¹¹	pe⁵⁵ne¹¹	bə³³ne³³	pa³³na¹¹	pə³³na¹¹ ̈	pə¹¹na³¹	paɁ²¹nɛ¹¹ ̈	pəɁ²¹na³³	xix
38	buy	*breᴬ	*phɣe³	phre³³	phre⁵³	prai³³	phri¹¹	a⁵⁵bwɪ³³	pri³³	pə¹¹ɣe³³~pɣe³³	pɣe³³	-	-	xix
39	caress	*phruNᴬ		phrɨ⁵⁵	pwəm³³	phwaŋ⁵³	phɨ³³	-	phu⁵⁵	phɣu³³	phu⁵⁵	phã³⁵	phõ⁵⁵	xix	It is noticeable that NK has tone B while CK and SK have tone A.
40	carry (on the back)	*pɨᴮ	*phy²	-	-	-	-	phu³³	phɨ¹¹	-	phɨ⁴⁵’	pə̯ɨ³³	pɨ⁵⁵	xix
41	caterpillar	*siɁᴰ		seɁ²¹	siɁ²¹	θɨɁ⁴⁵	si⁵⁵	θa³³	si³³	siɁ⁴⁵	saiɁ²¹	sɨ³⁵	θaiɁ²¹, θeiɁ²¹	xix	N.Pwo has tone A which is irregular.
42	catfish	*~kuᴬ/ᴮ		khu³¹ ̈	khu³¹ ̈	ku⁵³	ku¹¹	-	ku¹¹	-	ku⁴⁵’	-	ku⁵⁵	xix	NK and Kayan (CK) have tone A while the rest have tone B.
43	carapace, shell	*kɨᴬ		-	-	ko⁵³	Ɂa¹¹kɔ³³	ko⁵⁵	Ɂa¹¹kɨ⁵⁵	kɨɁ⁴⁵	kɨ⁵⁵	Ɂa¹¹ko̯u⁵⁵	ku³¹ ̈	xix	Kayan has an irregular vowel, /o/ instead of /ɨ/. N.Sgaw also has an irregular tone, tone D.
44	centipede	*t/daɁᴰɁbaŋᴬ	*daɁ²baŋ³	taɁ⁴⁵baŋ³¹ ̈	taɁ⁴⁵baŋ³¹ ̈	ta¹¹baŋ⁵³	-	-	-	daɁ⁴⁵bɔ³³	da¹¹bɔ⁵⁵	-	daɁ⁴⁵bɔ̃³¹ ̈	xx
45	chameleon	*kwiᴮ		kwi⁵⁵	kwi³³	khwi¹¹	khwi¹¹	khwi³³	khi¹¹	khwi³¹῀	khwi⁴⁵’	khwi³³	khwi⁵⁵	xx
46	charcoal	*swaᴮ	*swa²	swa⁵⁵	swa³³	θau¹¹	su¹¹	-	su¹¹	swa³¹῀	swa⁴⁵’	swa³³	θwa⁵⁵	xx
47	chicken	*chjaNᴬ	*chjaN⁴	ɕja³¹ ̈	ɕja³¹ ̈	ɕi⁵³	cha³³	ʃi⁵⁵	ɕi⁵⁵	chɔ³³	chɔ⁵⁵	chɛ̃³⁵	chɔ̃⁵³	xx	[Proto-Monic: *tyaaŋ, Proto-Mon: *caiɲ (Diffloth, 1984)]
48	chili pepper, pungent	*hatᴰ		hat²¹	hap²¹	hɛɁ⁴⁵	hɛ⁵⁵	hɛ³³	hɛ³³	hɛ³³	hɛ⁵⁵	-	ɣɛ⁵⁵	xx	NK and CK have tone D while SK languages have irregular tone changes, i.e. *D>A in Sgaw but >B in Pwo.
49	chin, jaw	*kaᴮ	*kha²	ka⁵⁵	ka³³	ka¹¹	khe¹¹	khe³³	kha¹¹	kha³¹῀	kha⁴⁵’	kha³³	kha⁵⁵	xx	[Thai: khaaŋ33]
50	cicada	*ŋjajᴬ		ŋja³³	-	ji³³	ja¹¹	-	-	je³³, ze³³	-	jai⁵⁵	jai³¹ ̈	xx
51	civet cat	*thuᴮ		-	-	thu¹¹	-	thu³³	thu¹¹	-	-	-	thuɁ²¹thõ³¹ ̈, thu⁵⁵thõ¹¹	xx
52	classifier (hand of bananas)	*sejᴮ		si⁵⁵	si³³	θɨ¹¹	sə¹¹	-	si¹¹	si³¹῀	si⁴⁵’	sei³³	-	xx
53	classifier for flat objects	*Ɂbaᴮ		ba⁵⁵	ba³³	ba¹¹	be¹¹	-	ba¹¹	be³¹῀	bi⁴⁵’	bai³³	bai⁵⁵	xx	The correspondence pattern of rhymes in SK suggests *Ɂbajᴮ [Thai: baj33]
54	classifier for people, persons	*braᴬ	*ɣa³, *phwa³ ‘person’	phra³³	pra⁵³	pra³³	phre¹¹	-	ra³³	pɣa³³	ɣa³³	ɣa⁵⁵	ɣa³¹ ̈	xx
55	classifier for a piece of meat, cake, etc.	*plɔŋᴮ	*lɔŋ²	lɔŋ⁵⁵	-	-	plɔ¹¹	-	plo¹¹	lo³¹῀	lu⁴⁵’	lɔ̃³³	lõ⁵⁵	xx
56	classifier for plants, e.g. bamboo, rice, banana etc. (clumps, clusters)	*khoᴮ		-	-	khau¹¹	-	-	-	kho³¹῀	khu⁴⁵’	khu³³	khu⁵⁵	xxi
57	classifier for round objects	*phloŋᴮ	*phloŋ²	phloŋ⁵⁵	phloŋ³³	phləu¹¹	phlɔ¹¹	-	phlə¹¹	phlə³¹῀	phlɨ⁴⁵’	phlãu³³	phlõu⁵⁵	xxi
58	classifier for long objects	*ɁbɔNᴬ	*bɔŋ³	-	-	bɔ⁵³	bo³³	-	bo⁵⁵	bo³³	bu⁵⁵	bɔ̃⁵⁵	bõ³¹ ̈	xxi
59	classifier for four-legged animals	*Ɂdəᴬ		-	-	dəɨ⁵³	do³³	-	də⁵⁵	dɨ³³	dɨ⁵⁵	dəɨ⁵⁵	dɨ³¹ ̈	xxi
60	close (one’s eyes)	*Ɂbiᴮ	*bin²	-	-	bi¹¹	-	-	bi¹¹	bi³¹῀	bi⁴⁵’	bei³³	bei⁵⁵	xxi
61	comb (v.)	*khwitᴰ	*khwi⁴	khut²¹	-	khiɁ⁴⁵	khwi⁵⁵	khwi³³	khi³³	khwi³³	khwi⁵⁵	khwi³⁵	khwi⁵³	xxi	The SK tones suggest tone *A in PK.
62	cotton thread	*hlowᴮ	*ly²	lu⁵⁵	lu³³	lu¹¹	lo¹¹	lu³³	lu¹¹	lɨ³¹῀	lɨ⁴⁵’	lou³³	lou⁵⁵	xxi
63	cough (v.)	*kukᴰ	*kuɁ²	(taɁ²¹he⁵⁵) khuk²¹	-	khuɁ⁴⁵	khɨ⁵⁵	θə⁵⁵khu³³	khɨ³³	kuɁ⁴⁵	kɔuɁ²¹	kauɁ⁴⁵	kɔuɁ³¹	xxi
64	crab	*chwɛᴮ	*chwɛ²	chwɛ⁵⁵	chwɛ³³	chwɛ¹¹	chwa¹¹	ʃwɛ³³	chɛ¹¹	chwɛ³¹῀	chwɛ⁴⁵’	chwɛ³³	chwɛ⁵⁵	xxi
65	cricket	*s-kiᴬ		ki³¹ ̈	ki³¹ ̈	ki⁵³	ki³³	-	(dɛ¹¹) ki⁵⁵	sə¹¹ki³³	tə¹¹ki⁵⁵	-	-	xxi	ki⁵³ in Kayan is a kind of grub.
66	crocodile	s-hmaᴮ	*ma²	-	-	-	-	θə³³mɛ ³³	ma¹¹	sə³³ma³¹῀	ma⁴⁵’	ma³³	ma⁵⁵	xxi
67	crop (of fowl), gizzard	*k-hniᴬ	*nin⁴	-	-	-	kɛ³³ni³³	kə⁵⁵ni⁵⁵	ki¹¹ni⁵⁵	kə¹¹ni³³	ni⁵⁵	nei³⁵	nei⁵³	xxi
68	cross (v.)	*khaNᴬ		-	-	-	khɛ³³	-	khɔ⁵⁵	khɔ³³	khɔ⁵⁵	khɛ̃³⁵	khɔ̃⁵³	xxii
69	crossbow	*klejᴮ	*khli²	khli⁵⁵	kli³³	-	klə¹¹	khli³³	khli¹¹	khli³¹῀	khli⁴⁵’	khlei³³	khlei⁵⁵	xxii
70	crow (v.)	*Ɂoᴮ		Ɂu⁵⁵	Ɂu³³	-	Ɂu¹¹	ʊ³³	Ɂu¹¹	Ɂɔ³¹῀ Ɂo³³	Ɂu⁵⁵	Ɂu³³	Ɂɔ̃³¹ ̈Ɂu⁵⁵	xxii	Sgaw has tone A while Pwo, NK and CK have tone B.
71	crush (v.)	*k-hnɔNᴮ		-	-	-	no¹¹	kə³³nʊ³³	no¹¹	no³¹῀	nu⁴⁵’	nɔ̃³³	nõ⁵⁵	xxii
72	cucumber	*Ɂdejᴬ	*di³	-	di³¹ ̈	-	də³³	ɗi⁵⁵	di⁵⁵	di³³	di⁵⁵	thei⁵⁵	thei³¹ ̈	xxii	Pwo has an irregular initial. It should be /d-/ instead of /th-/.
73	dark, late evening	*khiɁᴰ	*khiɁ²	kheɁ²¹	khiɁ²¹	khɨɁ⁴⁵	khi⁵⁵	khi³³	khi³³	khiɁ⁴⁵	khaiɁ²¹	khaiɁ⁴⁵	khaiɁ³¹	xxii
74	daughter-in-law	*Ɂdɛᴮ	*dɛ²	-	-	dɛ¹¹	dɛ¹¹	-ɗɛ³³	dɛ¹¹	dɛ³¹῀	dɛ⁴⁵’	dɛ³³	dɛ⁵⁵	xxii
75	day	*nejᴬ	*ni³	ni³³	ni⁵³	-	nə¹¹	ni³³	ni³³	ni³³	ni³³	nei⁵⁵	nei³¹ ̈	xxii
76	dead, die	*sejᴬ	*si⁴	si³¹ ̈	si³¹ ̈	θɨ⁵³	sə³³	θɨ⁵⁵	si⁵⁵	si³³	si⁵⁵	sei³⁵	θei⁵³	xxii
77	deaf	*Ɂəŋᴬ		Ɂəŋ³¹ ̈	Ɂəŋ³¹ ̈	Ɂəŋ⁵³	Ɂɔ³³	tə’o⁵⁵	Ɂə⁵⁵	Ɂə³³	Ɂə⁵⁵	Ɂɑ̃⁵⁵	Ɂə̃³¹ ̈	xxii
78	deep	*jɔɁᴰ	*ŋoɁ¹	jɔɁ⁴⁵	jɔɁ⁴⁵	ɈauɁ²¹	jɛ³³	jɔ¹¹	-	jɔɁ²¹	jo¹¹ ̈	joɁ²¹	juɁ⁴⁵	xxii
79	deer (barking ~)	*d-khejᴬ		khi³¹ ̈	khi³¹ ̈	khɨ⁵³	khə³³	do¹¹khi⁵⁵	khi⁵⁵	-	-	-	-	xxii
80	deer (sambhar ~)	*t-khroɁᴰ		khjoɁ²¹	khjoɁ²¹	khjɔɁ⁴⁵	khrɔ⁵⁵	kho³³	khə³³	ta³³xɔ³³	thɔ³³xɔ⁵⁵	ta³³xɔ⁵⁵	chə³³xo³¹ ̈	xxiii	In SK, the rhyme *-oɁᴰ has become -ɔᴬ (SG, N.PW) and -oᴬ (S.PW).
81	delicious	*Ɂwiᴮ		Ɂwi⁵⁵	Ɂwi³³	Ɂwi¹¹	wi¹¹	-	wi¹¹	kwi²¹	-	Ɂwi³³	Ɂwi⁵⁵	xxiii
82	descent, go down, set	* laŋᴬ	*laŋ³	laŋ³³	laŋ⁵³	laŋ³³	lɛ¹¹	la³³	lɔ³³	lɔ³³	lɔ³³	lɛ̃⁵⁵	lɔ̃³¹ ̈	xxiii
83	dig	*khuᴮ	*khun²	khu⁵⁵	khu³³	-	khɨ¹¹	-	khu¹¹	khu³¹῀	khu⁴⁵’	khɑ³³	khə⁵⁵	xxiii
84	dip up (water)	*Ɂd( )Nᴮ	*dəm²	-	-	du¹¹	-	ɗɔ⁵⁵	du¹¹	də³¹῀	dɨ⁴⁵’	dãə³³	dãə⁵⁵	xxiii
85	Dipterocarpus tuberculatus	*thəNᴬ		təŋ³¹ ̈	-	thə⁵³	thɔ³³	-	thə⁵⁵	thə³³	thɔ⁵⁵	thɑ̃⁵⁵	-	xxiii	In N.Pwo, it is an irregular tone change, i.e. tone 55 (A23) instead of tone 35 (A1) as in Sgaw, NK and CK.
86	disappear, lost	*maᴮ	*ma¹	ma⁵³	ma⁵⁵	ma¹¹	me¹¹	hɛ⁵⁵mɛ¹¹	ma¹¹	ma¹¹ ̈	ma³¹	mɛ¹¹ ̈	ma³³	xxiii
87	dog	*thwiᴮ	*thwi²	thwi⁵⁵	thwi³³	thwi¹¹	thwi¹¹	thwi³³	thi¹¹	thwi³¹῀	thwi⁴⁵’	thwi³³	thwi⁵⁵	xxiii
88	do, make	*maᴬ	*ma³	ma³³	ma⁵³	ma³³	me¹¹	mɛ	ma³³	ma³³	ma³³	mɛ⁵⁵	ma³¹ ̈	xxiii
89	dove	*(thoᴮ)lwiᴮ		lwi⁵³	lwi⁵⁵	lwi¹¹	lwi¹¹	lwi³³	li¹¹	lwi¹¹ ̈	lwi³¹	lei¹¹ ̈	lwi³³	xxiii
90	dream (v.)	*maŋᴮ	*maŋ¹	maŋ⁵³	maŋ⁵⁵	maŋ¹¹	mɛ¹¹	mi⁵⁵ma³³	mɔ¹¹	mi³³mɔ³¹῀	mɔ³¹	mɛ̃¹¹ ̈	mɔ̃³³	xxiii
91	drink (v.)	Ɂɔᴬ	*Ɂɔ³	-	-	Ɂau⁵³	Ɂo³³	ɔ⁵⁵	Ɂo⁵⁵	Ɂɔ³³	Ɂɔ⁵⁵	Ɂɔ⁵⁵	Ɂo³¹ ̈	xxiii
92	dry (v.)	*hloᴬ	*lo⁴	lo³¹ ̈	lo³¹ ̈	lau⁵³	-	lo⁵⁵	lo⁵⁵	lɔ³³	lɔ⁵⁵	lu³⁵	lu⁵³	xxiv
93	drunk	*mwɨNᴬ	*mun³	mun³³	mu̯əm⁵³	mɨ³³	mɨ¹¹	mu³³	mʉ³³	mu³³	mu³³	mɑ̃⁵⁵	mə̃ɨ³¹ ̈	xxiv
94	dung, excrement	* Ɂeᴮ	*Ɂe²	Ɂe⁵⁵	Ɂe³³	Ɂai¹¹	Ɂi¹¹	ɪ³³	Ɂi¹¹	Ɂe³¹῀	Ɂe⁴⁵’	Ɂi³³	Ɂi⁵⁵	xxiv
95	ear	*naᴮ	*na¹	na⁵³	na⁵⁵	na¹¹	ne¹¹	nɛ³³	na¹¹	na¹¹ ̈	na³¹	nɛ¹¹	na³³	xxiv
96	earthworm	*jɛɁᴰ		jɛɁ⁴⁵	jɛɁ⁴⁵	ɟɛɁ²¹	ja³³	-	je³³	-	-	-	-	xxiv
97	easy	*hɲawᴬ	*ŋɔ⁴	-	-	jau⁵³	ju³³	jo⁵⁵	ju⁵⁵	ɲɔ³³	ɲɔ⁵⁵	jɔ³⁵	jo⁵³	xxiv
98	eat	*Ɂamᴮ	*Ɂam²	Ɂam⁵⁵	Ɂam³³	Ɂaŋ¹¹	Ɂɛ¹¹	a³³	Ɂɔ¹¹	Ɂɔ³¹῀	Ɂɔ⁴⁵’	Ɂɛ̃³³	Ɂɔ̃⁵⁵	xxiv
99	egg	*Ɂdejᴮ	*di²	di⁵⁵	di³³	tɨ¹¹	də¹¹	- ɗi³³	di¹¹	di³¹῀	di⁴⁵’	dei³³	dei⁵⁵	xxiv	Kayan has an irregular onset, i.e. /t-/ instead of /d-/.
100	eggplant	*s-gaNᴬ		-	-	kaŋ³³	kɛ¹¹	-	-kɔ³³	sə¹¹kɔ³³	kɔ³³	-	-	xxiv
101	eight	*khrɔtᴰ/*grɔtᴰ	*xoɁ¹	sət²¹	sɔt²¹	chauɁ⁴⁵	-	-	-xɔ¹¹	xɔɁ⁴⁵	xoɁ²¹	xoɁ²¹	xuɁ⁴⁵	xxiv	The D3 tone in NK and Pwo suggests *gr- while the D12 tone in Kayan and Sgaw indicates *khr-.
102	elephant	*k-chaŋᴬ	*chaŋ⁴	chaŋ³¹ ̈	chaŋ³¹ ̈	chaŋ⁵³	chɛ³³	(gə) ʃa⁵⁵	rɔ¹¹chɔ⁵⁵	kə¹¹chɔ³³	kə¹¹chɔ⁵⁵	ka¹¹chɛ̃³⁵	kə¹¹chɔ̃⁵³	xxiv
103	embrace, hug	* phɔɁᴰ	*phoɁ²	phɔɁ²¹	-	-	phɛ⁵⁵	phɔ³³	pho³³	phɔɁ⁴⁵	phoɁ²¹	phoɁ⁴⁵	phuɁ²¹	xxiv
104	enter	*n( )Ɂᴰ	*nyɁ¹	-	nəɁ⁴⁵	-	no³³	nu¹¹	nu³³	nɨɁ²¹	nəu¹¹ ̈	naəɁ²¹	-	xxv
105	exert forcing to expel	*chuNᴬ		chən³¹ ̈	chuə̯m³¹ ̈	chwaŋ⁵³	chɨ³³	-	chu⁵⁵	chu³³	-	-	-	xxv
106	extinguish (t.v.)	*p/biɁᴰ	*phiɁ¹	peɁ²¹	piɁ²¹	pɨɁ²¹	pi³³	bɪ¹¹	pi³³	phiɁ⁴⁵	pai¹¹ ̈	phaiɁ²¹	phaiɁ⁴⁵	xxv	Pa-O and N.Sgaw have tone D12 which suggests *p- in PK.
107	eye, face	*mɛɁᴰ	*mɛɁ¹	mɛɁ⁴⁵	mɛɁ⁴⁵	-	-	-	-	mɛɁ²¹	mɛ¹¹ ̈	meɁ²¹	meɁ⁴⁵	xxv
108	fall down	*dɛɁᴰ		thɛɁ⁴⁵	tɛɁ⁴⁵	tɛɁ²¹	ta³³	de¹¹	te³³	tɛɁ²¹	tɛ¹¹ ̈	theɁ²¹	theɁ⁴⁵	xxv
109	fat (adj)	*Ɂbluŋᴮ		pləŋ⁵⁵	pwəŋ³³	bwaŋ¹¹	bɨ¹¹	ɓʊ³³	bu¹¹	bɔ³¹῀	bɔ⁴⁵’	bɑ̃³³	bõ⁵⁵	xxv
110	feather, fur, body hair	*chuNᴮ	*chɔn²	chən⁵⁵	chuə̯m³³	chwaŋ¹¹	ɕɨ¹¹	ʃʊ³³	ɕu¹¹	chu³¹῀	chu⁴⁵’	chɑ̃³³	chõ⁵⁵	xxv
111	feel full (after eating)	*kəɁᴰ	*kaɁ²	kəɁ²¹	kəɁ²¹	kəɁ⁴⁵	kɔ⁵⁵	-	kə³³	-	-	kaəɁ⁴⁵	-	xxv
112	female, woman	*hmɨᴮ	*my²	mɨ⁵³	mɨ³³	mɨ¹¹	mɔ¹¹	mo³³	mɨ¹¹	mɨ³¹῀	mɨ⁴⁵’	mə̯ɨ³³	mɨ⁵⁵	xxv
113	female (humans), mother	*muᴮ	*mo¹	mu⁵³	mu⁵⁵	mu¹¹	mu¹¹	bo¹¹ mu⁵⁵	mu¹¹	mo¹¹ ̈	mu³¹	mu¹¹	mu³³	xxv
114	fire	*hmeᴮ	*me²	me⁵⁵	me³³	mai¹¹	mi¹¹	mɪ³³	mi	me³¹῀	me⁴⁵’	mi³³	mi⁵⁵	xxv
115	fish	*daɁᴰ		thaɁ⁴⁵	thaɁ⁴⁵	taɁ²¹	te³³	da¹¹-pho³³	tɔ³³	-	-	-	-	xxv
116	five	*ŋjatᴰ	*ŋɛ¹	ŋat⁴⁵	ŋap⁴⁵~ŋat⁴⁵	ŋɛɁ²¹	ŋɛ³³	jɛ¹¹	jɛ³³	jɛ¹¹ ̈	jɛ³¹	jɛ¹¹ ̈	jɛ³³	xxv	It is noticeable that Sgaw and Pwo (SK) have tone B3.
117	flank, rib	* rəɁᴰ	*ɣyɁ¹	rəɁ⁴⁵	rəɁ⁴⁵	rəɁ²¹	rɔ³³	-	rə³³	ɣuɁ²¹	ɣəɨ̯¹¹ ̈	ɣaəɁ²¹	ɣaəɁ⁴⁵	xxvi
118	flat	*pjaᴮ		pja⁵⁵	pja³³	bja¹¹	-	ɓe³³ ɓa³³	-	bi³¹῀	-	pa³³	bai⁵⁵	xxvi
119	flea	*kliᴬ/*kliɁᴰ		khli³¹ ̈	-	khliɁ⁴⁵	kla⁵⁵	kle³³	kle³³	kli⁵⁵, kliɁ⁴⁵	kli⁵⁵	khlei³⁵	khlei⁵³	xxvi	S.Pa-O, Pwo and some varieties of Sgaw have tone A, while CK has tone D.
120	flesh, meat	*hɲaᴮ	*ŋa²	ja⁵⁵	ja³³	ɟa¹¹	ja¹¹	-	ja¹¹	ɲa³¹῀	ɲa⁴⁵’	ja³³	ja⁵⁵	xxvi
121	flower	*phɔᴬ	*phɔ⁴	-	-	phau⁵³	pho³³	phɔ⁵⁵	pho⁵⁵	phɔ³³	phɔ⁵⁵	phɔ³⁵	phɔ⁵³	xxvi
122	forget	*s-beŋᴬ		pheŋ³³	peŋ⁵³	pe³³	pa¹¹	-	pe³³	-	pi³³	-	-	xxvi
123	forest, jungle	* klaᴬ		khla³¹ ̈	kla³¹ ̈	-	kle³³	-	ka⁵⁵	pɣa¹¹ ̈laɁ⁴⁵klaɁ⁴⁵	kla⁵⁵	kla⁵⁵	kla³¹ ̈	xxvi
124	four	- (?); PNK: *litᴰ; PCK: *hlwiᴬ ; PSK: *lwiᴮ	*lwi¹	lip⁴⁵~lit⁴⁵	lip⁴⁵~lit⁴⁵	lwi⁵³	lwi³³	lu⁵⁵	li⁵⁵	lwi¹¹ ̈	lwi³¹	lwi¹¹ ̈	lei³³	xxvi	The PK form cannot be reconstructed since PNK, PCK and PSK have different onsets and tones.
125	fox, wolf	*thwiᴮmiᴬ		thwi⁵⁵mi³³	thwi³³mi⁵³	thwi¹¹mi³³	thwi¹¹mi¹¹	-	thi¹¹mi³³	thwi¹¹mi³³	thwi⁴⁵’mi³³	-	thwi⁵⁵mei³¹ ̈	xxvi
126	frog	*Ɂdeᴮ	*de²	de⁵⁵	de³³	dai¹¹	di¹¹	ɗi³³	di¹¹	de³¹῀	de⁴⁵’	di³³	di⁵⁵	xxvi
127	front	*hŋaᴬ		ŋa³¹ ̈	ŋa³¹ ̈	ŋa⁵³	ŋe³³	-	-	ɲa³³	ɲa⁵⁵	-	-	xxvi
128	fruit	*saᴮ	*sa²	-	-	θa¹¹	se¹¹	θɛ³³	sa¹¹	sa³¹῀	sa⁴⁵’	sa³³	θa⁵⁵	xxvi
129	full	*pwɛᴬ		bwɛ³¹ ̈	bwɛ³¹ ̈	bwɛ⁵³	ba³³	pwe⁵⁵	bɛ⁵⁵	pɣɛ³³	-	-	-	xxvi
130	ginger	*Ɂeŋᴬ	*Ɂeŋ³	Ɂeŋ³¹ ̈	Ɂeŋ³¹ ̈	Ɂe⁵³	Ɂa³³	θə⁵⁵’e⁵⁵	Ɂe⁵⁵	sə¹¹Ɂe³³	Ɂi⁵⁵	Ɂãi⁵⁵	Ɂɛ̃i³¹ ̈	xxvii
131	go	*lwɛᴬ		lwɛ³³	lwɛ⁵³	lɛ³³	-	le³³	lɛ³³	lɛ³³	lɛ³³	le⁵⁵	le³¹ ̈	xxvii
132	grasshopper	*Ɂdwɛᴮ		dwɛ⁵⁵	dwɛ³³	dwɛ¹¹	-	ɗɛ³³	dɛ¹¹	dwɛ³¹῀	dwɛ⁴⁵’	thwɛ¹¹	thwe³³	xxvii	The initial th- and tone B3 in Pwo suggest a plain voiced *d- in PK. Probably, *ɗ- in PK became *d- in Pwo and then *d- became /th-/.
133	grandchild	*lejᴬ	*li³	li³³	li⁵³	-	lə¹¹	li¹¹	li³³	li³³	li³³	lei⁵⁵	lei³¹ ̈	xxvii	There is an irregular tone change in Bwe. The A3 tone in Bwe should be 33, not 11.
134	great-grandchild	*loᴬ	*lo³	-	lo⁵³	lau³³	lu¹¹	-	lu³³	lo³³	lu³³	lu⁵⁵	lu³¹ ̈	xxvii
135	great-great-grandchild	*laᴬ	*la³	la³³	la⁵³	la³³	la¹¹	-	la³³	la³³	la³³	la⁵⁵	la³¹ ̈	xxvii
136	hair (head ~)	*khuᴮsluᴬ		kaɁ⁴⁵lu³³	ka³³lu⁵³	kaɁ²¹lu³³	kho⁵⁵lo¹¹	khə⁵⁵lu⁵⁵	khu¹¹lu³³	kho³¹῀su³³	khu⁴⁵’su⁵⁵	khu³³ su³⁵	-	xxvii
137	handle	*doᴮ		tho⁵³	to⁵⁵	-	tu¹¹	-do³³	tu¹¹	to¹¹ ̈	tu³¹	thu¹¹ ̈	thu³³	xxvii
138	hat	*~kl( )ŋᴮ		koŋ⁵⁵	koŋ³³	klɔ¹¹	ko¹¹	ko³³phla³³	klə¹¹	-	-	-	-	xxvii
139	hawk, eagle	*lekᴰ		leɁ⁴⁵	lek⁴⁵~lik⁴⁵	liɁ²¹	la³³	le¹¹	le³³	liɁ²¹	lai¹¹ ̈	laiɁ²¹	laiɁ⁴⁵	xxvii
140	have, be, exist, stay, there is	*Ɂɔᴮ		Ɂau⁵⁵	Ɂau³³	Ɂau¹¹	Ɂo¹¹	ɔ³³	Ɂo¹¹	Ɂo³¹῀	Ɂu⁴⁵’	Ɂɔ³³	Ɂo⁵⁵	xxvii
141	head	*kləɁᴰ		kəɁ²¹tu⁵⁵	kəɁ²¹tu³³	kləɁ⁴⁵	klɔ⁵⁵	ku³³ko³³	kɨ³³~kə³³	-	-	-	-	xxvii
142	heart	*saɁᴰ	*saɁ²	saɁ²¹	saɁ²¹	θaɁ⁴⁵	se⁵⁵	θa³³	sɔ³³	saɁ⁴⁵	saɁ²¹	saɁ⁴⁵	θaɁ²¹	xxviii
143	heavy	*thəᴮ		thɨ⁵⁵	thɨ³³	thəɨ¹¹	tho¹¹	tho³³	thə¹¹	-	-	-	-	xxviii
144	hemp	*srɔᴮ		sau⁵⁵	ɕau³³	θau¹¹	so¹¹	θrɔ³³	so¹¹	ɕɣɔ³¹῀	ɕɣɔ⁴⁵’	ɕjɔ³³	θo⁵⁵	xxviii
145	hip	* glamᴮ		-	kwam⁵⁵	ka¹¹kɨ¹¹	kla¹¹	-	ka¹¹	khi³³ko¹¹ ̈	kɔ³¹	kwã¹¹ ̈	khwɔ̃³³	xxviii
146	hit hard (with a fist)	*doŋᴮ		doŋ³³	toŋ⁵³	dəu¹¹	thɔ¹¹	to³³	thə¹¹	tɔ¹¹ ̈	-	thə¹¹ ̈	-	xxviii	NK has the A tone instead of the B tone as in CK and SK.
147	horn	*noŋᴬ	*noŋ³	noŋ³³	noŋ⁵³	no³³	nɔ¹¹	-no¹¹	nə	nə³³	nə³³	nãu⁵⁵	nõu³¹ ̈	xxviii	Bwe has an irregular tone. Modern Bwe should have tone 33(A3) instead of Tone 11 (D3).
148	hornet	*phrɨNᴬ		phrɨm³¹ ̈	phrɨn³¹ ̈	phrɨ⁵³	phlɨ³³	phlu⁵⁵	phrɨ⁵⁵	phlə³³	phlɨ⁵⁵	phlɑ̃³⁵	phlə̃ɨ⁵³	xxviii	In SK *phr- has become phl-.
149	horse	*k-sreᵀ	*se²	se³¹ ̈	se³¹ ̈	θiɁ⁴⁵	si⁵⁵	θrɪ³³	si³³ri³³	kə³³se¹¹ ̈	kə¹¹se⁴⁵’	kaɁ²¹si³³	kə¹¹θi⁵⁵	xxviii	The PK tone cannot be reconstructed due to the fact that NK, CK and SK have tones A, D and B, respectively. This etymon is an Austroasiatic loanword. The reconstructed form for ‘horse’ in Proto-Monic is *ksɛh (Diffloth 1984).
150	hundred	*g-rjaᴬ	*ŋa³	rja³³	rja⁵³	ja³³	je¹¹	gə³³jɛ³³	ja³³	kə¹¹ja³³	kə¹¹ja³³	ja⁵⁵	ja³¹ ̈	xxviii
151	husband	*gwaᴬ		wa³³	wa⁵³	gwa³³	we¹¹	wa³³	wu³³	wa³³	wa³³	wa⁵⁵	wa³¹ ̈	xxviii
152	ill, painful, sick	*chaᴬ	*cha⁴	cha³¹ ̈	cha³¹ ̈	cha⁵³	che³³	ʃe⁵⁵	cha⁵⁵	cha³³	cha⁵⁵	cha³⁵	cha⁵³	xxviii
153	insect	*graᴮ	*xa¹	sa⁵³	ɕa⁵⁵	ca¹¹	khre¹¹	-	ca¹¹	xa¹¹ ̈	xa³¹	xa¹¹ ̈	xa³³	xxviii
154	intestines	*breɁᴰ	*phɣiɁ¹	phreɁ⁴⁵	phriɁ⁴⁵	priɁ²¹	phra³³	- bwi¹¹	pre³³	phɣiɁ²¹	pɣai¹¹ ̈	xwaiɁ²¹	xwaiɁ⁴⁵	xxix	Pwo has an unusal onset, xw- .
155	iron	*thaɁᴰ	*thaɁ²	thaɁ²¹	thaɁ²¹	thaɁ⁴⁵	the⁵⁵	tha³³	thɔ³³	thaɁ⁴⁵	thaɁ²¹	thaɁ⁴⁵	thaɁ²¹	xxix
156	itchy	*saɁᴰ		saɁ²¹	saɁ²¹	θaɁ⁴⁵	se⁵⁵	θa³³	sɔ³³	saɁ⁴⁵	saɁ²¹	saɁ⁴⁵	θaɁ²¹	xxix
157	kidney	*k-leᴮ	*le¹	le⁵³	-	lai¹¹	li¹¹	-li¹¹θɛ³³	li¹¹	kə³³le¹¹ ̈	kə¹¹le³¹	li¹¹ ̈	li³³	xxix
158	leaf	*hlaᴮ	*la²	la⁵⁵	la³³	la¹¹	le¹¹	lɛ³³	la¹¹	la³¹῀	la⁴⁵’	la³³	la⁵⁵	xxix
159	leech (land ~)	*s-waɁᴰ	*waɁ¹	waɁ²¹	waɁ²¹	θuɁ⁴⁵	swa⁵⁵	-	su³³	suɁ⁴⁵	sɔuɁ²¹	waɁ²¹	waɁ⁴⁵	xxix	NK, CK and Sgaw (SK) have tone D12; however, it is D3 in both N.Pwo and S.Pwo.
160	leech (water ~)	*k/s-lejᴬ	*li³	-	-	-	-	gə³³lɪ³³	su¹¹li³³	sə¹¹li³³	tə¹¹li³³	lei⁵⁵	lei³¹ ̈	xxix
161	left (side)	*ceᴮ	*ce²	ce⁵⁵	ce³³	cai¹¹	ci¹¹	cɪ³³	ci¹¹	ce³¹῀	ce⁴⁵’	ci³³	ci⁵⁵	xxix
162	leg	*khaŋᴮ		khaŋ⁵⁵	khaŋ³³	haŋ¹¹	khɛ¹¹	kha³³	khɔ¹¹	khɔ³¹῀	khɔ⁴⁵’	khɛ̃³³	khɔ̃⁵⁵	xxix
163	lemur (flying ~), flying squirrel	*pleɁᴰ/bleɁᴰ	*phliɁ¹	phliɁ²¹	-	-	pla³³	bli³³	ple³³	phliɁ⁴⁵	plai¹¹ ̈	phlaiɁ²¹	phlaiɁ⁴⁵	xxix	Some Karenic languages have tone D12 which suggests *pl-, e.g. N.Pa-O, Bwe and some varieties of Sgaw. However, both N.Pwo and S.Pwo have the D3 tone which indicates a plain voiced *bl-.
164	lick (v.)	*hlajᴮ	*lɛŋ²	-	lai³³	lai¹¹	-	lɪ³³	li¹¹	le³¹῀	li⁴⁵’	-	lai⁵⁵	xxix
165	lie down, sleep	*hmejᴬ	*mi⁴	-	-	mai⁵³	mə³³	ʃɔ⁵⁵mi⁵⁵	mi⁵⁵	mi³³	mi⁵⁵	mei³⁵	mei⁵³	xxix	Kayan has an irregular vowel, ai; the regular one should be ɨ.
166	light (~ weight)	*phwiᴬ		phwi³¹ ̈	phwi³¹ ̈	phwi⁵³	phwi³³	phwi⁵⁵~phi⁵⁵	phi⁵⁵	phɣi³³	phɣi⁵⁵	khwi³⁵	khwi⁵³	xxx	The initial khw- in Pwo is irregular.
167	linear measure of about 8-9 inches (a span)	*thaᴬ	*tha⁴	tha³¹ ̈	tha³¹ ̈	tha⁵³	the³³	-	-	tha³³	tha⁵⁵	tha³⁵	tha⁵³	xxx
168	linear measure of about half a yard (closed-hand)	*blaᴮ		-	-	pla¹¹	ple¹¹	-	pla¹¹	pla¹¹ ̈	pla³¹	phla¹¹ ̈	phla³³	xxx
169	linear measure of about half a yard (open-hand)	*dɨmᴬ		thom³³	təm⁵³	tɨ³³	tɨ¹¹	-	tɨ³³	tə³³	tɨ³³	thɑ̃⁵⁵	thə̃ɨ³¹	xxx
170	linear measure of about two yards	*khlɛNᴬ		khlɛm³¹ ̈	khlɛŋ³¹ ̈	khlaŋ⁵³	khli³³	-	-	khli³³	khli⁵⁵	khlãi³⁵	khlãi⁵³	xxx
171	listen to	*-hnaᴮ		na⁵⁵	na³³	na¹¹	-	ʃɔ⁵⁵ne³³	na¹¹	kə³³na³¹῀	na⁴⁵	na³³	na⁵⁵	xxx
172	live, stay	*ɁɔNᴮ	*Ɂo²	Ɂoŋ³¹ ̈	Ɂoŋ³¹ ̈	Ɂau¹¹	Ɂo¹¹	ɔ³³-	Ɂo¹¹	Ɂo³¹῀	Ɂu⁴⁵	Ɂɔ̃³³	Ɂõ⁵⁵	xxx
173	liver	*swɨnᴮ	*sun²	sɨn⁵⁵	su̯ən³³	θɨ¹¹	so¹¹	θu⁵⁵θa³³	~βʉ¹¹	su³¹῀	su⁴⁵’	sɑ̃³³	θə̃ɨ⁵⁵	xxx
174	long (of time)	*ŋjaɁᴰ	*ŋiɁ¹	ŋjaɁ⁴⁵	ŋjaɁ⁴⁵	ŋi³³	ŋja³³	jɪ¹¹	ji³³	jiɁ²¹	ji¹¹ ̈	jaiɁ²¹	jaiɁ⁴⁵	xxx
175	long (of length), tall, high	*thawᴬ		tho³¹ ̈	tho³¹ ̈	thau⁵³	thu³³	tho⁵⁵	thu⁵⁵	thɔ³³	thɔ⁵⁵	thɔ³⁵	tho⁵³	xxx
176	look after (things)	*pəᴮ		pə⁵⁵	pə³³	pəɨ¹¹	po¹¹	bo³³i⁵⁵	pə¹¹	-	-	-	-	xxx
177	loris	*k-ch( )Nᴬ		-	-	chəŋ⁵³	chɔ³³	-	chə⁵⁵	kə¹¹che³³	ta¹¹chi⁵⁵	chãi³⁵	kə¹¹chɛ̃i⁵³	xxx
178	louse (chicken ~), insect	*(chjaNᴬ)graᴮ		ɕja³¹ ̈sa⁵³	ɕja³¹ ̈ɕa⁵⁵	ɕɨ⁵³ca¹¹	cha³³khre¹¹	-	ɕi⁵⁵ca¹¹	chɔ³³xa¹¹ ̈	chɔ⁵⁵xa³¹	chɛ̃³⁵xa¹¹ ̈	chɔ̃⁵³xa³³	xxx
179	louse (head ~)	*swɨNᴮ	*sun²	sɨ⁵⁵	sɨ³³	θɨ¹¹	so¹¹	θo¹¹	sɨ¹¹	su³¹῀	su⁴⁵’	sɑ̃³³	θə̃ɨ̯⁵⁵	xxxi
180	lung	*p-soᴮ		-	-	θau¹¹	su¹¹	θə⁵⁵’o⁵⁵	su¹¹	pə³³so³¹῀	su⁴⁵’	soɁ⁴⁵	bu³³θuɁ²¹	xxxi	Pwo has tone D while CK and Sgaw have tone B.
181	maggot	*hloŋᴮ	*loŋ²	loŋ⁵⁵	loŋ³³	lo¹¹	lɔ¹¹	lo³³	lə¹¹	lə³¹῀	lə⁴⁵’	lãu³³	lõu⁵⁵	xxxi
182	male (of animals), father	*phaᴬ	*pha⁴	pha³¹ ̈	pha³¹ ̈	pha⁵³	phe³³	-	pha⁵⁵	pha³³	pha⁵⁵	pha³⁵	pha⁵³	xxxi
183	man, male	*khwaᴬ	*khwa⁴	kho³¹ ̈	kho³¹ ̈	khau⁵³	khu³³	- bo¹¹kho⁵⁵	khu⁵⁵	khwa³³	khwa⁵⁵	khwa³⁵	khwa⁵³	xxxi
184	mango	*khɔɁᴰ		khɔɁ²¹	khɔɁ²¹	khauɁ⁴⁵	khɛ⁵⁵	-	kho³³	khɔɁ⁴⁵	khoɁ²¹	khoɁ⁴⁵	khuɁ²¹	xxxi
185	many, much	*Ɂaᴬ	*Ɂa⁴	Ɂa³¹ ̈	Ɂa³¹ ̈	Ɂa⁵³	Ɂa³³	ɔ³³ɛ³³	-	Ɂa³³	Ɂa⁵⁵	Ɂa³³	Ɂa⁵⁵	xxxi	Kayah has an irregular vowel, /a/ instead of /e/. Bwe and Pwo have tone B while the rest have tone A.
186	mat	*khlɔᴮ	*khlɔ²	khlau⁵⁵	khlau³³	-	-	khlo³³	-	khlɔ³¹῀	khlɔ⁴⁵’	khlɔ³³	khlɔ⁵⁵	xxxi
187	millipede	*k/s-wɛjᴬ/ᴮ		cɔ⁵⁵wɛ³³	cɔ¹¹wɛ⁵³	θaɁ²¹kə¹¹wi³³	si⁵⁵kɔ⁵⁵wi¹¹	-	te¹¹we³³	siɁ⁴⁵wɔ¹¹ ̈de³³	si⁵⁵wa³¹de⁵⁵	wai¹¹ ̈	wai³¹ ̈	xxxi	NK, CK and S.Pwo have tone A while Sgaw and N.PWO have tone B.
188	mole	*(jowᴮ)wiᴬ	*wi³	ju⁵³wi³³	ju⁵⁵wi⁵³	-	jo¹¹wi¹¹	wi³³	ju¹¹wi³³	wi³³	wi³³	wei⁵⁵	wei³¹ ̈	xxxi
189	money	*hrunᴬ		rən³¹ ̈	ruə̯n³¹ ̈	rwaŋ⁵³	rɨ³³	hʊ⁵⁵	ru⁵⁵	-	-	-	-	xxxi
190	monitor lizard (land ~)	*khwoɁᴰ		-	-	re³³khɔɁ⁴⁵	khwɔ⁵⁵	-	-	khuɁ⁴⁵	khɔuɁ²¹	khauɁ⁴⁵	khɔuɁ³¹	xxxi
191	monitor lizard (water ~)	*treᴬ	*reŋ³	-	-	-	re³³	tre⁵⁵	tre⁵⁵~te⁵⁵re⁵⁵	kreɁ⁴⁵	re⁵⁵	-	ɣei³¹	xxxii	Only N.Sgaw has tone D instead of A.
192	monkey	*joɁᴰ		joɁ⁴⁵	juɁ⁴⁵	jɔɁ²¹	jɔ³³	jo¹¹	jə³³	-	-	-	-	xxxii
193	moon, month	*Ɂlaᴬ	*la⁴	la³¹ ̈	la³¹ ̈	la⁵³	le³³	lɛ⁵⁵	la⁵⁵	la³³	la⁵⁵	la⁵⁵	la³¹ ̈	xxxii
194	mother, female (of animals)	*məᴮ		mə⁵³	mə⁵⁵	məɨ¹¹	mo¹¹	- mo³³	mə¹¹	-	-	-	-	xxxii
195	mouse, rat	*jowᴮ	*ŋy¹	ju⁵³	ju⁵⁵	Ɉu¹¹	jo¹¹	ju¹¹	ju¹¹	jɨ¹¹ ̈	jɨ³¹	jou¹¹	jou³³	xxxii
196	mynah	*s-raNᴮ		ran⁵⁵	ran³³	raŋ¹¹	-	θə³³rɛ³³	sa¹¹ra¹¹	-	-	-	-	xxxii	Irregular vowels in CK, i.e. the vowel changes behave like the *-a rhyme pattern, not the *-aŋ one.
197	nail	*hmejᴮ	*mi/ɛŋ/eŋ²	mi⁵⁵	mi³³	mɨ¹¹	mə¹¹	θə⁵⁵mi³³	mi¹¹	me³¹῀	mi⁴⁵’	mei³³	mei⁵⁵	xxxii
198	name	*minᴬ	*min³	min³³	min⁵³	mjəŋ³³	mi¹¹	- mi³³	mi³³	mi³³	mi³³	mãi⁵⁵	mɛ̃i³¹ ̈	xxxii
199	narrow	*Ɂjɛnᴮ	*in²	Ɂɛn⁵⁵	Ɂɛn³³ ~ Ɂɛm³³	Ɂjaŋ¹¹	Ɂi¹¹	-	- Ɂi¹¹	Ɂi³¹῀	Ɂi⁴⁵’	Ɂãi³³	Ɂãi⁵⁵	xxxii
200	navel, umbilical cord	*Ɂdeᴬ	*de³	paɁ⁴⁵de³¹ ̈	de³¹ ̈	dai⁵³	di³³	-ɗi⁵⁵mʊ⁵⁵	di³³	de³³	de⁵⁵	di⁵⁵	di³¹ ̈	xxxii
201	neck, cheek	*Ɂbɔᴬ	*boɁ² ‘cheek’	-	-	kaɁ²¹bɔ⁵³	khɛ³³bo³³	-ɓɔ³³	ko³³bo⁵⁵	khɔɁ⁴⁵bo³³	-	-	khoɁ²¹bo³¹ ̈	xxxii
202	new	*saNᴬ	*saN⁴	sa³¹ ̈	-	θɨ⁵³	se³³	θɛ⁵⁵	sa⁵⁵	sɔ³³	sɔ⁵⁵	sɛ̃³⁵	θɔ̃⁵³	xxxii
203	nine	PNK: *kotᴰ; PCK, PSK : *khwiᴬ	*khwi⁴	kot⁴⁵	kot⁴⁵	khwi⁵³	-	khwi⁵⁵	sɔ³³khi⁵⁵	khwi³³	khwi⁵⁵	khwi³⁵	khwi⁵³	xxxiii
204	obtain, receive, take, get	*neᴮ	*ne¹	ne⁵³	-	nai¹¹	ni¹¹	ni⁵⁵	ni¹¹	ne¹¹ ̈	ne³¹	ni¹¹ ̈	ni³³	xxxiii
205	old (of humans)	*braᴮ	*phɣa¹	phra⁵³	pra⁵⁵	pra¹¹	phre¹¹	θa³³ bwɛ³³	pra¹¹	sa Ɂ⁴⁵pɣa¹¹ ̈	pɣa³¹	-	-	xxxiii
206	old (of things)	*lejᴬ	*laN¹ li³	li³³	-	-	lə¹¹	-	li³³	lɔ¹¹ ̈li³³	li³³	lei⁵⁵	lei³¹ ̈	xxxiii
207	one	*t-laᵀ		taɁ²¹	taɁ²¹	la¹¹ ~ laɁ²¹	t-	to⁵⁵, tə³³-, də³³-	t-	tə³³	təɁ²¹	laɁ²¹~la¹¹	lə³¹ ̈	xxxiii	The tone of this etymon cannot be reconstructed due to its regularity. Very often, the word ‘one’ is unstressed, so its vowel has been reduced. Moreover, in some CK languages there is also the harmony of vowels in sesquisyllabic words, t 'C .
208	open (the mouth)	*ɁaNᴬ		Ɂaŋ³¹ ̈	Ɂan³¹ ̈	Ɂaŋ⁵³	Ɂɛ³³	a⁵⁵-tha³³	Ɂɔ⁵⁵	Ɂɔ³³	-	-	Ɂɔ̃³¹ ̈	xxxiii
209	ox, bull, cow	*boᴮ		pho⁵³	po⁵⁵	pau¹¹	pu¹¹	bo³³	pu¹¹	-	-	-	-	xxxiii
210	palm (of the hand)	*ɲaᴬ		ja³³	ja⁵³	Ɉa³³	ja¹¹	-	-	ɲa³³	-	jɛ³⁵	ja⁵³	xxxiii	NK and CK have tone A3 which indicates a voice onset *ɲ- but the tone A12 in SK suggests a voiceless onset *hɲ-.
211	pangolin, anteater	*joᴬ		ju³³	-	Ɉau³³	ju¹¹	jʊ³³-θo³³	ju³³	jo³³hɔ³¹῀	ju³³	ju¹¹ ̈~	jɨ³¹ ̈	xxxiii	S.Pwo has an irregular vowel, i.e. it should be u not ɨ.
212	parrot, parakeet	*(thoᴮ)kiᴮ	*ki²	ki⁵⁵	-	khi¹¹	khi¹¹	ki³³~khi³³	ki¹¹	-	ki⁴⁵’	kei³³	kei⁵⁵	xxxiii
213	path, trail, way	*glɛᴬ	*klɛ⁴	-	klai⁵³	khlɛ³³	-	klɛ³³	klɛ³³	klɛ³³~klɛɁ⁴⁵	klɛ³³	-	-	xxxiii
214	peacock	*(thoᴮ)braɁᴰ	*phɣaɁ¹	-	-	praɁ²¹	phre³³	ba¹¹	prɔ³³	bɣaɁ²¹~phɣaɁ²¹	pɣa¹¹ ̈	sjaɁ²¹	ɕaɁ⁴⁵	xxxiii
215	pen, coop	*k-bɔŋᴬ		phɔŋ³³	pɔŋ⁵³	pɔ³³	po¹¹	-	po³³	kə¹¹po³³	kəɁ²¹po³³	phɔ̃⁵⁵	phõ³¹ ̈	xxxiv
216	penis	*teᴮ	*the²	te⁵⁵	te³³	thai¹¹	thi¹¹	-	thi¹¹	the³¹῀	the⁴⁵’	thi³³	thi⁵⁵	xxxiv
217	pheasant	*(thoᴮ)reɁᴰ		-	-	-	ra³³	-	- re³³	ɣiɁ²¹	ɣai¹¹ ̈	ɣaiɁ²¹	ɣaiɁ⁴⁵	xxxiv
218	pig	*thɔɁᴰ	*thoɁ²	thɔɁ²¹	thɔɁ²¹	thauɁ⁴⁵	thɛ⁵⁵	thɔ³³	tho³³	thɔɁ⁴⁵	thɔɁ²¹	thoɁ⁴⁵	thuɁ²¹	xxxiv
219	pile	*plomᴮ		pom⁵⁵	pom³³	blo¹¹	plu¹¹	plo³³	plə¹¹	pu³¹῀	pu⁴⁵’	pãu³³	põu³¹ ̈	xxxiv	Kayah and Sgaw have irregular vowels, i.e. /u/ instead of /ɔ/ (Kayah) and /u/ instead of /ə/ (Sgaw).
220	pointed (as of needles), sharp point	*cuᴬ	*cu³	cu³¹ ̈	kju³¹ ̈	cu⁵³	cu³³	cu⁵⁵	cu⁵⁵	cuɁ⁴⁵	cu⁵⁵	cu⁵⁵	cu³¹ ̈	xxxiv	N.Sgaw has tone D while the rest have tone A.
221	pole	*thuNᴮ		thun⁵⁵	thuə̯m³³	thwaŋ¹¹	thɨ¹¹	-	thu¹¹	thu³¹῀	thu⁴⁵’	thɑ̃³³	thə̃ɨ⁵⁵	xxxiv
222	porcupine	*sunᴮ		sun⁵⁵	suə̯m³³~suə̯n³³	θwaŋ¹¹	sɨ¹¹	θu³³	su¹¹	-	su⁴⁵’	-	-	xxxiv
223	porcupine (brush-tailed ~)	*s-Ɂbaᴬ		-	-	-	se³³be³³	-	sa⁵⁵ba⁵⁵	ba³³	ba⁵⁵	-	θə⁵⁵ba³¹ ̈	xxxiv
224	pot	*bəŋᴬ	*phəm³	phəŋ³³	pəŋ⁵³	pə³³	pɔ¹¹	gə³³bo⁵⁵	pə³³	sə¹¹pə³³	pə³³	phɑ̃⁵⁵	phə̃³¹ ̈	xxxiv
225	pound (v.)	*dɔŋᴮ		thɔŋ⁵³	tɔŋ⁵⁵	tɔ¹¹	-	dɔ³³	to¹¹	to¹¹ ̈	tu³¹	-	thõ³³	xxxiv
226	pull up	*thɛɁᴰ		-	-	-	-	-	the³³	thɛɁ⁴⁵	thɛɁ²¹	theɁ⁴⁵	theɁ²¹	xxxiv
227	pumpkin (ash ~)	*luNᴮ		-	-	lwaŋ¹¹	lɨ¹¹	lu¹¹	lu¹¹	lu¹¹ ̈	lu³¹	lɑ̃¹¹ ̈	lõ³³	xxxv
228	push	*chaNᴮ		-	-	-	chɛ¹¹	ʃa³³	chɔ¹¹	chɔ³¹῀	chɔ⁴⁵’	chɛ̃³³	chɔ̃⁵⁵	xxxv
229	put on, wear	*sɔɁᴰ	*soɁ²	sɔɁ²¹	sɔɁ²¹	θauɁ⁴⁵	sɛ⁵⁵	θɔ³³	so³³	sɔɁ⁴⁵	soɁ²¹	soɁ⁴⁵	θuɁ²¹	xxxv
230	put on (a necklace), wear	*leɁᴰ	*liɁ¹	-	-	liɁ²¹	la³³	lɪ¹¹	le³³	liɁ²¹	lai¹¹ ̈	laiɁ²¹	laiɁ⁴⁵	xxxv
231	put out (the tongue)	*hlɛmᴮ		lɛm⁵⁵	lɛm³³	ljaŋ¹¹	-	-	li¹¹	le³¹῀	li⁴⁵’	lãi³³	lãi⁵⁵	xxxv
232	quail	*(thoᴮ)hrwiɁᴰ		rɨɁ⁴⁵	-	rwiɁ⁴⁵	rwi⁵⁵	-	ri³³	pə¹¹wi³³	pə¹¹wi⁵⁵	phu³³wei³³	wei⁵⁵	xxxv	The SK languages have irregular tone changes, i.e. Sgaw has tone A while Pwo has tone B.
233	rabbit, hare	*p-Ɂdɛᴬ		-	-	dɛ⁵³	dɛ³³	pə³³dɛ³³	dɛ⁵⁵	pə¹¹dɛ³³	-	pa³³dɛ⁵⁵	pə³¹ ̈dɛ³³	xxxv
234	raise, feed (animals)	*Ɂbəᴮ		-	-	bəɨ¹¹	bo¹¹	-	bə¹¹	bɨ³¹῀	bɨ⁴⁵’	-	bɨ⁵⁵lɔ̃³¹ ̈	xxxv
235	rattan	*reᴮ	*ɣe¹	re⁵³	re⁵⁵	rai¹¹	ri¹¹	-	ri¹¹	ɣe¹¹ ̈	re³¹	ɣi¹¹ ̈	ɣi³³	xxxv
236	reach into	*ɁboɁᴰ		boɁ²¹	buɁ²¹	bɔɁ⁴⁵	bɔ⁵⁵	-	bə³³	bɨɁ⁴⁵	bɔuɁ²¹	bauɁ⁴⁵	bɔuɁ³¹	xxxv
237	resin	*throɁᴰ		-	-	thɔɁ⁴⁵	thɔ⁵⁵	thro³³	thə³³	thɨɁ⁴⁵	thɔuɁ²¹	thauɁ⁴⁵	thɔuɁ³¹	xxxv
238	right (side)	*thwɛᴬ	*thwe⁴	thwɛ³¹ ̈	thwɛ³¹ ̈	thwɛ⁵³	thwa³³	thwɛ³³	thɛ⁵⁵	chwɛ³³	thwɛ⁵⁵	-	thwɛ⁵⁵	xxxv	S.Sgaw has tone B. Perhaps, the word thwɛ⁵⁵ in S.Pwo was borrowed from S.Sgaw, thwɛ⁵⁵. There is no cognate in N.Pwo.
239	ripe, cooked	*ʔminᴬ	*min⁴	min³¹ ̈	min³¹ ̈	mjəŋ⁵³	mi³³	mi⁵⁵	mi⁵⁵	mi³³	mi⁵⁵	mãi⁵⁵	mɛ̃i³¹	xxxvi
240	roast (by stuffing into fresh bamboo sections)	*deNᴬ		then³³	-	te³³	tai¹¹	de³³	te³³	te³³	te³³	-	thɛ̃i³¹	xxxvi
241	root	*rwiᴮ		rwi⁵³	rwi⁵⁵	rwi¹¹	rwi¹¹	wi³³	ri¹¹	ɣi¹¹ ̈	ɣi³¹	ɣei¹¹ ̈	wei³³	xxxvi
242	rotten, bad smell	*səŋᴬ		səŋ³¹ ̈	səŋ³¹ ̈	θə⁵³	sɔ³³	θo⁵⁵	sə⁵⁵	-	-	-	-	xxxvi
243	rub, clean, polish, scrub	*thuɁᴰ	*thuɁ²	-	-	-	thɨ⁵⁵	-	- thɨ³³	thuɁ⁴⁵	thɔuɁ²¹	thauɁ⁴⁵	thɔuɁ³¹	xxxvi
244	salt	*saᴮ	*sa²	sa⁵⁵	sa³³	θa¹¹	se¹¹	θɛ³³	sa¹¹	ɁiɁ⁴⁵sa³¹῀	sa⁴⁵’	-	-	xxxvi
245	salty, sweet	*chɨmᴬ	*chəm⁴	chom³¹ ̈	chəm³¹ ̈	chɨ⁵³	chɨ³³	-	chɨ⁵⁵	chə³³	chɨ⁵⁵	chɑ̃³⁵	chə̃ɨ⁵³	xxxvi
246	sand	*hmɛɁᴰ		-	-	mɛɁ⁴⁵	-	-	me³³	mɛɁ⁴⁵	mɛɁ²¹	meɁ⁴⁵	meɁ²¹	xxxvi
247	scale (of fish)	*s-Ɂbeŋᴮ		beŋ⁵⁵	beŋ³³	be¹¹	ba¹¹	-	be¹¹	sə¹¹ bi³³	-	-	bɛ̃i⁵⁵	xxxvi	Only Sgaw has tone A while Pwo (SK), NK and CK have tone B.
248	sell	*caᴬ	*cha⁴	ca³¹ ̈	ca³¹ ̈	cha⁵³	che³³	ʃɛ⁵⁵	cha⁵⁵	cha³³	cha⁵⁵	cha³⁵	cha⁵³	xxxvi
249	serow, mountain goat	*jajᴬ		jai³³	-	jai³³	je¹¹	ji³³	ji³³	-	-	-	-	xxxvi
250	seven	*Ɂnwetᴰ	*Ɂnweᴬ	nɨt²¹	nət⁴⁵	nwɛ⁵³	-	nwe⁵⁵~nwi⁵⁵	sɔ³³ne⁵⁵	nwiɁ⁴⁵	nwi⁵⁵	nwɛ⁵⁵	nwɛ³¹ ̈	xxxvi	Two protoforms which have tone A (CK, S.Sgaw, Pwo) and tone D (NK, N.Sgaw) can be reconstructed. However, the correspondence of vowels is problematical.
251	sew	*chaɁᴰ	*chaɁ²	chaɁ²¹	chaɁ²¹	chaɁ⁴⁵	che⁵⁵	ʃa³³	chɔ³³	chaɁ⁴⁵	chaɁ²¹	chaɁ⁴⁵	chaɁ²¹	xxxvii
252	sharp	*thaŋᴬ		thaŋ³¹ ̈	thaŋ³¹ ̈	-	thɛ³³	tha⁵⁵	thɔ⁵⁵	-	-	-	-	xxxvii
253	sheep	*soᴬ		sə⁵⁵	so³³	θɔ³³	-	θu⁵⁵	so⁵⁵	so³³	su⁵⁵	-	-θu⁵⁵	xxxvii	It is noticeable that the Christian Karen seem to remember the word ‘sheep’ quite well. However, this word has tone A in CK and Sgaw while it has tone B in NK and Pwo.
254	shivering	*t/k-hnɔɁᴰ		taɁ²¹nəɁ²¹	ta¹¹nəɁ²¹	kaɁ²¹nauɁ⁴⁵	tɛ¹¹nɛ⁵⁵	-	kɔ¹¹no³³	tə¹¹nɔɁ⁴⁵	kə¹¹noɁ²¹	-	-	xxxvii
255	shoot (v.)	*khaɁᴰ	*khaɁ²	khaɁ²¹	khaɁ²¹	khaɁ⁴⁵	khe⁵⁵	khɛ³³	kha³³	khaɁ⁴⁵	khaɁ²¹	khaɁ⁴⁵	khaɁ²¹	xxxvii
256	short, low	*phəᴮ	*phy²	phə⁵⁵	phə³³	phəɨ¹¹	pho¹¹	-	- phə¹¹	phɨ³¹῀	phɨ⁴⁵’	phəɨ³³	phɨ⁵⁵	xxxvii
257	shoulder	*pleŋᴬ		pleŋ³¹ ̈	pleŋ³¹ ̈	ble⁵³	pla³³	ple⁵⁵	ple⁵⁵	-	-	-	-	xxxvii
258	shove (with the foot)	*thwɨNᴬ		thɨn³¹ ̈	thuəm³¹ ̈	-	-	-	thʉ⁵⁵	jɔ¹¹ ̈thu³³	thu⁵⁵	thɑ̃³⁵	thə̃ɨ⁵³	xxxvii
259	six	*khrowᴬ	*xy⁴	su³¹ ̈	su³¹ ̈	chu⁵³	-	xu⁵⁵	-	xɨ³³	xɨ⁵⁵	xou³⁵	xou⁵³	xxxvii
260	skink	*blɛɁᴰ	*phlɛɁ¹	plɛɁ⁴⁵	plɛɁ⁴⁵	plɛɁ²¹	pla³³	bli¹¹ca⁵⁵	ple³³	phlɛɁ²¹	plɛ¹¹ ̈	phleɁ²¹	phleɁ⁴⁵	xxxvii
261	sleeping	*hmejᴬnejᴮ	*mi⁴	-	-	mai⁵³nai¹¹	-	-	mi⁵⁵ni¹¹	mi³³ne¹¹ ̈	mi⁵⁵ni³¹	-	-	xxxvii
262	slippery	*pleᴬ		ple³¹ ̈	ple³¹ ̈	blai⁵³	pli³³	pli⁵⁵	pli⁵⁵	ble³³	ble⁵⁵	phli³⁵	phli⁵³	xxxvii
263	smell (v.)	*(h)nɨmᴬ		num³³	nuəm⁵³	nɨ³³	-	nu⁵⁵	nɨ³³	nə³³	nɨ⁵⁵	nɑ̃³⁵	nə̃ɨ⁵³	xxxviii	Tone A3 in NK and CK suggests a voiceless onset (*hn-) but tone A12 in Sgaw and tone A1 in Pwo indicate a voiced onset *n-.
264	snail (land ~)	*khloᴮ		khlo³¹ ̈	-	-	-	khlo³³	-	khlo³¹῀	khlu⁴⁵’	khlu³³	khlu⁵⁵	xxxviii
265	snail (water ~)	*s - ŋwiᴮ		ŋwi⁵⁵	ŋwi³³	ŋwi¹¹	-	θə⁵⁵mi³³	si¹¹mi¹¹	-	-	-	-	xxxviii
266	snake	*rowᴮ	*ɣy¹	ru⁵³	ru⁵⁵	rəu¹¹	ro¹¹	ʀu³³	ru¹¹	ɣɨ¹¹ ̈	ɣɨ³¹	ɣou¹¹ ̈	βou³³	xxxviii
267	son-in-law	*maɁᴰ	*maɁ¹	maɁ⁴⁵	maɁ⁴⁵	maɁ²¹	me³³	ma¹¹	mɔ³³	maɁ²¹	ma¹¹ ̈	-	maɁ⁴⁵	xxxviii
268	sour	*chjaNᴮ	*cheN²	ɕja⁵⁵	ɕja³³	ɕi¹¹	cha¹¹	ʃɪ³³	ɕi¹¹	chi³¹῀	chi⁴⁵’	chãi³³	chãi⁵⁵	xxxviii	The correspondence pattern of vowels in SK suggests *-ɛN.
269	spider	*gaŋᴬ		kuŋ³³kaŋ³³	jɔŋ³¹kaŋ⁵³	kaŋ³³	-	ga¹¹-gu¹¹	kɔ³³	-	-	pu¹¹khɛ̃⁵⁵	khɔ̃³¹ ̈	xxxviii	Bwe has an irregular tone, i.e. tone 11 (D3) instead of tone 33 (A3) as in the other Karenic languages.
270	spit (v.)	*thuᴬ	*tho²	-	thu³¹ ̈	thu⁵³	thu³³	-	-	thuɁ⁴⁵	thu⁵⁵	thu³⁵	thu⁵³	xxxviii	N. Sgaw has an irregular tone, i.e. tone D, while the rest have tone A.
271	spleen	*g- hmaNᴬ		-	-	-	mɛ³³	gə³³ma³³	mɔ⁵⁵	kə¹¹mɔ³³	mɔ⁵⁵	mɛ̃³⁵	mɔ̃⁵³	xxxviii
272	split (bamboo strip)	*plaᴮ	*bla²	-	-	-	-	plɛ³³	pla¹¹	bla³¹῀	bla⁴⁵’	bla³³	bla⁵⁵	xxxviii
273	spray (v.)	*pruᴬ		phru³¹ ̈	pru³¹ ̈	phru⁵³	-	phru³³	phru⁵⁵	-	pru⁵⁵	phju⁵⁵	pru³¹ ̈	xxxviii
274	spread out (a mat)	*Ɂdaᴬ	*da³	da³¹ ̈	da³¹ ̈	da⁵³	de³³	ɗɛ⁵⁵	da⁵⁵	da³³	da⁵⁵	da⁵⁵	da³¹ ̈	xxxviii
275	squeeze, massage	*Ɉimᴮ		cim⁵⁵	cim³³	ci¹¹	ci¹¹	ci³³	ci¹¹	ci¹¹ ̈	ci³¹	chãi¹¹ ̈	chɛ̃i³³	xxxix
276	squirrel	*hliᴮ	*li²	li⁵⁵	li³³	-	-	li¹¹	-	liɁ⁴⁵lu¹¹ ̈	li⁴⁵’	lei³³	lei⁵⁵	xxxix	N.Sgaw has tone D while the other Karenic languages have tone B.
277	stand (v.)	*~thəŋᴮ		thəŋ⁵⁵	thəŋ³³	thə¹¹	thɔ¹¹	ʃɔ⁵⁵tho³³	tə¹¹	thə³¹῀	thə⁴⁵’	thɑ̃³³	thə̃⁵⁵	xxxix
278	star	*chaᴮ	*cha²	cha⁵⁵	cha³³	cha¹¹	che¹¹	ʃɛ³³	cha¹¹	cha³¹῀	cha⁴⁵’	sja³³	ɕa⁵⁵	xxxix
279	steal (v.)	*howᴮ		-	-	hu¹¹	ho¹¹	a⁵⁵hu³³	hu¹¹	hɨ³¹῀	hɨ⁴⁵’	-	-	xxxix
280	stingy	*Ɉiᴮ		ci⁵⁵	ci⁵³	ci¹¹	-	ɪ³³	ci¹¹	-	-	-	-	xxxix
281	stomach	*g-phowᴬ	*phoŋ⁴	-	-	phu⁵³	pho³³	gə¹¹ phu⁵⁵	phu⁵⁵	kə¹¹phɨ³³	phɨ⁵⁵	phou³⁵	phou⁵³	xxxix
282	stone, rock	*loŋᴮ	*loŋ¹	loŋ⁵³	loŋ⁵⁵	ləu¹¹	lɔ¹¹	lo³³	lə¹¹	lə¹¹ ̈	lɨ³¹	lãu¹¹ ̈	lõu³³	xxxix
283	string, rope	*blejᴬ	*phli³	phli³³	pli⁵³	pɨ³³	plə¹¹	bli³³	pli³³	pli³³	pli³³	phlei⁵⁵	phlei³¹ ̈	xxxix
284	suck	*cwiKᴰ		cuk²¹	cuɁ²¹	cwiɁ⁴⁵	cwi⁵⁵	-	ci³³	sə¹¹ wiɁ⁴⁵	-	-	θə¹¹ waiɁ³¹	xxxix
285	sun	*mɨᴮ	*my¹	mɨ⁵³	mɨ⁵⁵	mɨ¹¹	mɔ¹¹	mu³³	mɨ¹¹	mɨ¹¹ ̈	mɨ³¹	məɨ¹¹ ̈	mɨ³³	xxxix
286	sunlight, hot	*goᴮ	*kho¹	ja³¹ ̈kho⁵³	ko⁵⁵	kau¹¹	ku¹¹	-	ku¹¹	ta¹¹ko¹¹ ̈	ku³¹	khu¹¹ ̈	khu³³	xxxix
287	sway, swing	*thuᴮ		-	-	-	thu¹¹	-	thu¹¹	tho³¹῀	thu⁴⁵’	thu³³	thu⁵⁵	xxxix
288	swollen, swelling	*hɲɔɁᴰ	*ŋoɁ²	jɔɁ²¹	jɔɁ²¹	ɈauɁ⁴⁵	jɛ⁵⁵	jɔ³³	jo³³	ɲɔɁ⁴⁵	ɲɔɁ²¹	joɁ⁴⁵	juɁ²¹	xl
289	tail	*meᴮ	*me¹	me⁵³	me⁵⁵	mai¹¹	mi¹¹	me³³	mi¹¹	mɛ¹¹ ̈	mɛ³¹	mɛ¹¹ ̈	mi³³	xl	Sgaw and N.Pwo have irregular vowel, i.e. /ɛ/ instead of /e/.
290	tasteless, faded	*plaᴬ		pla³¹ ̈	-	bla⁵³	-	plɛ⁵⁵	-	bla³³	bla⁵⁵	bla⁵⁵	bla³¹ ̈	xl
291	ten	*chejᴬ	*chi⁴	ɕi³¹ ̈	ɕi³¹ ̈	thɨ⁵³	chə³³	ʃi⁵⁵	ɕi⁵⁵	chi³³	chi⁵⁵	chei³⁵	chei⁵³	xl
292	tendon	*thwaNᴮ		-	-	thu¹¹	thwa¹¹	-	-	thu³¹῀	thu⁴⁵’	thɔ̃³³	thɔ̃⁵⁵	xl
293	termite	*b-ɁwaNᴬ		pi⁵⁵Ɂwa³¹ ̈	pi³³Ɂwa³¹ ̈	baɁ²¹Ɂu⁵³	phu⁵⁵wa³³	-	-	pə¹¹ɁuɁ⁴⁵	pə¹¹ɁɔuɁ²¹	paɁ²¹Ɂɔ̃⁵⁵	pu³³Ɂɔ̃³¹ ̈	xl
294	termite (winged ~)	*biᴮ	*phin¹	phi⁵³	pi⁵⁵	pi¹¹	pi¹¹	pə³³Ɂi³³	pi¹¹Ɂi¹¹	pi¹¹ ̈	pi³¹	phai¹¹ ̈	phɛi³³	xl	Pwo vowels are irregular, i.e. /ai/ and /ɛi/ instead of /ei/.
295	termite mound	*ploŋᴮ		phloŋ⁵⁵	ploŋ³³	bləu¹¹	plɔ¹¹	plo³³	plə¹¹	blə³¹῀	-	phlãu¹¹ ̈	phlõu³³	xl	Pwo has tone B3 which suggests a voiced onset *bl-.
296	thick	*ɁdwɨNᴬ		dɨn³¹ ̈	duəm³¹ ̈	dɨ⁵³	do³³	-	dʉ⁵⁵	-	-	-	-	xl
297	thin (as of cloth)	*Ɂb( )ᴬ	*bun³	bə³¹ ̈	bə³¹ ̈	bɨ⁵³	bɨ³³	-	-	bu³³	bu⁵⁵	-	baə³¹ ̈	xl
298	thousand	*hreŋᴬ, *g-thɔNᴬ	*thɔŋ⁴	reŋ³¹ ̈	reŋ³¹ ̈	re⁵³	ri³³	gə³³thɔ⁵⁵	re⁵⁵, tho³³	kə¹¹tho³³	thu⁵⁵	-	thɔ̃⁵³	xl	*hreŋᴬ = thousand (amount of money), *g-thɔNᴬ = thousand (people)
299	thread (a needle)	*dowᴮ		thu⁵³	tu⁵⁵	tu¹¹	to¹¹	du³³	tu¹¹	tɨ¹¹ ̈	tɨ³¹	thou¹¹ ̈	thou³³	xl
300	three	*səmᴬ	*səm⁴	səm³¹ ̈	səm³¹ ̈	θə⁵³	sɔ³³	θo⁵⁵	sə⁵⁵	sə³³	sə⁵⁵	sɑ̃³⁵	sə̃⁵³	xli
301	tick	*khejᴮ	*khi²	-	-	khɨ¹¹	khə¹¹	khi³³	khi¹¹	khi³¹῀	khi⁴⁵’	khei³³	khei⁵⁵	xli
302	tie (a string)	*cəŋᴬ	*cəm³	cəŋ³¹ ̈	cəŋ³¹ ̈	cə⁵³	cɔ³³	co⁵⁵	cə⁵⁵	cə³³	cə⁵⁵	cɑ̃⁵⁵	cə̃³¹ ̈	xli
303	tiger	*keᴬ	*khe⁴	ke³¹ ̈	ke³¹ ̈	khai⁵³	khi³³	khi⁵⁵	khi⁵⁵	khe³³jɨ¹¹ ̈ ‘lion’	-	khi³⁵	khi⁵³	xli
304	tilted	*khiŋᴬ		khiŋ⁵⁵	khiŋ³³	khi⁵³	khi³³	-	khi⁵⁵	khi³³	-	khãi³⁵	khɛ̃i⁵³	xli	NK has the B tone while CK and SK have tone A.
305	toad	*Ɂdeᴮsowᴮ		de⁵⁵su⁵⁵	de³³su³³	dai¹¹θu¹¹	di¹¹so¹¹	di³³θu³³	di¹¹su¹¹	de³¹῀sɨ³¹῀	di⁴⁵’sɨ⁴⁵’	di³³sou³³	di⁵⁵sou⁵⁵	xli
306	tomorrow	*~rɔᴬ		mɨ⁵³rau³³	mɨ⁵⁵rau⁵³	-	pa⁵⁵ro¹¹	-	mə¹¹ro³³	ləɁ⁴⁵ɣɔ³³	ɣɔ³³	khɛ¹¹ɣɔ⁵⁵	-	xli
307	tongue	*bleᴬ	*phle³	phle³³	ple⁵³	plai³³	pli¹¹	- bli¹¹	pli³³	ple³³	ple³³	pli⁵⁵	phli³¹ ̈	xli
308	torn	*dɛɁᴰ/*dwɛɁᴰ		thɛɁ⁴⁵	tɛɁ⁴⁵	tuɁ²¹	tɨ³³	thɛ³³	tu³³	tɛɁ²¹	tɛ¹¹ ̈	theɁ²¹	theɁ⁴⁵	xli	CK has irregular vowels.
309	tortoise	*kliɁᴰ	*khliɁ²	kleɁ²¹	kliɁ²¹	khlɨɁ⁴⁵	khli⁵⁵	khli³³	khli³³	khliɁ⁴⁵	khlaiɁ²¹	khlaiɁ⁴⁵	khlaiɁ³¹	xli
310	tread	*jamᴮ		jam⁵³	jam⁵⁵	Ɉaŋ¹¹	ji¹¹	ja³³	-	jɔ¹¹ ̈	jɔ³¹	jãi¹¹ ̈	jãi³³	xli	Pwo has irregular vowels, i.e. /ãi/ instead of /ɛ̃/ (N.PW) and /ɔ̃/ (S.PN).
311	trunk (of a tree), firewood	*məŋᴮ		mɨŋ⁵³	məŋ⁵⁵	mə¹¹	mɔ¹¹	-	mə¹¹	mɨ¹¹ ̈	-	mɑ̃¹¹ ̈	-	xli
312	trunk (of an elephant)	*k-mlɔNᴬ	*mlɔŋ³	-	mɔ⁵³	mɔ³³	mo¹¹	-blɔ¹¹	-	kə¹¹mlɔ³³	mlu³³	mlɔ̃⁵⁵	mlõ³¹ ̈	xlii
313	two	*k-hnejᴬ	*ni⁴	ni³¹ ̈	ni³¹ ̈	ŋɨ⁵³	nə³³	ki⁵⁵	ki⁵⁵	khi³³	khi⁵⁵	khei³⁵	nei⁵³	xlii
314	urine	*chejᴮ	*chi²	ɕi⁵⁵	ɕi³³	-	chə¹¹	ʃi³³	chi¹¹	chi³¹῀	chi⁴⁵’	chei³³	chei⁵⁵	xlii
315	vagina	*linᴮ	*lin¹	lin⁵³	lim⁵⁵~lin⁵⁵	-	li¹¹	-	li¹¹	li¹¹ ̈	li³¹	lãi¹¹	lɛ̃i³³	xlii
316	vomit (v.)	*prɔɁᴰ		prɔɁ²¹	prɔɁ²¹	phrauɁ⁴⁵	phrɛ⁵⁵	pɔ³³	pro³³	bɣɔɁ⁴⁵	bɣoɁ²¹	pjoɁ⁴⁵	pjuɁ²¹	xlii
317	vulture	*hlaŋᴬ/ᴮ k-daɁᴰ	*laN⁴kaɁ²thaɁ¹	lɛŋ⁵⁵taɁ⁴⁵	lɔŋ³³taɁ⁴⁵	-	lɛ¹¹ta³³	lə³³da⁵⁵	la¹¹ta³³	lɔ³³kə¹¹taɁ²¹	lɔ³³kə¹¹ ̈ta¹¹ ̈	lɛ̃³⁵kaɁ²¹thaɁ²¹	lɔ̃⁵³kaɁ²¹thaɁ⁴⁵	xlii
318	waist	*j-Ɂdeᴬ		~de³¹ ̈	~de³¹ ̈	-	-	ja³³de¹¹	-	jɔ¹¹ ̈de³³	jɔ³¹de⁵⁵	ja¹¹ ̈di⁵⁵	jɑ̃³³di³¹ ̈	xlii
319	wart	*thuɁᴰ		-	-	-	thɨ⁵⁵	-	thɨ³³	thuɁ⁴⁵	thɔuɁ²¹	thauɁ⁴⁵	thɔuɁ³¹	xlii
320	warm	*lamᴬ	*ləm³	-	lam⁵³	la³³	le¹¹	lɛ³³	la³³	kə¹¹lə³³	lə³³	la⁵⁵	lə³¹ ̈	xlii	It is not certain if the *-a or *-aN rhyme should be reconstructed. S.Pa-O, Sgaw and S.Pwo suggest *-aN while the rest indicate *-a.
321	wash (the face)	*blaᴮ		phla⁵³	pla⁵⁵	pla¹¹	ple¹¹	bla³³	pla¹¹	pla¹¹ ̈	pla³¹	phla¹¹ ̈	phla³³	xlii	Bwe has an irregular vowel, i.e. /a/ instead of /ɛ/.
322	wash (clothes)	*chrowᴮ	*chɣy²	paɁ²¹chu⁵⁵	chu³³	chu¹¹	cho¹¹	-	chu¹¹	chɣɨ³¹῀	chɣɨ⁴⁵’	-	-	xlii
323	wasp	*(dəŋᴮ)Ɂdeᴬ		kaɁ²¹de³¹ ̈	-	dauɁ⁴⁵dai⁵³	di³³~	-	di⁵⁵~	tə¹¹ ̈de³³	tɨ³¹de⁵⁵	thɑ̃¹¹ ̈di⁵⁵	thə̃³³di³¹ ̈	xlii
324	water	*thejᴬ	*thi⁴	thi³¹ ̈	thi³¹ ̈	thɨ⁵³	thə³³	chi⁵⁵	thi⁵⁵	thi³³	thi⁵⁵	thei³⁵	thei⁵³	xliii
325	wear (a shoulder bag)	*ch(w)ɛŋᴬ		chɛŋ³¹ ̈	chɛŋ³¹ ̈	ɕi⁵³	cha³³	-	ɕi⁵⁵	che³³thə³¹῀	chi⁵⁵	chãi³⁵	chwãi⁵³	xliii
326	weave (cloth), loom	*thaᴮ	*tha²	-	cha³³	tha¹¹	the³³	-	tha¹¹	tha³¹῀	tha⁴⁵’	tha³³	tha⁵⁵	xliii
327	weave (baskets)	*thɛŋᴬ	*thɛŋ¹	thɛŋ³¹ ̈	thɛŋ³¹ ̈	thi⁵³	tha³³	the⁵⁵	thi⁵⁵	the³³	thi⁵⁵	thãi³⁵	thãi⁵³	xliii
328	weevil	*roŋᴮ		roŋ⁵³	roŋ⁵⁵	ro¹¹	rɔ¹¹	-	rə¹¹	ɣə¹¹ ̈	ɣɨ³¹	ɣãu¹¹	βõu³³	xliii
329	wet	*cɔᴮ	*cɔ²	cau⁵⁵	cau³³	cau¹¹	co¹¹	cɔ³³	co¹¹	ba³¹῀cɔ³¹῀	cɔ⁴⁵’	cɔ³³	co⁵⁵	xliii
330	white	*Ɂbwaᴬ	*Ɂwa³	bwa³¹ ̈	bwa³¹ ̈	bau⁵³	bu³³	ɓʊ⁵⁵	bu⁵⁵	kwa³³	wa⁵⁵	-	kwa³¹ ̈	xliii
331	wide	*lɛᴮ	*lɛ¹	lai⁵³	lai⁵⁵	lɛ¹¹	lɛ¹¹	la³³lɛ³³	lɛ¹¹	lɛ¹¹ ̈	lɛ³¹	lɛ¹¹ ̈	lɛ³³	xliii
332	wife	*hmaᴬ	*ma⁴	ma³¹ ̈	ma³¹ ̈	ma⁵³	me³³	mɛ⁵⁵	ma⁵⁵	ma³³	ma⁵⁵	ma³⁵	ma⁵³	xliii
333	wild	*miᴬ	*min³	mi³³	mi⁵³	mi³³	mi¹¹	-	mi³³	mi³³	mi³³	mei⁵⁵	mei³¹ ̈	xliii
334	win	*nɨŋᴬ		nəŋ³³	nəŋ⁵³	nɨ³³	nɨ¹¹	-	-	nə³³	nɨ³³	nɑ̃⁵⁵	nə̃ɨ³¹ ̈	xliii
335	wing	*ɁdeɁᴰ	*diɁ²	deɁ²¹	diɁ²¹	-	da⁵⁵	ɗe³³	de³³	diɁ⁴⁵che³³	daiɁ²¹	daiɁ⁴⁵	daiɁ³¹	xliii
336	wrong, mistake, error	*g/k-hmaᴮ	*ma²	ma⁵⁵	ma³³	-	-	gə³³ mɛ³³	ma¹¹	kə¹¹ma³¹῀	ma⁴⁵’	-	ma⁵⁵	xliii
337	yam, potato	*hnwɛᴮ	*mwɛ²	nwɛ⁵⁵	nwɛ³³	nwɛ¹¹	-	nwɛ³³	nɛ¹¹	nwɛ¹¹ ̈	nwɛ⁴⁵’	nɛ³³	nɛ⁵⁵	xliv
338	year	*hneŋᴮ	*nin²	neŋ⁵⁵	neŋ³³	ne¹¹	na¹¹	ɗe³³	de¹¹	ni³¹῀	ni⁴⁵’	nãi³³	nɛ̃i⁵⁵	xliv
339	yellow	*Ɂbaŋᴬ	*baŋ³	-	-	baŋ⁵³	bɛ³³	-	bɔ⁵⁵	bɔ³³	bɔ⁵⁵	bɛ̃⁵⁵	bɔ̃³¹ ̈	xliv
340	yes	*mwɛᴮ		mwɛ⁵³	mwɛ⁵⁵	mwɛ¹¹	ma¹¹	-	mɛ¹¹	me¹¹ ̈	mɛ³¹	mɛ¹¹ ̈	mwɛ³³	xliv
341	young, soft, tender	*Ɉaᴮ	*cha¹	cha⁵³	ca⁵⁵	ca¹¹	ce¹¹	jɛ³³	ca¹¹	-	ca³¹	-	-	xliv
	grandfather	*phowᴬ												xliv
	house	*hiᴮ												xliv
	mortar	*ch( )mᴮ												xliv
	sky	*moʔᴰ⁓												xliv
	smoke (n.)	*(hmeᴮ) khlowᴮ												xliv
	wind	*k/g-liᴬ												xliv

References

• Burling, Robbins. 1969. Proto-Karen: A reanalysis. Occasional Papers of the Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics vol 1. Ann Arbor, MI: Department of Linguistics, University of Michigan.
• Luangthongkum, Theraphan. 2019. A View on Proto-Karen Phonology and Lexicon. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS) Vol. 12.1 (2019): i-lii. ISSN: 1836-6821, DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52441