Appendix:Proto-Khasian reconstructions

The following lists of 912 reconstructed Proto-Khasian and 154 reconstructed Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam forms are from Sidwell (2018).

Lists

Proto-Khasian

No.	Gloss	Proto-Khasian
1.	and/with	*ba (?)
2.	instrumental marker	*da
3.	locative marker	*ha
4.	she	*ka
5.	I/me (topic/oblique)	*ŋa
6.	you (fem.)	*pʰa
7.	oblique marker	*ta
8.	not	*ta
9.	to touch	*-baː
10.	shoulder blade	*blaː
11.	to hear	*bnaː
12.	cooked rice	*ʤaː
13.	to swim	*ʤmpaː
14.	paddy rice	*kbaː
15.	fish	*kʰaː
16.	tiger	*kʰlaː
17.	earthenware jar	*kʰraː
18.	flying fox	*knlaː
19.	to change (into)	*krlaː
20.	paddy field	*lakʰaː
21.	tail	*lantʰaː
22.	sesame	*lŋaː
23.	uncle	*maː
24.	buffalo	*mntʰnaː
25.	aunt	*ɲaː
26.	father	*paː
27.	to confess	*pʰlaː
28.	plain	*pntʰaː
29.	to fall to pieces	*praː
30.	child-in-law	*prsaː
31.	to feed	*psaː
32.	to wash	*ptaː
33.	worn out	*raː
34.	charcoal	*rŋaː
35.	to eat	*saː
36.	leaf	*slaː
37.	smell bad	*smaː
38.	handspan	*tdaː
39.	grandfather	*tʰaː
40.	war	*tʰmaː
41.	shoulder	*tmpʰaː
42.	to make, build	*ʧnaː
43.	before	*ʧwaː
44.	drunk	*buː-ʔaːc
45.	entirely at once	*kʰaːc
46.	waterfall	*kʧaːc
47.	to wash	*saːc
48.	fat, stout	*sŋaːc
49.	warm, hot	*sɁaːc
50.	to splash	*ʧaːc
51.	distant	*ʤŋaːj
52.	many	*-haːj
53.	to pluck out	*kʰaːj
54.	ditch, trench	*kʰaraːj
55.	rat, mouse	*kʰnaːj
56.	kidney	*kʰnlaːj
57.	to cut, sever	*kʰraːj
58.	to spread	*kraːj
59.	millet	*kraːj
60.	to auger	*krtʰaːj
61.	thread, string	*ksaːj
62.	to go	*la:j~*la:c
63.	three	*laːj
64.	wasp	*lwaːj
65.	to send	*ptʰa:j
66.	bean	*rmbaːj
67.	seed	*smbaːj
68.	waist	*sŋkaːj
69.	clear, bright	*ʧaːj
70.	new	*tʰmaːj
71.	root	*traːj
72.	rope, cord	*trraːj
73.	to give	*ʔaːj
74.	to eat	*baːm
75.	to weep	*jaːm
76.	to step	*kaːm
77.	to bring	*laːm
78.	fame	*naːm
79.	clearing in jungle	*raːm
80.	to distribute	*sa:m
81.	to bore, pierce	*sam
82.	husks	*skaːm
83.	blood	*snaːm
84.	crab	*tʰaːm
85.	to boil	*tʰnam
86.	jawbone	*tŋʔaːm
87.	duck	*ha(ː)n
88.	jackfruit	*pʰaːn
89.	to weave	*tʰaːɲ
90.	to die	*ja:p
91.	crow, raven	*kʔa:p
92.	cheek	*ŋaːp
93.	to rise early	*-ŋaːp
94.	to kill	*pnja:p
95.	husk	*ska:p
96.	to hit, slap	*tʰaːp
97.	honey	*ʔum-ŋa:p
98.	to spread	*-daːr
99.	to extend, be wide	*jaːr
100.	fox	*ksaːr
101.	iron	*na:r
102.	green	*ŋaːr
103.	to crawl	*paːr
104.	completely, entirely	*pʰaːr
105.	forest	*-waːr
106.	two	*ʔaːr
107.	twenty	*ʔaːr-pʰəw
108.	to hold, catch	*ba:t
109.	with, while	*kaːt
110.	to ladle, shovel	*kʰaːt
111.	to divide, depart	*kʰlaːt
112.	cotton	*kmpaːt
113.	master	*knraːt
114.	to request	*krpa:t
115.	to turn	*krwa:t
116.	prawn	*ktaːt
117.	to taste	*maːt
118.	bedbug	*maːt
119.	animal	*mraːt
120.	to sweep	*paːt
121.	cool, fresh	*pŋŋaːt
122.	to scratch	*-ra:t
123.	to comb	*saːt
124.	comb	*snaːt
125.	to swell, be swollen	*ʔa:t
126.	drip, drop	*ʤa:w
127.	to shout, howl	*ʤlaːw
128.	grandmother	*-jaːw
129.	to see	*-jaːw
130.	bachelor, youth	*kʰnraːw
131.	large	*kʰraːw
132.	to remember	*knmaːw
133.	mother	*maːw
134.	wounded	*mnsaːw
135.	pumpkin	*ptʰaːw
136.	rice	*rkʰaːw
137.	red	*saːw
138.	four	*saːw
139.	stone	*smaːw
140.	make, create	*tʰaːw
141.	spouse	*ʧkaːw
142.	to pick	*kʰac
143.	to twist	*kʰrwac
144.	to paddle with hands	*kʰwac
145.	to jerk	*knʤrac
146.	to escape	*lac
147.	to cut, to clear	*mac
148.	mosquito	*mac
149.	to enter	*ŋac
150.	to believe	*ŋac
151.	to break, crack	*pac
152.	to slip, miss	*pʰlac
153.	to join	*pndac
154.	to set free	*pnlac
155.	strainer	*snac
156.	to sever, snap	*tʰac
157.	machete, large knife	*wac
158.	stomach	*wac
159.	that (distal)	*ka-taj
160.	those (distal)	*ki-taj
161.	woman, wife	*kntʰaj
162.	many scattered things (descriptive)	*praj
163.	thin, lean	*raj
164.	barking deer	*skaj
165.	that (distal, visible)	*taj
166.	upward, north	*-taj
167.	to lend	*waj
168.	green	*ʤrŋam
169.	negator	*ham
170.	work	*kam
171.	cold	*kʤam
172.	arrow	*kʰam
173.	cholera, plague	*kʰlam
174.	to submerge, dive	*ŋam
175.	cold	*-ŋam
176.	debt, loan	*ram
177.	more (than)	*tam
178.	to wither	*tram
179.	preposition	*ʔam
180.	near, almost	*ʤan
181.	bamboo rat	*dkʰan
182.	difficult, hard	*ksan
183.	stoutly	*lpan
184.	to become	*man
185.	thing tied around	*pan
186.	to obstruct	*pdan
187.	to shrink, shrivel	*ran
188.	five	*san
189.	to come	*wan
190.	to return	*la:j/c -wan
191.	spotted	*braɲ
192.	strong	*kʰlaɲ
193.	twisting	*knraɲ
194.	indirect(ly)	*laɲ
195.	cement	*paɲ
196.	to cook	*saɲ
197.	star (< fire)	*smaɲ
198.	to go round	*təwaɲ
199.	beard, moustache	*tmaɲ
200.	tasty	*baŋ
201.	still; progressive aspect	*daŋ
202.	stalk, stem	*ʤntaŋ
203.	to jump, go over	*kaŋ
204.	to throw, hurl	*kawaŋ
205.	to close, block	*kʰaŋ
206.	insect, worm	*kʰɲaŋ
207.	height	*knʤaŋ
208.	bile, gall	*ksaŋ
209.	bitter	*ktʰaŋ
210.	male (animal)	*kwaŋ
211.	together; to collect	*laŋ
212.	plank	*lntaŋ
213.	to be able	*naŋ
214.	crack	*pdaŋ
215.	to reflect, glitter	*pʰalaŋ
216.	direction	*pʰaŋ
217.	grass	*pʰlaŋ
218.	front, forward	*pʰraŋ
219.	fine (weather)	*raŋ
220.	hole	*-raŋ
221.	neck	*rdaŋ
222.	taboo, sin	*saŋ
223.	thin	*staŋ
224.	to roast	*sʔaŋ
225.	conjunction	*taŋ
226.	tube, pipe	*taŋ
227.	to bark	*ʧaŋ
228.	to burn	*tʰaŋ
229.	to thirst	*tʰraŋ
230.	hearth	*tmpaŋ
231.	forehead	*ʧnlaŋ
232.	male	*ʧnraŋ
233.	to open	*ʔaŋ
234.	full	*dap
235.	to help each other	*jaʔ-rap
236.	to bite	*kap
237.	to meet, join	*kap
238.	prong	*kap
239.	to fasten	*kʰap
240.	to insert	*kʰap
241.	to cut	*kʰap
242.	tongs	*kʰnap
243.	honeybee	*ŋap
244.	to fill	*pndap
245.	to mix with, insert	*psap
246.	more	*rap
247.	rain	*slap
248.	fold, layer	*srtap
249.	pebble, seed	*stap
250.	to wait for	*tʰap
251.	to weight	*ʔap
252.	to wait	*ʔap
253.	to tear	*tar
254.	to hit, beat	*dat
255.	at same time or place	*ʤndat
256.	to bite, snap off	*kʰat
257.	herb	*knbat
258.	to insert	*knsat
259.	eye	*-mat
260.	to exceed	*palat
261.	to fall	*pat
262.	to break through	*prat
263.	to think	*prkʰat
264.	to thunder	*prtʰat
265.	to break, snap	*ptʰat
266.	to uproot	*rat
267.	dried up	*rŋat
268.	pungent	*sat
269.	active, fast	*smat
270.	to beat, whip	*smpat
271.	to scrape	*ʧrat
272.	sour	*ʤaw
273.	market	*jaw
274.	dog	*ksaw
275.	banana	*ldaw
276.	ashes; bake in ashes	*psaw
277.	dry	*raw
278.	charcoal	*rŋaw
279.	to pay	*saw
280.	knee	*-saw
281.	scabies	*səraw
282.	to sit	*skaw
283.	to carry on back	*baʔ
284.	sticky	*ʤnaʔ
285.	sibling	*-jaʔ
286.	phlegm	*kʰaʔ
287.	child	*kʰnnaʔ
288.	to sting, sear with heat	*kntʰaʔ
289.	to want	*kwaʔ
290.	to come	*laʔ
291.	termite	*raʔ
292.	to carry	*raʔ
293.	to hit	*saʔ
294.	to stay, dwell	*saʔ
295.	hundred	*spaʔ
296.	to hiccough	*sʔaʔ
297.	to touch	*taʔ
298.	to cut	*taʔ
299.	snail	*taʔ
300.	to hinder	*ʧaʔ
301.	ice	*tʰaʔ
302.	blind	*tʰlaʔ
303.	to hang	*waʔ
304.	river	*waʔ
305.	calf of leg	*-waʔ
306.	to flow out	*hɔc
307.	enough, complete	*kɔc
308.	corner	*knhɔc
309.	to detach, untie	*lɔc
310.	penis	*pʰlɔc
311.	throat	*kɔː
312.	what?	*mɔː
313.	how	*-mnɔː
314.	dream	*-pʰɔː
315.	I (unmarked)	*ʔɔ
316.	frog	*ʤkɔːc
317.	early, ready	*klɔ:j
318.	to call, shout	*knhɔ:j
319.	soft	*bɔːɲ
320.	spotted	*brɔːɲ
321.	entirely	*pʰɔːɲ
322.	slip off, come loose	*pʰlɔːr
323.	deaf	*k-lɔ:t
324.	to scratch	*trɔ:t
325.	plentiful	*bɔj
326.	to swing	*dɔj
327.	to cradle, lull	*knʔɔːj
328.	mild, lacking action	*lɔj
329.	to arrive	*pɔj
330.	to crush and sprinkle	*pʰrɔj
331.	to grow, increase	*rɔj
332.	to get thin	*snkɔj
333.	to beat (drum)	*bɔm
334.	in a small group	*lŋrɔm
335.	to tell, narrate	*parɔm
336.	pain, trouble	*ʧtɔm
337.	to be (?)	*dɔn
338.	child	*kʰɔn
339.	nephew, niece	*kʰmɔn
340.	earthen wall	*kntɔn
341.	to fall	*krlɔn
342.	guava-like fruit	*mɔn
343.	will(ing)	*mɔn
344.	tree, plant	*dɔŋ
345.	corner, angle	*dɔŋ
346.	pipe, tube	*-dɔŋ
347.	to possess	*ʤɔŋ
348.	long, tall	*ʤrɔŋ
349.	black	*jɔŋ
350.	to clutch, to claw	*kbɔŋ
351.	nose	*kɔŋ
352.	corner, angle	*kdɔŋ
353.	angle	*kʰɔŋ
354.	floor timbers	*kʰnɔŋ
355.	bottle gourd	*klɔŋ
356.	heart	*klɔŋ-snaːm
357.	large	*knlɔŋ
358.	to lift, prop up	*knrɔŋ
359.	bull, ox	*krtɔŋ
360.	thigh	*lbɔŋ
361.	caterpillar, chrysalis	*lɔŋ
362.	to hurt (tr.)	*mɔŋ
363.	to expect, wait	*mrɔŋ
364.	bed	*palɔŋ
365.	bulge	*pɔŋ
366.	hole	*pɔŋ
367.	to pack, wrap	*sɔŋ
368.	mongoose, weasel	*-sɔŋ
369.	turban	*spɔŋ
370.	to draw, scoop	*tɔŋ
371.	tail	*tdɔŋ
372.	mortar	*tʰlɔŋ
373.	waist, back	*tmpɔŋ
374.	village	*ʧnɔŋ
375.	to say, tell	*ʔɔŋ
376.	elder sibling	*kɔŋ
377.	to win, succeed	*ʤɔp
378.	to sink, wilt	*-lɔp
379.	cover	*sɔp
380.	cover	*skɔp
381.	force, power	*-bɔr
382.	to curve	*dɔr
383.	lips	*lmɔ(ː)r
384.	time	*pɔr
385.	lungs	*tɔr
386.	field, valley	*-tʰɔr~*-tʰaːr
387.	piece, part	*-kʰɔt
388.	to pull off	*knʤrɔt
389.	flute	*-lɔt
390.	fat, grease	*lɁɔt
391.	to cut, cutting	*pʰɔt
392.	to scratch, scrape	*ʧbɔt
393.	porcupine	*ʧkɔt
394.	weak	*tlɔt
395.	to cut, saw	*ʔɔt~*ʔo:t
396.	all, every	*barɔɁ
397.	to hook	*bɔʔ
398.	to kiss	*dɔʔ
399.	meat	*dɔʔ
400.	to bind, adhere	*-dɔʔ
401.	to cough	*-hɔʔ
402.	to get	*jɔʔ
403.	to scratch, scrape	*kbɔʔ
404.	hornbill	*kɔʔ-kraŋ
405.	basket (conical)	*kʰɔʔ
406.	to claw	*kʰwɔʔ
407.	to insert (hand in hole)	*klɔʔ
408.	wall	*knrɔʔ
409.	belly, stomach	*kpɔʔ
410.	joint (of body)	*krɔʔ
411.	to hold	*ksɔʔ
412.	dark, night	*lŋɔʔ
413.	cloud	*lʔɔʔ
414.	to cover	*mɔʔ
415.	to cast, throw	*nɔʔ
416.	in	*pɔɁ
417.	to spill, splash	*pʰalɔʔ
418.	to cram in	*pʰrɔʔ
419.	frog	*-rɔʔ
420.	fertilizer	*sbɔʔ
421.	fruit, flesh	*sɔʔ
422.	correct; must	*tɔʔ
423.	to hit	*ʧɔʔ
424.	to cut, mark	*tʰɔʔ
425.	penis	*tʰlɔʔ
426.	to limp	*tkɔʔ
427.	chin	*tmɔʔ
428.	inside	*ʧpɔɁ
429.	to hook	*wɔʔ
430.	to cough	*kʔɔʔ
431.	you (masc.)	*me
432.	that (mesioproximal)	*te
433.	then	*te
434.	egg	*pnlǝ(ː)ŋ
435.	god	*bleː
436.	also	*de
437.	to hide	*reːʔ
438.	correct	*tneː
439.	to sell	*dǝː
440.	down there, south	*tʰə:
441.	to ask	*tʰəː
442.	oily, greasy	*lŋəːc
443.	woodworm	*rəːc
444.	tongue	*tʰnləːc
445.	to love, pity	*ʔəːc
446.	moon, month	*bnəːj
447.	betel, areca	*kwəːj
448.	to sing	*rwəːj
449.	fallow field	*srəːj
450.	to lick lips	*ʤnləːm
451.	bear	*-ŋəːm
452.	to breathe	*riŋ-sə:m
453.	spirit, soul	*-səːm
454.	leech	*tʰləːm
455.	many	*brhəːn
456.	to prop; pillow	*snkʰəːn
457.	bridge, ladder	*ʤŋkəːŋ
458.	to clean, clean out	*kʰləːŋ
459.	dry	*rkʰəːŋ
460.	house	*ʔjəːŋ
461.	intestines	*snəːr
462.	to choose	*ʤe:t
463.	porcupine	*dŋkʰəːt
464.	night, dark	*məːt
465.	to blow	*pə:t
466.	to open, unfold	*pləːt
467.	to buy	*tʰəːt
468.	vein, tendon, root	*tʰəːt
469.	head	*kʰleːʔ
470.	to snatch	*kneːʔ
471.	earth, mud	*kteːʔ
472.	white	*leːʔ
473.	to fry	*sdeːʔ
474.	skin, bark of tree	*sneːʔ
475.	shield	*ste:ʔ
476.	thorn	*ʧe:ʔ
477.	to split	*tʰle:ʔ
478.	monkey	*ʧreːʔ
479.	earthworm	*weːʔ
480.	to scoop, dig	*pǝ:ʔ
481.	to have/be correct	*dǝj
482.	ashes	*tpǝj
483.	to open	*wǝj
484.	to rise/wake	*kʰəj
485.	liver	*ktʰǝm
486.	to incubate	*-dəm
487.	firm (grasp)	*skʰəm
488.	to take	*tʰəm
489.	not	*ʔəm
490.	tooth	*lmǝɲ
491.	hill, peak	*pdɛŋ
492.	fin, spine	*ʧrǝŋ
493.	hole	*krəŋ
494.	horn	*rəŋ
495.	half	*təŋ
496.	to stand	*ʔjəŋ
497.	time, occasion	*kʰəp
498.	rind, bark	*snəp
499.	to bury	*tʰəp
500.	rattan species	*ŋər
501.	to rotate	*wər
502.	flying white ant	*kpə/ɛr
503.	to strike, knock	*teːt
504.	younger sibling	*bəw
505.	to indicate	*kdəw
506.	earth, mud	*kʰndəw
507.	ten	*pʰəw
508.	smell, stink	*ʔəw
509.	to measure	*tʰəw/uː
510.	lizard	*ʧeʔ
511.	that (distal.non-vis.)	*tɛ
512.	straight	*bɛc
513.	to spatter, scatter	*brɛc
514.	to weed, reap	*kwɛc
515.	to see	*pɛc
516.	sparrow	*pʰrɛc
517.	excrement	*ʔɛc
518.	penis	*kʰlɛː
519.	to scatter	*krɛː
520.	mother	*mɛː
521.	middle	*pʔɛː
522.	laugh	*rkʰɛː
523.	pestle	*snrɛː
524.	to escape	*-trɛː
525.	angry	*ʧrɛː
526.	male	*trmɛː
527.	similar	*srɛːm
528.	king	*sʔɛːm
529.	tracks	*dɛːn
530.	hawk, eagle	*kʰlɛːŋ
531.	wasp, hornet	*kʔɛːŋ
532.	boat	*lɛːŋ
533.	rainbow	*pnlɛːŋ
534.	to wear lower garment	*slɛːŋ
535.	afraid, to fear	*tɛːŋ
536.	bone	*ʧʔɛːŋ
537.	trap	*ʔɛːŋ
538.	tomorrow	*mnstɛ:p
539.	morning	*stɛ:p
540.	to lie	*ʤlɛːr
541.	to fly	*hɛːr
542.	to shake off	*kntʰɛːr
543.	garden	*kpɛːr
544.	to grow, sprout	*mɛːr
545.	feather	*snɛːr
546.	wing	*tʰap-nɛːr
547.	to slip	*tʰlɛːr
548.	startled	*tʰrɛ:t
549.	fish poison	*kʰarɛːw
550.	big	*hɛːʔ
551.	to do	*lɛːʔ
552.	to lie down, bend down	*dɛm
553.	to soak, ferment	*-dɛm
554.	soft	*ʤɛm
555.	bruised	*ʤŋɛm
556.	to squeeze	*kʰɛm
557.	to fall down	*kʰnlɛm
558.	cave	*krɛm
559.	to fart	*ksɛm
560.	cloud	*lnpɛm
561.	spring season	*prʔɛm
562.	to defeat, lose	*rɛm
563.	year	*snɛm
564.	closed mouth (holding/biting something)	*tbɛm
565.	smoke	*tdɛm
566.	chest	*ʧdɛm
567.	to beat	*tɛm
568.	hammer	*trnɛm
569.	happy	*kmɛn
570.	to speak	*krɛn
571.	smooth, dull	*lɛn
572.	alone	*mɛn
573.	elder	*mɛn
574.	thick	*rbɛn
575.	to dam	*sdɛn
576.	python	*tʰlɛn
577.	old	*tnmɛn
578.	body louse	*ʤnrɛɲ
579.	fat, fatty	*kʰlɛɲ
580.	snake	*psɛɲ
581.	fire	*smɛɲ
582.	star	*kʰloːr-smɛɲ
583.	abdomen	*ʤnlɛŋ
584.	pillar	*ʤrɛŋ
585.	everywhere	*knlɛŋ
586.	drum	*ksɛŋ
587.	above	*nɛŋ
588.	very full	*sbɛŋ
589.	to cook	*tɛŋ
590.	to remove	*wɛŋ
591.	happy	*ʔɛŋ
592.	to finish	*dɛp
593.	sharp	*nɛp
594.	to soak	*pʰnɛp
595.	to bury, plant	*tɛp
596.	to bury,	*tlɛp
597.	hut, shelter	*trɛp
598.	dew	*ʤɛr
599.	spinning wheel	*ʤntɛr
600.	to protrude	*-lɛr
601.	to float	*pɛr
602.	to spear	*ʧɛr
603.	yellow	*tŋɛr
604.	to sow, reap	*bɛt
605.	to grate, creak	*kʰrɛt
606.	mistake	*klɛt
607.	to run, flee	*pʰɛt
608.	to shut, block	*sɛt
609.	to wave, fan	*kawɛʔ
610.	to mix	*kʰlɛʔ
611.	to prepare	*kʰrɛʔ
612.	ground rice, flour	*kndɛʔ
613.	pine	*ksɛʔ
614.	bend head back	*lnŋɛʔ
615.	to remain	*nɛʔ
616.	to winnow/fan	*pɛ(:)ʔ
617.	to stop	*sŋɛʔ
618.	spike	*spɛʔ
619.	to tie, bind	*tɛʔ
620.	to pour, spill	*tʰɛʔ
621.	buffalo, cattle	*ʧnrɛʔ
622.	difficult, hard	*ʔɛʔ
623.	they	*ki
624.	to go (modal form)	*li
625.	this (proximal)	*ni
626.	you (plural)	*pʰi
627.	we	*ʔi
628.	he/she/it (inanimate~diminutive)	*ʔi
629.	cucumber	*kʰia
630.	heavy	*kʰia
631.	to split into pieces	*pʰaria
632.	hail	*pʰria
633.	needle	*tʰrnia
634.	tasty	*ŋiam
635.	to clasp, embrace	*piam
636.	finger	*-riam
637.	ripe, cooked	*sian
638.	short, low	*tbian
639.	enough	*biaŋ
640.	left (hand)	*diaŋ
641.	screen, cover	*-diaŋ
642.	cavity	*-hiaŋ
643.	ring, coil, to wind	*kʰwiaŋ
644.	to lend, exchange	*krliaŋ
645.	excrement	*ksiaŋ
646.	seed	*liaŋ
647.	side (of body)	*liaŋ
648.	shoulder	*-liaŋ
649.	cheek, jaw	*miaŋ
650.	fox	*mrsiaŋ
651.	mustard plant	*niaŋ
652.	wing	*-niaŋ
653.	oil, oil seed	*pʰniaŋ
654.	to spread	*pʰriaŋ
655.	crosswise	*pnkiaŋ
656.	slope, slanting	*psiaŋ
657.	angry, severe	*riaŋ
658.	in a row, in order	*riaŋ
659.	edge	*rmiaŋ
660.	to spread, cover	*siaŋ
661.	rock	*smaːw-siaŋ
662.	pig	*sniaŋ
663.	ginger	*sɁiaŋ
664.	to stretch out	*tiaŋ
665.	name	*krtiaŋ
666.	branch	*ʧiaŋ
667.	bent, crooked	*ʧaliaŋ
668.	potsherd	*trwiaŋ
669.	to lick, lap	*liap
670.	to insert	*siap
671.	sand	*ʧʔiap
672.	spread wide	*diar
673.	to drain off	*ʤiar
674.	gold	*ksiar
675.	centipede	*ktiar
676.	to fly	*piar
677.	to excrete, expell	*pnhiar
678.	to stretch, extend	*pʔiar
679.	chicken	*sʔiar
680.	to go round	*tǝwiar
681.	to tear, rip	*ʧiar
682.	to disappear	*wiar
683.	to nibble, eat	*biat
684.	tooth, tusk	*bniat
685.	to beat	*kawiat
686.	deer species	*kʰiat
687.	itch, scabies	*-kʰiat
688.	few, little	*kʰndiat
689.	cold	*kʰriat
690.	to slip through	*liat
691.	good, beautiful	*miat
692.	to push	*ŋiat
693.	to shoot	*siat
694.	to grind	*trliat
695.	to draw (bow)	*wiat
696.	to jingle	*kuriaw
697.	to tickle, fondle	*-liaw
698.	cat	*miaw
699.	to whisper	*pasiaw
700.	multitude	*riaw
701.	to lick	*ʤliaʔ
702.	to break, snap	*kdiaʔ
703.	sieve basket	*kriaʔ
704.	bend head back	*lŋiaʔ
705.	tired	*ŋiaɁ
706.	to split	*pʰiaʔ
707.	to sparkle	*pʰliaʔ
708.	broken, cleaved	*piaʔ
709.	to pluck	*riaʔ
710.	to cut	*siaʔ
711.	to lean back	*ʧaniaʔ
712.	to sleep	*tʰiaʔ
713.	chisel	*ʧniaʔ
714.	sky, rain	*briː
715.	forest, wild	*briː
716.	middle, center	*di:
717.	to swim	*ʤŋiː
718.	banyan	*ʤriː
719.	creeper	*ʤrmiː
720.	this (fem.proximal)	*ka-ni
721.	to shave	*kʰiː
722.	vulture	*-kniː
723.	sibling-in-law	*knsiː
724.	louse (head)	*ksiː
725.	hand, arm	*ktiː
726.	dirty	*laː liː
727.	one	*miː
728.	east, sunrise	*miʔ-sŋiː
729.	noisy	*-ri:
730.	behind, following	*rnkiː
731.	west	*sɛp-sŋiː
732.	small bamboo	*snliː
733.	sun/day	*sŋiː
734.	house	*sniː
735.	one set	*ʧiː
736.	solid	*tnliː
737.	one	*wiː
738.	to see	*Ɂjiː
739.	cow	*masi:/u:
740.	uncle	*-ɲiː/uː
741.	to drink	*di:ʔ/c
742.	to forget	*bliːŋ
743.	light (weight)	*sti:ŋ
744.	to suck up	*kʤiːt
745.	to crow	*kaʔiːʔ
746.	to hide	*riːʔ
747.	to dig	*ti:ʔ
748.	narrow	*kʰim
749.	old (thing)	*rim
750.	bird	*sim
751.	fingernail	*trsim
752.	to live	*ʔim
753.	to stir	*kiŋ
754.	black	*priŋ
755.	to pull, drag	*riŋ
756.	side	*-riŋ
757.	slope	*ʧariŋ
758.	to extinguish	*lip
759.	to whisper	*sip-sip
760.	fish trap	*ʧrip
761.	to long for	*hiːr
762.	blue	*lir
763.	to go astray	*wiːr
764.	to stick	*bit
765.	small, few	*-dit
766.	to beat	*kʰrwit
767.	to carry	*kit
768.	round, turn	*krwit
769.	pepper	*mrit
770.	dark	*ŋit
771.	to avoid	*pnklit
772.	small	*rit
773.	mushroom	*tit
774.	turmeric	*ʧrmit
775.	to pinch	*ʧʔit
776.	to lack, avoid (?)	*ʔit
777.	poison	*biʔ
778.	to go	*diʔ
779.	smooth	*ʤliʔ
780.	to do	*kʰiʔ
781.	to jump	*kʰntiʔ
782.	to sieve, winnow	*knriʔ
783.	otter	*ksiʔ
784.	lightning	*-leːʔ/-liʔ
785.	elbow	*bo:c
786.	to itch	*boːc
787.	clean, pure	*kʰoːc
788.	to slip out	*-loːc
789.	loose, free	*-loːc
790.	to swallow	*ŋoːc
791.	many, much	*boːn
792.	bridge	*poːn
793.	many, much	*ʧboːn
794.	spotted	*broːɲ
795.	sharp pointed	*loːɲ
796.	red	*rhoːɲ
797.	flower	*kʰloːr
798.	youngster, virgin	*loːt
799.	liver, heart	*noːt
800.	to rub	*srpoːt
801.	to whine, murmur	*ʔoːt
802.	to call	*kʰo:/ut
803.	early, previous	*doːʔ
804.	to lose	*doːʔ
805.	to bloom	*pʰoːʔ
806.	cubit, armspan	*pro:ʔ
807.	which	*nu
808.	that (mesiodistal)	*tu
809.	he	*ʔu
810.	ear	*ʧku/ɔr
811.	guest, stranger	*ʧmuː(j)
812.	hot	*kʰluc
813.	pus	*ksuc
814.	to bud, bloom	*-lu(ː)c
815.	to pour	*s(ʔ)uc
816.	to ignite	*tʰuc
817.	dust	*puj
818.	to emit smoke	*tʰuj
819.	to suck in	*kʤuk
820.	closed mouth	*-bum
821.	dark blue	*ʤŋum
822.	dark	*dum
823.	wet	*ʤum
824.	to gather up	*lum
825.	many	*parum
826.	under	*rum
827.	rubbish, debris	*snrum
828.	to bathe	*sum
829.	water	*ʔum
830.	to winnow	*ʔum
831.	to bend	*kʰun
832.	to swallow	*klun
833.	tadpole	*lun
834.	right (hand)	*-mun
835.	bowed head	*ŋun
836.	round	*prlun
837.	maternal grandparent	*pun
838.	pregnant	*pun
839.	termite	*kruɲ
840.	to revolve	*sʔuɲ
841.	to stab	*duŋ
842.	to urinate	*ʤuŋ
843.	ribs	*kruŋ
844.	young, tender	*luŋ
845.	to sprout	*-luŋ
846.	winnowing basket	*pduŋ
847.	lake, pool	*puŋ
848.	rice mash	*-spuŋ
849.	to plant	*tʰuŋ
850.	to hold, embrace	*kdup
851.	to seize	*knrup
852.	rain shield	*knup
853.	to wrap	*kup
854.	to cover	*-lup
855.	descent	*ʤur
856.	to rake, scrape	*kʰur
857.	dove	*-kʰur
858.	loose fitting	*kntʰur
859.	clan	*kur
860.	mouth, lips	*ʧntur
861.	warm	*ʔur
862.	sick, pain	*kʤut
863.	nose	*kʰmut
864.	to rub	*krʧʰut
865.	to bind/surround	*kut
866.	to end	*kut
867.	to pierce through	*-lut
868.	wind(y)	*prhut
869.	bellows	*prsut
870.	to blow (instrument)	*put
871.	cloud	*-put
872.	rotten	*pʔut
873.	down	*sut
874.	revenge	*tput
875.	to leak, drip	*ʧuːt
876.	to sharpen	*ʧut
877.	thigh	*blu:
878.	man, person	*bruː
879.	to suckle	*buː
880.	breast	*-buː
881.	ant	*dkʰuː
882.	deep	*ʤruː
883.	grandchild	*ksuː
884.	to climb, ascend	*kuː
885.	corn	*sɔʔ-ruː
886.	tasty	*sŋuː
887.	hole	*tʰluː
888.	six	*tʰruː
889.	to spit	*-tʰu:
890.	taro, arum	*ʧruː
891.	ghost, spirit	*ksuːc
892.	lake	*suːŋ
893.	to swell/bulge	*-toːŋ
894.	to cover	*-duːp
895.	to crawl, creep	*puːr
896.	line, seam	*snuːr
897.	to scrape	*kʰruːt
898.	to scrape	*kʰuːt
899.	dust	*ʤlpʰuʔ
900.	walking (stick)	*duʔ
901.	same	*ʤuʔ
902.	nuisance	*jnruʔ
903.	to tread	*juʔ
904.	to shake	*knruʔ
905.	salt	*mluʔ
906.	to bow, submit	*ŋuʔ
907.	to beat/strike	*pduʔ
908.	hair	*suɁ
909.	to seek	*tʰuʔ
910.	ribs	*ʧruʔ
911.	to steal	*tuʔ
912.	dream	*-muʔ/*-me:ʔ

Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam

No.	Gloss	Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam
1.	accusative marker	*ja
2.	if	*lada
3.	oblique marker	*na
4.	toward (allative)	*ʧa
5.	to warn, defend	*da:
6.	through, across	*lŋbaː
7.	eight	*pʰraː
8.	dark	*sɲaː
9.	to play	*kaːj
10.	nine	*kʰndaːj
11.	sugarcane	*paːj
12.	to turn	*pʰa:j
13.	to go work	*ʤaːm
14.	to ask for	*paːn
15.	to pull	*ta:n
16.	mosquito	*-kaːɲ
17.	to fall	*ha:p
18.	spleen	*kʰlaːp
19.	to drop (tr.)	*pnha:p
20.	slope	*ranaːp
21.	to cover	*ta:p
22.	to come	*laːr
23.	liquor	*kjaːt
24.	equal	*rŋkaːt
25.	to dance	*ʧaːt
26.	forest	*kʰlaːw
27.	to bite (by animal)	*dac
28.	banana	*kac
29.	chaff, husk	*stac
30.	quick, healthy	*ʧac
31.	to vomit	*praj
32.	handful	*kʰam
33.	to grow	*san
34.	hungry	*tʰŋan
35.	to cut	*daɲ
36.	cloth	*ʤaɲ
37.	to break	*kʰaɲ
38.	focus marker (?)	*kʰnaŋ
39.	fern	*trkʰaŋ
40.	to hear	*sŋap
41.	to pick up, gather	*kʰar
42.	foot, leg	*kʤat
43.	big	*baʔ
44.	to disappear	*ʤaʔ
45.	to send	*pʰaʔ
46.	winnowing basket	*praʔ
47.	to enter	*saɁ
48.	flea	*tʰnlaʔ
49.	to cut	*ʔaʔ
50.	ripe	*Ɂɔc
51.	hill	*dɔm
52.	rough	*ɲɔm
53.	waist	*-dɔŋ
54.	agentive nomimalizer	*nɔŋ
55.	to sit	*ʧɔŋ
56.	price, value	*dɔr
57.	short	*kɔt
58.	below, within	*həpɔɁ
59.	to peel	*kʰɔʔ
60.	to surprise	*lŋɔʔ
61.	wet, viscous	*ʧbɔʔ
62.	mother	*beː
63.	to work	*tre:
64.	foolish	*be:c
65.	table	*meːc
66.	bamboo	*səːc
67.	behind	*-deːn
68.	to count, reckon	*kʰeːɲ
69.	mouth/word	*ktəːɲ
70.	deer sambhur	*sə:r
71.	to look upward	*kʰmeːt
72.	to call, cry out	*keːʔ
73.	bow	*rnteːʔ
74.	to float, drift	*kəj
75.	to open	*pləj
76.	up(stream)	*təj
77.	to suffer	*beɲ
78.	after	*mǝn
79.	sky	*bneŋ
80.	middle, center	*pdǝŋ
81.	seven	*hnɲəw
82.	skinny	*kʰrəw
83.	to count	*ɲəw
84.	night	*snɲəw/aː
85.	to abandon	*ʔeʔ
86.	axe	*sdɛː
87.	to overflow	*ʧlɛː
88.	tree	*dɛːŋ
89.	to surround, go around	*kɛːr
90.	different	*pʰɛ:r
91.	to seize	*kɛm
92.	to squeeze	*kʰɛm
93.	flesh	*mɛm
94.	moist, wet	*sŋɛm
95.	yellow	*stɛm
96.	to meet	*ʧɛm
97.	without	*kʰlɛm
98.	shoulder	*trpɛŋ
99.	rotten	*ʤlɛp
100.	hearth	*-pɛp
101.	wind	*lɁɛr
102.	body	*mɛt
103.	corpse	*mɛt
104.	navel	*-pɛt
105.	to cook	*ʧɛt
106.	to wash (hands)	*tʰɛt
107.	to leak	*pɛʔ
108.	to run	*marɛ(ː)ʔ
109.	small	*kʰian
110.	clever	*sian
111.	sweet	*tʰiaŋ
112.	eel	*triaŋ
113.	to fold, wrap	*kʰnliap
114.	to descend	*hiar
115.	to bark	*wiar
116.	to wipe	*ɲiat
117.	nauseated	*sgiaw
118.	to whistle	*siaw
119.	to hear	*sɲiaw
120.	smooth	*pliaʔ
121.	mat	*ʧnliaʔ
122.	nine	*ham-ʧʔiː
123.	to roll up	*kliː
124.	to ask	*krliː
125.	to curse	*tim
126.	to take	*ʧim
127.	fire	*dɨɲ
128.	to burn	*ʔɨɲ
129.	handle of tool	*ʧpiŋ
130.	nominalizer	*ʤɨŋ
131.	to know	*tip
132.	warm	*ʧit
133.	to squeeze	*ksiʔ
134.	bad	*siɁ
135.	ripe, cooked	*ʔiʔ
136.	to rise	*miʔ
137.	to draw/cut into	*ro:c
138.	to tie, bind	*kʰoːm
139.	hill	*loːm
140.	to spear	*soːm
141.	roof	*tnoːm
142.	to follow	*boːt
143.	to imitate	*pnboːt
144.	to keep, put	*bo:ʔ
145.	to fall down	*ʔor
146.	skill	*buc
147.	dust	*pum-pum
148.	nest	*skum
149.	limestone	*ʧun
150.	finished, spent	*lut
151.	person (cl.)	*ŋut
152.	to blow (person, wind)	*slu:
153.	flower	*sntuː
154.	to flow	*tuːc

References

• Sidwell, Paul. 2018. The Khasian Languages: Classification, Reconstruction, and Comparative Lexicon. München: Lincom Europa.