Appendix:Proto-Kham reconstructions
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Proto-Kham has been reconstructed by Watters (2002). 380 Proto-Kham reconstructions from Watters (2002: 443-456) are given below.
List
[edit]| Gloss | Proto-Kham |
|---|---|
| back | *r-dzəŋ ~ *b-dzəŋ |
| back (upper) | *yep |
| belly | *phuː |
| blood | *dziːh |
| body | *klaŋ |
| bone | *s-rus |
| breast | *nun |
| breath | *sək |
| buttocks | *r-mehsiŋ |
| cheek | *r-tso |
| ear | *r-na |
| egg | *(ba)r-zut |
| eye | *mik |
| face | *s-ŋa |
| fat | *sot |
| fingernail | *r-sin |
| foot | *kəŋ |
| gums | *r-nihl |
| guts | *r-ta |
| hair (body) | *muhl |
| hair (head) | *p-tsem |
| hand | *kut |
| the underarm area; side of the body | *r-la |
| head | *s-r-ŋat |
| heart | *s-yiŋ |
| horn | *b-rəhŋ |
| animal | *sya |
| jawbone | *r-khap |
| kidney | *kəl |
| liver | *p-sin |
| mouth | *yaːh |
| mustache | *s-məŋ |
| neck | *r-dehŋ |
| nose | *s-nat |
| piss | *r-dzihs |
| pus | *s-nis |
| rib | *b-rəhm |
| saliva | *p-s-til |
| shit | *kli |
| excrement in the intestine of a slaughtered animal | *r-kək |
| shoulder | *s-pum |
| sinew | *r-sa |
| skin | *l-kota |
| snot | *r-nahp |
| tail | *r-meh |
| tears | *r-pihl |
| thigh (upper side) | *r-b-yah |
| tongue | *p-s-le |
| tooth | *ha-p-sya |
| vomit | *wohs |
| waist | *hwaŋ |
| wind pipe | *r-mil ~ *s-mil |
| wing | *kər |
| bachelor | *dahpa |
| child | *za |
| friend | *nan |
| husband | *b-re |
| maiden | *dahme |
| name | *r-min |
| person | *r-mi; *ruː |
| man, male human | *s-lepa |
| woman, female human | *miːma |
| sister (older) | *nana |
| sister (younger) | *nam |
| thou | *nəŋ |
| wife | *dzya |
| bread | *bəhres |
| curry | *tsip |
| food | *r-zəm |
| herbs | *s-ŋən |
| millet | *raŋrəi |
| mushroom | *r-mo |
| parched grain | *hek |
| poison | *tuk |
| rice (cooked) | *(ya)kaŋ |
| wheat | *plima |
| antelope | *səhr |
| bear | *nim |
| bedbug | *r-pen |
| bee | *b-zin |
| bird | *bwa |
| chick | *s-puŋ |
| boar (wild) | *gəl |
| bug | *b-s-rut |
| cat | *s-raŋ |
| cow | *har |
| dog | *kaːh |
| fish | *ŋah |
| frog | *tek |
| goat | *ra |
| horse | *r-ta |
| leech | *r-pəti |
| leopard | *la |
| louse | *syar |
| monkey | *s-p-yu; *s-p-ya |
| otter | *srəm |
| pheasant | *b-rəhŋ |
| pig | *wə |
| rat | *bi |
| sheep | *luk |
| snake | *guhl |
| python, constricting snake | *daŋ |
| squirrel (flying) | *p-s-yap |
| woodpecker | *s-kyar |
| wool | *p-sən |
| ashes | *r-plah |
| branch | *kər |
| cave | *r-pup |
| day | *la |
| a certain day | *tshyam |
| dirt | *b-rih |
| earth | *r-gəm |
| evening | *rihm |
| field | *ehŋ |
| a field, meadow, bowl shaped valley | *baŋ |
| fire | *meh |
| fruit | *p-set |
| grass | *tshi |
| hole | *kuŋ |
| iron | *dzəhŋ |
| leaf | *s-la |
| low country | *r-nahm |
| moon | *p-s-ya + *hwot |
| mountain | *goŋ |
| night | *rik; *mun |
| rain | *r-wa |
| river | *bəih |
| road | *yem |
| root | *s-rin |
| salt | *sa + *pik |
| set (sun) | *nup |
| shadow | *saŋ |
| sky | *nəm |
| smoke | *mihkut |
| snow | *r-pom |
| star | *səro |
| stick | *r-dzuht |
| stone | *luŋ |
| sun | *nəmi(y) |
| thorn | *b-zu |
| tree | *siŋ |
| water | *riːh |
| cooking water | *rihmun |
| weed | *rəhm |
| arrowhead | *r-wan |
| axe | *r-wa |
| basket | *r-beh(k) |
| bow | *li |
| bridge | *tshəm |
| broom | *pəsi(-s) |
| cloth | *kwa |
| door | *yahm |
| drum | *b-rihŋ |
| circle | *'gor |
| hearth | *muhthap |
| house | *zihm |
| lower storey of house; cattle byre | *r-bəŋ |
| knife | *khor |
| load | *gur |
| sleeping mat | *tən |
| large bamboo mat | *b-lo |
| mortar | *tshum |
| a small needle | *r-gəp |
| a large needle | *r-khap |
| net | *b-zəhn |
| pillow | *r-gum |
| plow | *gohr |
| pot | *b-dza |
| sheath | *p-sip |
| snare | *tsihŋ |
| spirit | *gel |
| village | *naŋkhar; *nam |
| work | *ehn |
| yoke | *kum |
| across | *glahŋ |
| behind | *chin |
| center | *khar |
| down | *me |
| front | *s-ŋa |
| upright | *thək |
| year | *a-sniŋ |
| last year | *rta-sniŋ |
| next year | *pərniŋ |
| one | *tə |
| two | *nehs |
| three | *sohm |
| four | *b-zi |
| five | *r-ŋa |
| awaken | *sən; *so |
| cry | *klik |
| defecate | *eh |
| die | *si |
| fart | *b-yi |
| laugh | *sas |
| to play | *p-s-rat |
| toy, plaything | *b-s-res |
| rest | *nah |
| sit | *tsuŋ |
| sleep | *r-ŋəhl; *em; *ruk ~ *ru-t |
| to put to sleep | *s-ip |
| sneeze | *p-tshis |
| speak | *s-paŋ |
| stand | *tsyahŋ |
| tickle | *kəlet |
| urinate | *r-dzihs |
| vomit | *woh-t |
| weep | *gəhr |
| arrive | *kles |
| bring | *rə-t |
| climb | *plu-s |
| come | *huŋ |
| emerge | *plu-s |
| cause to emerge, expel | *s-plu-t |
| fall | *te-s |
| fly | *s-bur |
| go | *z-ba |
| graze | *b-la |
| hide | *mohŋ |
| run | *zok |
| dream | *r-məŋ |
| fear | *p-tshet |
| forget | *s-meŋ |
| hear | *that |
| to be heard, audible | *thas |
| know | *sən |
| something, to know how | *r-ses |
| proud | *r-sək |
| see | *rəhŋ |
| to look | *p-tsyu |
| smell | *s-ŋər; *s-nəm |
| tingle | *b-ris |
| drunk | *məhŋ |
| fat | *sot |
| hunger | *kre |
| ill | *na |
| itchy | *so |
| pure | *tshaŋ |
| thirst | *tsos |
| bad | *pək |
| be | *li |
| bear fruit | *p-se |
| become | *s-ta-s |
| bitter | *ka |
| broken | *pak |
| bud | *mom |
| bud | *p-set |
| burst | *r-pu-s |
| cold | *zihm; *gim |
| collapsed | *s-ta |
| detach | *s-kluŋ |
| dried | *thəŋ |
| full | *yək |
| good | *p-tsa |
| greasy | *s-len |
| green | *piŋ |
| heavy | *gis < *s-lis |
| hole | *s-gwaŋ |
| hot | *b-rah |
| leak | *wyi |
| light | *bom |
| long | *s-lo; *b-re |
| loose | *dzöhl |
| lost | *mah |
| low | *s-dem ~ *them |
| matched | *khət |
| new | *sahr |
| red | *gyahm |
| ripe | *mihn |
| rotten | *tsik |
| round | *lum |
| sharp | *p-tsha |
| short | *tun |
| small | *zim |
| sour | *b-sir |
| spicy | *tuk |
| stale | *sli-s |
| sweet | *b-rehk |
| thick | *ruhŋ |
| thin | *plek |
| to be thin (esp. of boards) | *wa |
| warm | *mun |
| white | *pal |
| bright, illuminated | *plaŋ |
| beat | *s-po |
| beg | *ŋih |
| bite | *kəi |
| blow | *s-mut |
| to blow with bellows | *phut |
| bore | *r-lap |
| break | *s-kle(t) |
| burn | *hip |
| butt | *r-duhp |
| buy | *ləhŋ |
| to lend to someone | *b-lot |
| to borrow | *b-los |
| carry | *guhr |
| catch | *kloh |
| clothe | *kwa-t |
| comb | *r-sat |
| cook | *phin |
| to cook until done | *mihn |
| to boil | *tso |
| cover | *kəp |
| cut | *pəl |
| to cut meat | *kri |
| dance | *p-syah |
| dig | *goh |
| draw water | *gəp |
| eat | *zya |
| to eat things which require chewing | *kəi |
| extract | *hat |
| find | *z-dət |
| gather | *z-dup |
| give | *ya |
| grind | *p-set |
| guard | *r-guh |
| hammer | *tup |
| herd | *tsho |
| husk | *phok |
| insert | *lut |
| install | *tak |
| kick | *r-then |
| kill | *saht |
| ladle | *kek |
| lay wall | *b-rihm |
| lick | *lep |
| make | *dzət |
| milk | *pek |
| mix | *z-bra-t |
| open | *pho-t |
| pay | *phok |
| pick up | *tik |
| pin closed | *s-krəp |
| pinch | *p-tsil |
| plug | *p-sut |
| press | *tek |
| put | *dzəhk |
| to set down, place | *nat |
| release | *ra-s |
| remove from fire | *phit |
| ride | *tsep |
| roast | *s-ŋo |
| rub | *b-zu |
| to scrub | *p-sil |
| scald | *s-lom |
| scoop | *sim |
| scrape | *s-pik |
| to scratch | *pur |
| seize | *s-nan |
| sell | *p-yet |
| send | *s-priŋ |
| sew | *ruhp |
| shave | *p-yen |
| shoot | *gap |
| show | *s-tən |
| skin, peel | *kok |
| snap | *phyak |
| soak | *tshim |
| sow seed | *was |
| spin wool | *khəl |
| split firewood | *p-si |
| squeeze | *tser |
| steal | *ku |
| to ransack, rummage | *rok |
| stir | *r-wal |
| stop | *on |
| sweep | *sit |
| teach | *p-sik ~ *p-sis |
| tear | *p-tsit |
| throw | *khya |
| tie | *s-ki |
| trade | *s-to |
| twist | *kil |
| unfold | *s-krup |
| uproot | *bohk |
| wash | *tse |
| to wash hair | *r-za |
| weave | *rəhk |
| to set up a loom | *rihn |
| whet | *hul |
References
[edit]- Watters, David E. (2002). A grammar of Kham. Cambridge Grammatical Descriptions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. →ISBN.