Appendix:Proto-Southern Min reconstructions

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The following list of Proto-Southern Min reconstructions is from Kwok (2018: 180-203).

The reconstructions are supported by synchronic data from:

  • Quanzhou, Fujian
  • Zhangzhou, Fujian
  • Datian, Sanming, Fujian
  • Jieyang, Guangdong
  • Chaoyang, Shantou, Guangdong
  • Leizhou, Guangdong

List

[edit]
English gloss Chinese character Proto-Southern Min 原始閩南語 Quánzhōu 泉州 Zhāngzhōu 漳州 Dàtián 大田 Jiēyáng 揭陽 Cháoyáng 潮陽 Léizhōu 雷州
abundant *hoŋ1 hɔŋ1 hɔŋ1 hoŋ1 hoŋ1 hoŋ1 hɔŋ1
accent *kʰiõ1 kʰiũ1 kʰiɔ̃1 kʰiŋ1 kʰiõ1 kʰiõ1 kʰiaŋ1
accompany *pue2 pue2 pue2 pue2 pue2 pʰue2 pʰui2
account *siau5 siau5 siau5 su5 siau5 siau5 siau5
account book 簿 *pʰou4 pʰɔ4 pʰɔ6 pʰu4 pou4 pʰou4 pʰɛu4
accuse falsely *lua6 lua5 lua6 lua1 lua6 lua6 nua1
across *huẽ2 huĩ2 huã2 huã2 huẽ2 huẽ2 huɛ2
add fuel *hiã2 hiã2 hiã2 hiã2 hia2
affair *tai6 ~ *sɿ6 tai5 tai6 tɛ1 sɯ6 su6 su7
after; behind *au4 au4 au6 ɔ4 au4 au4 au4
age *huø5 hə5 hue5 hue5 hue5 hue5 huɛ5
all exterminated *tsøʔ8 tsəʔ8 tseʔ8 tsuaʔ8 tsoʔ8 tsoʔ8 tsiek8
alley *haŋ6 haŋ5 haŋ6 haŋ5 haŋ6 haŋ6 hɔ1
also *iu6 iu5 iu6 iu1 iu4 iũ4 iu1
amaranth *hõi6 huĩ5 hian6 hiŋ5 hãi6 hõi6 hai1
ancestral temple *sɿ2 sɯ2 su2 sɤ2 sɯ2 su2 tsʰu2
answer (v.)(1) *en5 in5 in5 eŋ5 eŋ5 eŋ5 iŋ5
answer (v.)(2) *taʔ7 ~ *tap7 taʔ7 taʔ7 ta5 tap7 tap7 tap7
ant *hia4 hia4 hia6 hia4 hia4 hia4 hia4
arrest *liaʔ8 liaʔ8 liaʔ8 lia4 liaʔ8 liaʔ8 lia4
arrive *kau5 kau5 kau5 kɔ5 kau5 kau5 kau5
artemisia[1] *ŋhiã6 hiã5 hiã6 hiã5 hiã6 hiã6 ŋai4
ask (v.) *muĩ6 bŋ5 buĩ6 mŋ5 muŋ6 mɯŋ6 mui1
autumn *tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1
avoid *mian3 bian3 bian3 biaŋ3 miaŋ3 miaŋ3 mieŋ3
axe *pou3 pɔ3 pʰu3 pu3 pou3 pou3 pɛu3
bamboo *tɯk7 tiak7 tik7 toʔ7 tek7 tek7 tip7
bamboo shoot *sun3 sun3 sun3 sueŋ3 suŋ3 suŋ3 suŋ3
bark *pui6 pui5 pui6 pui1 pui6 pui6 pui1
barley; wheat; corn *beʔ8 beʔ8 bɛʔ8 ba4 beʔ8 beʔ8 bɛ4
basket for mortar *ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1
bathe *ɯk8 iak8 ik8 zioʔ8 ek8 ek8 iak8
be *si4 si4 si6 si4 si4 si4 si4
bead tree *nõi6 nuĩ5 liŋ6 liaŋ5 nai4 noi6 lieŋ7
beak *tsʰui5 tsʰui5 tsʰui5 tsʰui5 tsʰui5 tsʰui5
bean *tau6 tau5 tau6 tɔ1 tau6 tau6 tau1
bear *him2 him2 him2 heŋ2 him2 him2 hiɔŋ2
beard *tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1
bed 眠床 *min2 tsʰõ2 tsʰŋ2 bin2 tsʰŋ2 beŋ2 tsʰŋ2 meŋ2 tsʰɯŋ2 mɯŋ2 tsʰɯŋ2 kɔi7tsʰɔ2
bee *pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1
beg *kʰit7 kʰit7 kʰit7 kʰeʔ7 kʰek7 kʰik7 kʰiek7
beginning *tsʰioi1 tsʰue1 tsʰe1 tsʰi1 tsʰiu1 tsʰiu1 tsʰɔi1
belly *tou3 tɔ3 tɔ3 tu3 tou3 tou3 tɛu3
belong *siok8 siɔk8 siɔk8 soʔ8 sok8 sok8 sɔk8
belt *tua5 tua5 tua5 tua5 tua5 tua5
bend *a3 ~ *au3 au3 au3 a3 a3 a3 a3
bestow *sɿ5 sɯ5 su5 sɤ5 sɯ5 su5 su5
big *tua6 tua5 tua6 tua1 tua6 tua6 tua1
bird *tsiau3 tsiau3 tsiau3 tsiau3 tsiau3 tsiau3
bite *ka4 ka4 ka6 ka3 ka4 ka4 ka4
bitter *kʰou3 kʰɔ3 kʰɔ3 kʰu3 kʰou3 kʰou3 kʰɛu3
black *ou1 ɔ1 ɔ1 u1 ou1 ou1 ɛu1
blanching (cooking) *saʔ8 saʔ8 saʔ8 sa4 saʔ8 saʔ7 sa4
blanket *pʰuø4 pʰə4 pʰue6 pʰue4 pʰue4 pʰue4 pʰuɛ4
blind *mẽ2 bĩ2 bɛ̃2 mã2 me2 me2 mɛ2
blink *niʔ7 nĩʔ7 lĩʔ7 niʔ7 niʔ7 ni7
block (v.) *tsaʔ8 tsaʔ8 tsaʔ8 tsaʔ8
blood *hueʔ7 huiʔ7 hueʔ7 hue5 hueʔ7 hueʔ7 huɛ7
blow (1) *tsʰuø1 tsʰə1 tsʰue1 tsʰue1 tsʰue1 tsʰue1 tsʰui1
blow (2) *pun2 pun2 pun2 pueŋ2 puŋ2 puŋ2 puŋ2
blunt *tun1 tun6 tun1 tueŋ1 tuŋ1 tuŋ1 tuŋ1
body *sin1 sin1 sin1 seŋ1 seŋ1 siŋ1 sieŋ1
bone *kut7 kut7 kut7 koʔ7 kuk7 kuk7 kuk7
book *tsʰeʔ7 tsʰeʔ7 tsʰɛʔ7 tsʰa5 tsʰeʔ7 tsʰeʔ7 tsʰɛ7
bottle (1) *kan1 (?) kan1 kan1
bottle (2) *tsun1 (?) tsuŋ1 tsuŋ1 tsuŋ1
bottom *toi3 tue3 te3 te3 tõi3 toi3 tɔi3
bow *kɯŋ1 kiŋ1 kiŋ1 koŋ1 keŋ1 keŋ1 kiaŋ1
bowl *uã3 uã3 uã3 uã3 uã3 ua3
box *siõ1 siũ1 siɔ̃1 siŋ1 siõ1 siõ1 siɔ1
branch *ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1
brave *ioŋ3 iɔŋ3 iɔŋ3 ioŋ3 ioŋ3 ioŋ3 ziɔŋ3
bright *kuĩ1 kŋ1 kuĩ1 kŋ1 kɯŋ1 kɯŋ1 kui1
brush (n.) *suøʔ7 səʔ7 sua3 suaʔ7 sueʔ7 sueʔ7 suak7
Buddha *put8 ~ *hut8 put8 put8 hoʔ8 huk8 huk8 puk8
bun (hairstyle) *kuø5 kə5 ke5 kue5 kue5 kue5
bury *tai2 tai2 tai2 tɛ2 tai2 tai2
buttocks 尻川 *kʰa1 tsʰuĩ1 kʰa1 tsʰŋ1 kʰa1 tsʰuĩ1 kʰa1 tsʰuŋ1 ka1 tsʰɯŋ1 kʰa1 tsʰɯŋ1 ka1 tsʰui1
button *niu3 liu3 liu3 liu3 niu3 niu3 niu3
buy *boi3 bue3 be3 be3 boi3 boi3 bɔi3
cake *piã3 piã3 piã3 piã3 piã3 piã3 pia3
call (v.) *kio5 kio5 kio5 kio5 kio5
can; able *oi4 e4 e6 e4 oi4 oi4
candle *tsɯk7 tsiak7 tsik7 tsoʔ7 tsek7 tsek7 tsiak7
cannot 𣍐 *boi4 bue4 be6 be4 boi4 boi4
capable; clever *ɡau2 ɡau2 ɡau2 ɡɔ2 ɡau2 ɡau2
carp *tai4 ~ *li3 tai4 tai6 tɛ4 li3 li3 li3
carriage *tsʰia1 tsʰia1 tsʰia1 tsʰa1 tsʰia1 tsʰia1 tsʰia1
carry a thing hanging down from hand *kuã4 kuã4 kuã6 kuã4 kuã4
carry on both hands *pʰoŋ3 pʰɔŋ3 pʰɔŋ3 pʰoŋ3 pʰoŋ3 pʰɔŋ3
cat *ma2 ~ *niau1 ~ *ŋiau1 niãu2 ~ ba2 liãu1 ~ ba2 mã1 ŋiau1 ŋiau1 ba2
ceramics *hui2 hui2 hui2 hui2 hui2 hui2
chain *lian6 lian5 lian6 liaŋ1 liaŋ6 liaŋ6 lieŋ4
chair *i3 ~ *ĩ3 i3 i3 i3 ĩ3 ĩ3 i3
change *pĩ5 pĩ5 pĩ5 piŋ5 pĩ5 pĩ5 pi5
character *di6 li5 dzi6 tsi1 zi6 zi6
cherish *sioʔ7 sioʔ7 sioʔ7 siɤ5 sioʔ7 sioʔ7
chestnut *lat8 lat8 lat8 leʔ8 lak8 lak8 lik7
chicken *koi1 kue1 ke1 ki1 koi1 koi1 kɔi1
choose *kõi3 kuĩ3 kan3 kiŋ3 kãi3 kai3
chopsticks *tɯ6 tɯ5 ti6 tui1 tɯ6 tu6 tu1
circle *kʰuan2 ~ *huan2 kʰuan2 kʰuan2 kʰuaŋ2 huaŋ2 huaŋ2 huaŋ2
city *siã2 siã2 siã2 sã2 siã2 siã2 sia2
clan *tsok8 tsɔk8 tsɔk8 tsoʔ8 tsok8 tsok8 tsɔk8
claw *diau3 liau3 dziau3 liɔ3 ziau3 ziau3 niau3
clean 清氣 *tsʰiŋ1 kʰi5 tsʰiŋ1 kʰi5 tsʰiŋ1 kʰi5 tsʰeŋ1 kʰi5 tsʰeŋ1 kʰiʔ7 tsʰeŋ1 kʰiʔ7
clear (water) *tsʰiŋ1 (?) tsʰiŋ1 tsʰiŋ1 tsʰeŋ1 tsʰeŋ1 tsiŋ1 tsieŋ1
CLF for blanket *niã3 niã3 liã3 niã3 nia3 nia3
CLF for celery *pe3 pe3 pa3 pe3 pẽ3 pɛ2
CLF for cigarette *ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1 ki1
CLF for cow (1) *tsiaʔ7 tsiaʔ7 tsiaʔ7 tsiaʔ7 tsiaʔ7
CLF for cow (2) *tʰau2 tʰɔ2 tʰau2
CLF for egg *liap8 liap8 liap8 liap8 liap8 liap8
CLF for fish *buø3 bə3 bue3 bue3 bue3
CLF for house *kõi1 kuĩ1 kan1 kiŋ1 kãi1 kãi1 kai1
CLF for mountain *tso6 tso4 tso6 tso6 tso6 tsɛ1
CLF for paper *tiõ1 tiũ1 tiɔ̃1 tiŋ1 tiõ1 tiõ1 tiɔ1
CLF for tree *tsaŋ2 tsaŋ2 tsaŋ2 tsaŋ2 tsaŋ2 tsaŋ2
climb *peʔ7 peʔ7 pɛʔ7 peʔ7 peʔ7
clogs *kiaʔ8 ~ *kʰiaʔ8 kiaʔ8 ~ kʰiaʔ8 kiaʔ8 kʰia4 kiaʔ8 kiaʔ8 kia4
cloth *pou5 pɔ5 pɔ5 pu5 pou5 pou5 pɛu5
cloud *hun2 hun2 hun2 hueŋ2 huŋ2 huŋ2 huŋ2
coarse *tsʰou1 tsʰɔ1 tsʰɔ1 tsʰu1 tsʰou1 tsʰou1 tsʰɛu1
cockroach *tsuaʔ8 tsuaʔ8 tsuaʔ8 tsua4 tsuaʔ8 tsuaʔ8 tsua4
collect *siu1 siu1 siu1 su1 siu1 siu1 siu1
colour *sik7 siak7 sik7 saʔ7 sek7 sek7 sek7 ~ sik7
comb *sioi1 sue1 se1 sɔ1 siu1 siu1 sɔi1
come *lai2 lai2 lai2 lɛ2 lai2 lai2 lai2
comfortable *suoŋ3 sɔŋ3 sɔŋ3 suaŋ3 suaŋ3 suaŋ3 suaŋ3
complain *uan5 uan5 uan5 uaŋ5 uaŋ5 uaŋ5
concave (1) *naʔ7 nãʔ7 naʔ7
concave (2) *tʰap7 tʰaʔ7 tʰap7 tʰap7 tʰap7
conceal *kʰõ5 kʰŋ5 kʰŋ5 kʰŋ5 kʰɯŋ5 kʰɯŋ5 kɔ5
confused *luan6 ~ *nuĩ6 luan5 luan6 luaŋ1 luaŋ4 luaŋ4 luaŋ7
continuous *siok8 siɔk8 siɔk8 soʔ8 sok8 sok8 sɔk8
convex *tʰou3 tʰɔ3 tʰɔ3 tʰou3 tʰou3
cook by boiling *tsɯ3 tsɯ3 tsi3 tsi3 tsɯ3 tsu3 tsu3
cooked *sɯk8 siak8 sik8 sek8 sek8 siak8
cooked rice *puĩ6 pŋ5 puĩ6 pŋ1 puŋ6 pɯŋ6 pui1
copper *taŋ2 taŋ2 taŋ2 taŋ2 taŋ2 taŋ2 taŋ2
corpse *si1 si1 si1 si1 si1 si1 si1
correct (adj.) *tsiã5 tsiã5 tsiã5 tsã5 tsiã5 tsiã5 tsia5
correct (v.) *koi3 kue3 ke3 kɛ3 koi3 koi3 kɔi3
cotton *mĩ2 mĩ2 bĩ2 miŋ2 mi2 mi2 mi2
country *kok7 kɔk7 kɔk7 koʔ7 kok7 kok7 kuek7
county *kuõi6 kuĩ5 kuãi6 kuŋ1 kuĩ6 kuãi6 kuai1
cover (v.) *kʰam5 ~ kʰõi5 kʰam5 kʰam5 kaŋ3 kʰãi5 kʰãi5
covering basket *ta5 ~ *tau5 ~ *tsau4 tau5 ta5 tɔ5 tsau4 tsau4 tsau4
cow *ŋu2 ɡu2 ɡu2 ɡu2 ɡu2 ɡu2 ŋu2
crab *hoi4 hue4 he6 he4 hoi4 hoi4 hɔi4
crack (n.) *pʰaŋ6 pʰaŋ5 pʰaŋ6 pʰaŋ5 pʰaŋ6 pʰaŋ6 pʰaŋ1
crack (v.) *pit7 pit7 pit7 peʔ7 pek7 pik7
craftsman *tsʰiõ6 tsʰiũ5 tsʰiɔ̃6 tsʰiŋ5 tsiaŋ4 tsʰiõ6 tsʰiɔ1
crawl *pe2 pe2 pɛ2 pa2 pe2 pe2 pɛ2
crisp *sou1 sɔ1 sɔ1 sou1 sou1
cross river *tou6 tɔ5 tɔ6 tu1 tou6 tou6 tɛu1
crucian carp *tsit7 (?) tsit8 tsit8 tsiaʔ7 tsek7 tsik7 tsiek7
cry *kʰau5 kʰau5 kʰau5 kʰau5 kʰau5 kʰau5
cup *pue1 pue1 pue1 pue1 pue1 pue1 puɛ1
cupboard *tu2 tu2 tu2 tu2 tu2 tu2
cut (fingernails) *ka1 ka1 ka1 ka1 ka1 ka1
cut (hairs) *tʰi5 tʰiʔ7 tʰi5 tʰi5 tʰi5 tʰi5 tʰi5
cut (v.) *kuaʔ7 kuaʔ7 kuaʔ7 kua5 kuaʔ7 kuaʔ7 kua7
cut down *pʰik7 pʰiak7 pʰik7 pʰiaʔ7 pʰek7 pʰek7 pʰik7
damp (1) *tam2 tam2 tam2 taŋ2 tam2 tam2 tam2
damp (2) *sip7 sip7 sip7 seʔ7 sip7 sip7 sip7
dare *kã3 kã3 kã3 kã3 kã3 kã3 ka3
dark *am5 am5 am5 aŋ5 am5 am5 am5
dash water (on person) *tsaŋ2 tsaŋ2 tsaŋ2 tsaŋ2 tsaŋ2
day *dit8 lit8 dzit8 leʔ8 zek8 zik8 ziek8
deaf *laŋ2 laŋ2 laŋ2 laŋ2 laŋ2 laŋ2 laŋ2
deep *tsʰim1 tsʰim1 tsʰim1 tsʰeŋ1 tsʰim1 tsʰim1 tsʰim1
deer 鹿 *lok8 ~ *lɯk8 ~ *tɯk8 lɔk8 lɔk7 loʔ8 lek8 tek8 tiak8
deer’s horn *dioŋ2 liɔŋ2 dziɔŋ2 zioŋ2 zioŋ2 zioŋ2 ziɔŋ2
dense *bat8 bat8 bat8 baʔ8 bak8
determine *kuat7 kuat7 kuat7 kiaʔ7 kuak7 kuak7 kʰiek7
dew *lou6 lɔ5 lɔ6 lu5 lou6 lou6 lɛu1
difficult *oʔ7 oʔ7 oʔ7 ɤ5 oʔ7 oʔ7 ɔ7
diligent *kʰɯn2 kʰun2 kʰin2 kʰeŋ2 kʰeŋ2 kʰiŋ2 kʰieŋ2
dirty □□ *nap7 sap7 (?) lap7 sap7 laʔ7 saʔ7 naʔ7 sap7 naʔ7 sap7 lap8 tsai4
disassemble *tʰiaʔ7 tʰiaʔ7 tʰiaʔ7 tʰia5 tʰiaʔ7 tʰiaʔ7 tʰia7
dish *pʰuø5 pʰə5 pʰue5 pʰue5 pʰue5 pʰuɛ5
dislike and avoid *hiam2 hiam2 hiam2 hiam2 hiam2 hiam2
dive *bi6 bi5 bi6 bi1 bi6 bi6
dog *kau3 kau3 kau3 kau3 kau3 kau3
door *muĩ2 bŋ2 buĩ2 mŋ2 muŋ2 mɯŋ2 mui2
dragon *lɯŋ2 liŋ2 liɔŋ2 loŋ2 leŋ2 leŋ2 liaŋ2
dream *maŋ6 baŋ5 baŋ6 baŋ5 maŋ6 maŋ6 maŋ1
dried meat *laʔ8 laʔ8 laʔ8 la4 laʔ8 laʔ8 la4
drill *tsuĩ5 tsŋ5 tsuĩ5 tsuŋ5 tsɯŋ5 tsɯŋ5 tsui5
drink (1) *tsiaʔ8 tsiaʔ8 tsiaʔ8 tsia4 tsiaʔ8 tsiaʔ8 tsia4
drink (2) *nim1 (?) lim1 lim1 nim1 nim6
dry *ta1 ta1 ta1 ta1 ta1 ta1
dry in the sun *pʰak8 pʰak8 pʰak8 pʰaʔ8 pʰak8 pʰak8 pʰak8
duck *aʔ7 aʔ7 aʔ7 a5 aʔ7 aʔ7 a7
duckweed *pʰio2 pʰio2 pʰio2 pʰiɤ2 pʰio2 pʰio2 pʰiɔ2
dumplingsstuffing *ã6 ã5 ã6 haŋ1 ã6 ã6 a1
dye *nĩ3 nĩ3 lĩ3 niŋ3 ni3 ni3 ni3
eagle *iŋ1 iŋ1 iŋ1 eŋ1 eŋ1 eŋ1 iŋ1
ear *hi4 ~ *hĩ4 hi3 hi6 hiŋ4 hĩ4 hĩ4 hi4
early *tsa3 tsa3 tsa3 tsa3 tsa3 tsa3 tsa3
earth; soil *tʰou2 tʰɔ2 tʰɔ2 tʰu2 tʰou2 tʰou2 tʰɛu2
earthen jar *kõ1 kŋ1 kŋ5 kaŋ1 kɯŋ1 kɯŋ1 kɔ1
easy *koi6 kue5 koi6 koi6
eat *tsiaʔ8 tsiaʔ8 tsiaʔ8 tsia4 tsiaʔ8 tsiaʔ8 tsia4
edge *kĩ2 kĩ2 kiŋ2 kĩ2 kĩ2 ki2
eel *tsʰua4 ~ *sian4 tsʰuã4 siaŋ6 tsʰuã4 siaŋ4 siaŋ4 tsʰua4
egg *nuĩ4 nŋ4 luĩ6 nuŋ4 nɯŋ4 nɯŋ4 nui4
eggplant *kio2 kio2 kio2 kiɤ2 kio2 kio2 kiɔ2
eight *poiʔ7 pueʔ7 peʔ7 pe5 poiʔ7 poiʔ7 pɔi7
elder brother *hiã1 hiã1 hiã1 hiã1 hiã1 hiã1 hia1
elder brother’s wife *so3 so3 so3 sɤ3 so3 so3 sɔ3
embryo *tʰø1 tʰə1 tʰe1 tʰɛ1 tʰo1 tʰo1 tʰai1
empty *kʰaŋ1 kʰaŋ1 kʰaŋ1 kʰaŋ1 kʰaŋ1 kʰaŋ1
end *tsioŋ1 tsiɔŋ1 tsiɔŋ1 tsoŋ1 tsoŋ1 tsoŋ1 tsɔŋ1
enter *dip8 lip8 dzip8 leʔ8 zip8 zip8 zip8
estimate *kou3 kɔ3 kɔ3 kou3 kɛu3
excrement *sai3 sai3 sai3 sɛ3 sai3 sai3 sai3
expensive *kui5 kui5 kui5 kui5 kui5 kui5 kui5
extinguish *set7 sit7 sit7 seʔ7 sek7 sek7 sik7
extremely *kik8 kiak8 kik7 keʔ8 kek8 kek8 kik8
eye *mak8 bak8 bak8 baʔ8 mak8 mak8 mak8
eyebrow *bai2 bai2 bai2 bɛ2 bai2 bai2 bai2
face *min6 bin5 bin6 beŋ5 meŋ6 miŋ6 mieŋ1
fall down *puaʔ8 puaʔ8 puaʔ8 pua4 puaʔ8 puaʔ8 pua4
fan (v.) *pʰuaʔ7 pʰua5 pʰuaʔ7 pʰuaʔ7
far *huĩ4 hŋ3 huĩ6 huŋ4 hŋ4 hŋ4 hui4
fart *pʰui5 pʰui5 pʰui5 pʰui5 pʰui5 pʰui5 pʰui5
fast; tight *kin3 kin3 kin3 keŋ3 keŋ3 kiŋ3 kieŋ3
fat *pui2 pui2 pui2 pui2 pui2 pui2 pui2
father’s elder brother *peʔ7 peʔ7 pɛʔ7 pa5 peʔ7 peʔ7 pɛ7
father’s younger brother *tsɯk7 tsiak7 tsik7 tsɤ4 tsek7 tsek7 tsip7
feed *tsʰi6 tsʰi5 tsʰi6 tsʰi1 tsʰi6 tsʰi6 tsʰi1
feel dizzy *hin2 hin2 heŋ2 heŋ2 hiŋ2 hieŋ2
festival *tsoiʔ7 tsueʔ7 tseʔ7 tse5 tsoiʔ7 tsoiʔ7 tsɔi7
few *tsio3 tsio3 tsio3 tsɤ3 tsio3 tsio3 tsiɔ3
field *tsʰan2 tsʰan2 tsʰan2 tsʰaŋ2 tsʰaŋ2 tsʰaŋ2 tsʰaŋ2
filial *ha5 ha5 ha5 ha5 ha5 ha5 ha5
fill up (with earth or mud) *tʰun6 tʰun5 tʰun6 tʰueŋ5 tʰuŋ6 tʰuŋ6
fine; small *iu5 ~ *iũ5 iu5 iu5 iu5 iũ5 iũ5 iu5
finger *tsãi3 tsuĩ3 tsãi3 tsɛ3 tsãi3 tsãi3 tsai3
fingernail *kaʔ7 kaʔ7 kaʔ7 ka5 kaʔ7 kaʔ7 ka7
fingerprint *lø2 lə2 le2 lue2 lo2 lo2 lɛ2
finished *uan2 uan2 uan2 buaŋ2 uaŋ2 uaŋ2 zieŋ2
fire *huø3 hə3 hue3 hue3 hue3 hue3 huɛ3
first () *it7 it7 it7 eʔ7 ek7 ik7 iek7
fish *hɯ2 hɯ2 hi2 hi2 hɯ2 hu2 hu2
fist *kun2 kun2 kun2 kueŋ2 kʰuŋ2 kʰuŋ2 kʰieŋ2
five *ŋou4 ɡɔ4 ɡɔ6 ɡu4 ŋou4 ŋou4 ŋɛu4
flax *tioi4 tue4 te6 tiɔ4 tiu4 tiu4
flea *tsau3 tsau3 tsau3 tsɔ3 tsau3 tsau3 tsau3
float *pʰu2 pʰu2 pʰu2 pʰu2 pʰu2 pʰu2 pʰu2
flower *hue1 hue1 hua1 hua1 hue1 hue1 huɛ1
fly (n.) *sin2 sin2 sin2 seŋ2 seŋ2 siŋ2 siŋ2
fly (v.) *puø1 pə1 pue1 pue1 pue1 pue1 puɛ1
foam *pʰuøʔ8 pʰəʔ8 pʰueʔ8 pʰɤ5 pʰueʔ8 pʰueʔ8 pʰuɛ4
follow *tuø3 tə3 tue3 tue3 tue3 tue3
foot; leg *kʰa1 kʰa1 kʰa1 kʰa1 kʰa1 kʰa1 kʰa1
forehead *ŋhiaʔ8 hiaʔ8 hiaʔ8 ia4 hiaʔ8 hiaʔ8 ŋia4
forest *nã2 nã2 lã2 nã2 na2 lim2 lim2
four *si5 si5 si5 si5 si5 si5 si5
fragrant *pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1 pʰaŋ1
fresh *tsʰĩ1 tsʰĩ1 tsʰĩ1 siaŋ1 tsʰĩ1 tsʰĩ1 tsʰi1
friend *iu3 iu3 iu3 iu3 iu3 iu3 ziu3
frightened *kiã1 kiã1 kiã1 kiã1 kiã1 kiã1 kia1
front *tsõi2 tsuĩ2 tsiŋ2 tsiŋ2 tsãi2 tsãi2 tsai2
fruit *kuø3 kə3 kue3 kɔ3 kue3 kuẽ3 kuɛ3
fry *tsʰa3 tsʰa3 tsʰa3 tsʰa3 tsʰa3 tsʰa3 tsʰa3
frying pan *tiã3 tiã3 tiã3 tiã3 tiã3 tiã3 tia3
full *tsʰioŋ1 tsʰiɔŋ1 tsʰiɔŋ1 tsʰoŋ1 tsʰoŋ1 tsʰoŋ1 tsʰɔŋ1
full (of water) *tĩ4 tĩ4 tĩ6 tiŋ4 tĩ4 tĩ4 ti4
full with hunger satisfied *pa3 pa3 pa3 pa3 pa3 pa3 pa3
get *tit7 tit7 tit7 teʔ7 tek7 tik7 tiek7
gill *tsʰi1 tsʰi1 tsʰi1 tsʰi1 tsʰi1 tsʰi1 tsʰi1
ginger *kiõ1 kiũ1 kiɔ̃1 keŋ1 kiõ1 kiõ1 kiɔ1
ginseng *søm1 ~ *sim1 səm1 sɔm1 saŋ1 sim1 sim1 sim1
give as *saŋ5 saŋ5 saŋ5 saŋ5 saŋ5 saŋ5 saŋ5
give birth *sẽ1 sĩ1 sɛ̃1 sã1 sẽ1 sẽ1 sɛ1
glutinous rice *tsut8 tsut8 tsut8 tsoʔ8 tsuk8 tsuk8 tsuk8
go *kʰɯ5 kʰɯ5 kʰi5 kʰi5 kʰɯ5 kʰu5 kʰu5
go-between *mhue2 ~ *mhuø2 m2 bun2 ~ bue2 bue2 bue2 bue2 buɛ2
go out *tsʰut7 tsʰut7 tsʰut7 tsʰoʔ7 tsʰuk7 tsʰuk7 tsʰuk7
gold *kim1 kim1 kim1 keŋ1 kim1 kim1 kim1
good *ho3 ho3 ho3 hɤ3 ho3 ho3 hɔ3
good fortune (1) *kiat7 kiat7 kiat7 kiaʔ7 kek7 kiak7 kiek7
good fortune (2) *hok7 hɔk7 hɔk7 hoʔ7 hok7 hok7 hɔk7
goose *ɡia2 ~ *ɡo2 ɡia2 ɡo2 zia2 ɡo2 ɡo2 ɡɔ2
grain *tsʰɯk7 tsʰiak7 tsʰik7 tsʰoʔ7 tsʰek7 tsʰek7 tsʰiak7
grandson *sun1 sun1 sun1 sueŋ1 suŋ1 suŋ1 suŋ1
grave *mou6 bɔ5 bɔŋ6 bu5 mo4 mo4 mɛu1
grind (v.) (1) *bua2 bua2 bua2 bua2 bua2 bua2 bua2
grind (v.) (2) *ŋian2 ~ *ŋõi3 ŋuĩ3 ɡan3 ziaŋ2 ŋiaŋ2 ŋiaŋ3 liɛŋ2
guess *ioʔ7 ioʔ7 ioʔ7 ziɤ5 ioʔ7 ioʔ7
guest *kʰeʔ7 kʰeʔ7 kʰɛʔ7 kʰa5 kʰeʔ7 kʰeʔ7 kʰɛ7
guilt *tsuø4 tsə4 tse6 tsue4 tsue4 tsue4 tsui4
hair *mõ2 bŋ2 bɔ̃2 mŋ2 mo2 mo2 bɔ2
hairpin *tʰoi1 tʰue1 tʰe1 tʰoi1 tʰoi1 tʰɔi1
half *puã5 puã5 puã5 puã5 puã5 puã5 pua5
hamper *lua2 lua2 lua2 lua2 lua2 lua2 lɔ2
hand *tsʰiu3 tsʰiu3 tsʰiu3 tsʰu3 tsʰiu3 tsʰiu3 tsʰiu3
hang *tiau5 tiau5 tiau5 tiɔ5 tiau5 tiau5 tiau5
happy 歡喜 *huã1hi3 huã1hi3 huã1hi3 huã1hi3 huã1hĩ3 hua1hi3
harbour *uo5 o5 o5 ɔ5 õ5 o5 au5
hard *tõi6 tuĩ5 tan6 tiŋ1 tãi6 tãi6 tai1
hasty *kip7 kip7 kip7 keʔ7 kip7 kip7 kʰip7
hat *bo6 bo5 bo6 bɤ1 bo6 bo6 mau4
hatch (eggs) *pu6 pu5 pu6 pu1 pu6 pu6 pu1
have *u4 u4 u6 bua4 u4 u4 u4
having flaw *kʰiʔ7 kʰiʔ7 kʰiʔ7 kʰi5 kʰiʔ7 kʰiʔ7 kʰi7
head *tʰau2 tʰau2 tʰau2 tʰɔ2 tʰau2 tʰau2 tʰau2
heal *i1 ~ *ui1 i1 i1 i1 ui1 ui1 i1
heart *sim1 sim1 sim1 seŋ1 sim1 sim1 sim1
heavy *taŋ4 taŋ4 taŋ6 taŋ4 taŋ4 taŋ4 taŋ4
hemp *muã2 muã2 buã2 muã2 mua2 mua2 mua2
hoe *tɯ2 tɯ2 ti2 tʰui2 tɯ6 tu2 tʰu2
hold *sen2 sin2 sin2 seŋ2 seŋ2 seŋ2 siŋ2
hold in arms *pʰo4 pʰo4 pʰo6 pʰɤ4 pʰo4 pʰo4 pʰɔ4
hold in mouth *kam2 kam2 kam2 kaŋ2 kam2 kam2 kam2
hold up with palm *tʰuʔ7 tʰuʔ7 tʰuʔ7 tʰoʔ7 tʰoʔ7 tʰoʔ7 tʰɔ7
hollow *pʰã5 pʰã5 pʰã5 pʰã5 pʰã5 huam5 baŋ5
horn *kak7 kak7 kak7 kaʔ7 kak7 kak7 kak7
horse *be3 be3 bɛ3 ba3 be3 be3 bɛ3
hot *duaʔ8 luaʔ8 dzuaʔ8 ziaʔ8 zuaʔ8 zuaʔ8 zua4
house *tsʰu5 tsʰu5 tsʰu5 tsʰu5 tsʰu5 tsʰu5 tsʰu5
household *ke1 ke1 kɛ1 ka1 ke1 ke1 kɛ1
how (big) (1) [ 若夥 ] *lua4 lua4 lua6 lua4 ua4
how (big) (2)[2] *zioʔ8 zioʔ8 zioʔ8
how (many) *kui3 kui3 kui3 kui3 kui3 kui3 kui3
hundred *peʔ7 peʔ7 pɛʔ7 pa5 peʔ7 peʔ7 pɛ7
hundred million *ik7 iak7 ik7 i5 ek8 ek8 i7
hungry *iau1 iau1 iau1 iɔ1 iau1
husband *aŋ1 aŋ1 aŋ1 aŋ1 aŋ1
I *ɡua3 ɡua3 ɡua3 bua3 ua3 ua3 ba3
ice *piã1 ~ *piŋ1 piŋ1 piŋ1 peŋ1 piã1 piã1 peŋ1
indigo *lam2 lam2 lam2 laŋ2 nam2 nam2 lam2
infect *uø5 ə5 ue5 ue5 uɛ5
ink *bak8 bak8 bak8 baʔ8 bak8 bak8 bak8
inkstone *ŋhĩ6 hĩ5 hĩ6 niŋ1 ŋi6 ŋĩ6 hi1
insane *sau3 ~ siau3 siau3 sɔ3 siau3 siau3 sau7
insect *tʰaŋ2 tʰaŋ2 tʰaŋ2 tʰaŋ2 tʰaŋ2 tʰaŋ2 tʰaŋ2
insert *tsʰaʔ7 tsʰaʔ7 tsʰaʔ7 tsʰa5 tsʰaʔ7 tsʰaʔ7 tsʰa7
inside *lai4 lai4 lai6 li5 lai4 lai4 lai4
insipid *tsiã3 tsiã3 tsiã3 tsiã3 tsiã3 tsiã3 tsia3
intestine *tõ2 tŋ2 tŋ2 tŋ2 tɯŋ2 tɯŋ2 tɔ2
invert *pʰak7 pʰak7 pʰak7 pʰak7 pʰak7 pʰak7
invitation card *tʰiap7 tʰiap7 tʰiap7 tʰiaʔ7 tʰiap7 tʰiap7 tʰiap7
invite *tsʰiã3 tsʰiã3 tsʰiã3 tsʰiã3 tsʰiã3 tsʰiã3 tsʰia3
invoke blessing *tsiok7 tsiɔk7 tsiɔk7 tsoʔ7 tsok7 tsok7 tsɔk7
iron *tʰiʔ7 tʰiʔ7 tʰiʔ7 tʰi5 tʰiʔ7 tʰiʔ7 tʰi7
itchy *tsiõ4 tsiũ4 tsiɔ̃6 tsiŋ4 tsiõ4 tsiõ4 tsiɔ4
jade-stone *ɡɯk8 ɡiak8 ɡiɔk8 ɡoʔ8 ɡek8 ɡek8 ziak8
jellyfish *tʰe6 tʰe5 tʰɛ6 tʰe5 tʰe6 tʰe6 tʰɛ1
jest at *ŋiat8 ɡiat8 ɡiat8 ŋiak8
join *hap8 hap8 hap8 haʔ8 hap8 hap8 hap8
joy *luok8 lɔk8 lɔk8 lɤ4 lak8 lak8 lɔk7
juice *tsiap7 ~ *tsap7 tsap7 tsiap7 tsiaʔ7 tsap7 tsap7 tsiap7
jump *tio2 tio2 tio2 tiɔ2
keep *tsiu3 tsiu3 tsiu3 tsu3 siu3 siu3 tsiɔ3
keep mouth shut *mhik8 (?) hmʔ8 hmʔ8 baʔ8 mek8 mek8 mek8
kick *tʰat7 tʰat7 tʰat7 tʰiaʔ7 tʰak7 tʰak7 tʰak7
kill (1) *tʰai2 tʰai2 tʰai2 tʰɛ2 tʰai2 tʰai2 tʰai2
kill (2) *suaʔ7 suaʔ7 suaʔ7 saʔ7 suaʔ7 suaʔ7 sua7
kiss (v.) *tsim1 tsim1 tsim1 tsim1 tsim1
knife *to1 to1 to1 tɤ1 to1 to1 tɔ1
knock *kʰa5 kʰa5 kʰa5 kʰɤ5 kʰa5
know *tsai1 tsai1 tsai1 tsɛ1 tsai1 tsai1 tsai1
ladle *hia1 hia1 hia1 hia1 hia1 hia1
lady *niõ2 niũ2 liɔ̃2 niŋ2 nio2 nio2 niɔ2
lake *ou2 ɔ2 ɔ2 hu2 ou2 ou2 ɛu2
lame *kʰuø2 kʰə2 kʰɤ2 kʰue2 kʰue2 kʰuɛ2
lamp *tiŋ1 tiŋ1 tiŋ1 teŋ1 teŋ1 teŋ1 teŋ1
language; speech *ue6 ue5 ua6 bua1 ue6 ue6 uɛ1
late *uã5 uã5 uã5 muã5 uã5 ua5
laugh *tsʰio5 tsʰio5 tsʰio5 tsʰɤ5 tsʰio5 tsʰio5 tsʰiɔ5
law *huap7 huat7 huat7 huaʔ7 huak7 huap7 bak7
lazy *tuã4 tuã4 tuã6 tuã4 tuã4 tuã4 tua4
leaf *nhioʔ8 hioʔ8 hioʔ8 liɤ4 hioʔ8 hioʔ8 hiɔ4
lean upon *ua3 ua3 ua3 ua3 ua3 ua3 ua3
learn *oʔ8 oʔ8 oʔ8 ɤ4 oʔ8 oʔ8 ɔ4
learned *pʰuok7 pʰɔk7 pʰɔk7 pʰoʔ7 pʰak7 pʰak7 pɔk7
leisure *õi2 uĩ2 iŋ2 iŋ2 ãi2 õi2 ai2
letter *pʰoi1 pʰue1 pʰe1 pʰe1 pʰoi1 pʰoi1 pʰɔi1
lick with tongue *tsi4 tsi4 tsi6 tsi4 tsi4 tsi4
lie down *to3 to3 to3 tɤ3 to3 to3
light *kʰin1 kʰin1 kʰin1 kʰeŋ1 kʰeŋ1 kʰiŋ1 kʰieŋ1
light green *lɯk8 liak8 lik8 loʔ8 lek8 lek8 liak8
lips *tun2 tun2 tun2 tueŋ2 tuŋ2 tuŋ2 tuŋ2
listen *tʰiã1 tʰiã1 tʰiã1 tʰiã1 tʰiã1 tʰiã1 tʰia1
litchi *noĩ6 nuĩ5 lãi6 leŋ1 li4 li4 li7
liver *kuã1 kuã1 kuã1 kuã1 kuã1 kuã1 kua1
long *tõ2 tŋ2 tŋ2 tŋ2 tɯŋ2 tɯŋ2 tɔ2
loose *nɯŋ6 liŋ5 liŋ6 loŋ1 neŋ6 leŋ6 niaŋ1
lose (hairs) *tʰut7 tʰut7 tʰut7 tʰoʔ7 tʰuk7 tʰuk7 tʰuk7
louse *sat7 sat7 sap7 saʔ7 sak7 sak7 sak7
low *ke4 ke4 kɛ6 kia4 ke4 ke4
lung[3] *pʰui5 ~ *hui5 hui5 hi5 pʰui5 hui5 hui5 hui5
make profit *tʰan5 tʰan5 tʰan5 tʰaŋ5 tʰaŋ5 tʰaŋ5 tʰaŋ5
mango *suõi6 ̃(?) suan5 suã̃i6 suã̃i6 suã̃i6
many *tsoi6 tsue5 tse6 tse1 tsoi6 tsoi6 tsɔi1
marry *ke5 ke5 kɛ5 ka5 ke5 ke5 kɛ5
mast *ui2 ui2 ui2 bui2 ui2 ui2
meat *nhɯk8 hiak8 nek8 nek8 hip8
medical plaster *ko1 ko1 ko1 kɤ1 ko1 ko1 kɔ1
medicine *ioʔ8 ioʔ8 ioʔ8 ziɤ4 ioʔ8 ioʔ8 iɔ4
melon *kue1 kue1 kua1 kua1 kue1 kue1 kuɛ1
metallic ore *kʰuoŋ5 kʰŋ5 kʰɔŋ5 kuã3 kʰuaŋ5 kʰuaŋ5 kʰuaŋ5
mill *mo6 bo5 bo6 bɤ1 mo6 mo6 mɔ1
mirror *kiã5 kiã5 kiã5 kiã5 kiã5 kiã5 kia3
miss (v.) *niam6 liam5 liam6 liaŋ1 niam4 niam4 niam1
mist; fog *bu6 ~ *bou6 bu5 bu6 bu5 bu6 bu6 bɛu5
mix *tsʰam1 tsʰam1 tsʰam1 tsʰaŋ1
mixed *tsap8 tsap8 tsap8 tsaʔ8 tsap8 tsap8 tsap8
mole *ki5 ki5 ki5 ki5 ki5 ki5 ki5
money *tsĩ2 tsĩ2 tsĩ2 tsiŋ2 tsĩ2 tsĩ2 tsi2
monkey *kau2 kau2 kau2 kɔ2 kau2 kau2 kau2
moon; month *ɡuøʔ8 ɡəʔ8 ɡueʔ8 bue4 ɡueʔ8 ɡueʔ8 buɛ4
mortar *kʰu4 ku4 kʰu6 kʰu4 kʰu4 kʰu4 kʰu4
mosquito *maŋ3 baŋ3 baŋ3 baŋ3 maŋ3 maŋ3 maŋ3
moss *tʰi2 tʰi2 tʰi2 tʰi2 tʰi2 tʰi2 tʰi2
mother’s brother *ku4 ku4 ku6 ku4 ku4 ku4 ku4
mountain *suã1 suã1 suã1 suã1 suã1 suã1 sua1
mouth *tsʰui5 tsʰui5 tsʰui5 tsʰui5 tsʰui5 tsʰui5
move *taŋ4 taŋ4 taŋ6 taŋ4 taŋ4 taŋ4 tʰaŋ4
move by lever *kiau4 kiau4 kiau6 kiɤ4 kiau4 kiau4 kiau4
mushroom *kou1 kɔ1 kɔ1 ku1 kou1 kou1 kɛu1
mute *e3 e3 ɛ̃3 a3 e3 e3 ɛ3
name *miã2 biã2 biã2 miã2 miã2 miã2 mia2
narrow *oiʔ8 ueʔ8 eʔ8 e4 oiʔ8 oiʔ8 ɔi4
near *kɯn4 kun4 kin6 keŋ4 keŋ4 kiŋ4 kieŋ4
neck *am4 am2 am6 am4 am4 am4
nest *siu6 siu5 siu6 siu5 siu6 siu6 siu1
net *maŋ4 baŋ4 baŋ6 baŋ4 maŋ4 maŋ4 maŋ4
new *sin1 sin1 sin1 seŋ1 seŋ1 siŋ1 sieŋ1
nine *kau3 kau3 kau3 kɔ3 kau3 kau3 kau3
north *pak7 pak7 pak7 paʔ7 pak7 pak7 pak7
nose *pʰi6 ~ *pʰĩ6 pʰi5 pʰĩ6 pʰi5 pʰĩ6 pʰĩ6 pʰi1
not *m6 m5 m6 ŋ1 m4 m4
not to have; no; not *bo2 bo2 bo2 bɤ2 bo2 bo2 bɔ2
oar *tsiõ3 tsiũ3 tsiɔ̃3 tsiõ3 tsio3
obey *hok8 hɔk8 hɔk8 hoʔ8 hok8 hok8 hɔk8
oil *iu2 iu2 iu2 iu2 iu2 iu2 iu2
old (1) *lau4 lau4 lau6 lɤ3 lau4 lau4 lau4
old (2) *ku6 ku5 ku6 ku1 ku6 ku6 ku1
one *tsit8 ~ *tsɯk8 tsit8 tsit8 tseʔ8 tsek8 tsek8 ziak8
oneself 家己 *ka1ki6 (?) kai4ki5 ka1ki2 ka1ki6 ka1ki5 ka4ki1
only *tok8 tɔk8 tɔk8 toʔ8 tok8 tok8 tɔk8
open *kʰui1 kʰui1 kʰui1 kʰui1 kʰui1 kʰui1 kʰui1
open (eyes) *peʔ7 pɛʔ7 pa5 peʔ7 peʔ7 pɛ7
outside *ɡua6 ɡua5 ɡua6 ɡua6 ɡua6 bua1
owe *kʰiam5 kʰiam5 kʰiam5 kʰiaŋ5 kʰiam5 ~ kʰim5 kʰeŋ5 kʰiam5
oyster *o2 o2 o2 ɤ2 o2 o2 ɔ2
pair (of shoes) *saŋ1 ~ *siaŋ1 saŋ1 siaŋ1 saŋ1 saŋ1 saŋ1 siaŋ1
palm *tsiõ3 tsiũ3 tsiɔ̃3 tsŋ3 tsiõ3 tsiõ3 tsiɔ3
peel (v.) *peʔ7 peʔ7 pɛʔ7 pa5 peʔ7 peʔ7 pɛ7
pen *pit7 pit7 pit7 peʔ7 pek7 pik7 piek7
person *naŋ2 laŋ2 laŋ2 laŋ2 naŋ2 naŋ2 naŋ2
pick up *kʰioʔ7 kʰioʔ7 kʰioʔ7 kʰiɤ5 kʰioʔ7 kʰioʔ7 kʰiɔ7
picture *ue6 ue5 ua6 bua1 ue6 ue6 uɛ1
pig *tɯ1 tɯ1 ti1 tɯ1 tu1 tu1
pigeon 鴿 *kap7 kap7 kap7 kaʔ7 kap7 kap7 kap7
pillar *tʰiau4 tʰiau4 tʰiau6 tʰiɔ4 tʰiau4 tʰiau4 tʰiau4
pinch (1) *ŋoiʔ7 ~ *koiʔ7 ɡueʔ7 ɡɛ̃ʔ7 kaʔ7 kiap8 kiap7 kɔi7
pinch (2) *niam5 liam5 niam5 niam5 niam7
placenta of womb *ui1 ui1 ui1 ui1 ui1
play (n.) *hi5 hi5 hi5 hi5 hi5 hi5 hi5
play (v.) □□ *tʰit7 tʰo2 tʰit7 tʰo2 tsʰit7 tʰo2 tʰek7 tʰo2 tʰik7 tʰo2 tiŋ7 tʰɔŋ2
plow *loi2 lue2 le2 le2 loi2 loi2 lɔi2
plum *mue2 (?) m2 m2 ~ bue2 ŋ2 bue2 bue2 buɛ2
poison (n.) *tak8 tak8 tak8 toʔ8 tak8 tak8 tak8
port *kaŋ3 kaŋ3 kaŋ3 kaŋ3 kaŋ3 kaŋ3 kaŋ3
pour liquid into cup *tʰin2 tʰin2 tʰin2 tʰeŋ2 tʰiŋ2
precious *po3 po3 po3 pɤ3 po3 po3 pɔ3
press (v.) *diʔ8 tsʰiʔ8 dziʔ8 ziʔ8 ziʔ8
press down *teʔ7 teʔ7 tɛʔ7 ta5 teʔ7 teʔ7 tɛ7
pretend *tẽ5 tĩ5 tɛ̃5 tã5 tẽ5 tẽ5 tɛ5
price *ke5 ke5 kɛ5 ka5 ke5 ke5 kɛ5
prosper *uoŋ6 ɔŋ5 ɔŋ6 buaŋ1 uaŋ4 uaŋ4 baŋ4
pull out *maŋ3 ban3 ban3 baŋ3 maŋ3 maŋ3 maŋ3
pulse *meʔ8 beʔ8 bɛ̃ʔ8 mã4 meʔ8 meʔ8 bɛ4
pungent *luaʔ8 luaʔ8 luaʔ8 lua4 luaʔ8 luaʔ8 lua4
punish *huat8 huat8 huat8 huaʔ8 huak8 huak8 huak8
purchase grain *tiaʔ8 tiaʔ8 tiaʔ8 tia4 tiaʔ8 tiaʔ8 tia4
rabbit *tʰou5 tʰɔ5 tʰɔ5 tʰou5 tʰou5 tʰɛu5
rain *hou4 hɔ4 hɔ6 hu4 hou4 hou4 hɛu4
rainbow *kʰɯŋ4 kʰiŋ4 kʰiŋ6 kʰueŋ1 kʰeŋ4 kʰeŋ4 kʰiaŋ4
rain-hat *loiʔ8 lueʔ8 leʔ8 le4 loiʔ8 loiʔ8 lɔi4
raise (head) *ɡiaʔ7 (?) kaʔ8 ɡiaʔ7 kʰia5 kiaʔ8
raise; go up *tsiõ4 ~ *tsʰiõ4 tsʰiũ4 tsʰiɔ̃6 tsŋ4 tsiõ4 tsiõ4 tsiɔ4
rank *kip7 ~ *kʰip7 kip7 ~ kʰip7 kip7 kʰeʔ7 kʰip7 kʰip7 kʰip7
ransom *siok8 ~ *sɯk8 siɔk8 siɔk8 soʔ8 sok8 sok8 siak8
rat *tsʰɯ3 tsʰɯ3 tsʰi3 tsʰi3 tsʰɯ3 tsʰu3 tsʰu3
ravine *kʰẽ1 kʰĩ1 kʰɛ̃1 kʰã1 kʰẽ1 kʰẽ1 kʰɛ1
read *tʰak8 tʰak8 tʰak8 tʰaʔ8 tʰak8 tʰak8 tʰak8
real *tsin1 tsin1 tsin1 tseŋ1 tseŋ1 tsiŋ1 tsieŋ1
reaping hook *liam2 ~ *nõi2 nuĩ2 liam2 niam2 liam2 liam2
receive *tsiʔ7 tsiʔ7 tsiʔ7 tsiaʔ7 tsiʔ7 tsiʔ7 tsi7
recognise *din6 lin5 dzin6 leŋ1 zeŋ6 ziŋ6 zieŋ1
red *aŋ2 aŋ2 aŋ2 aŋ2 aŋ2 aŋ2 aŋ2
remain *lau2 lau2 lau2 lɔ2 lau2 lau2 lau2
remember *ki5 ki5 ki5 ki5 ki5 ki5 ki5
remove to another place *sua3 sua3 sua3 sua3 sua3 sua3 sua3
residence *tʰeʔ8 tʰeʔ8 tʰɛʔ8 tʰa4 tʰeʔ8 tʰeʔ8 tsai1
rest *set7 sit7 sit7 seʔ7 sek7 sek7 sik7
rice gruel *muø2 bə2 bãi2 mŋ2 mue2 mue2 muɛ2
rice in grain *bi3 bi3 bi3 bi3 bi3 bi3 bi3
rice plant *tiu4 tiu4 tiu6 tiu4 tiu4 tiu4
rice seedlings *õ1 ŋ1 ŋ1 ŋ1 ŋ1 ŋ1 iɔ1
rice water *am3 am3 am3 aŋ3 am3 am3 am3
rice-cake *kuø3 kə3 kue3 kue3 kue3 kue3 kɔ3
ride *kʰia2 kʰa2 kʰia2 kʰi2 kʰia2 kʰia2 kʰia2
right; correct *tioʔ8 tioʔ8 tioʔ8 tʰiɤ4 tioʔ8 tioʔ8 tiɔ4
ringworm *tsʰuã3 ~ *sian3 sian3 sian3 siaŋ3 siaŋ3 siaŋ3 tsʰua3
rinse mouth *lɔk8 (?) lɔk8 lɔk8 lɔŋ4
river *kʰoi1 kʰue1 kʰe1 kʰe1 kʰoi1 kʰoi1 kʰɔi1
road *lou6 lɔ5 lɔ6 lu1 lou6 lou6 lɛu1
robber *tsʰat8 tsʰat8 tsʰat8 tsʰaʔ8 tsʰak8 tsʰak8 tsʰak8
roll up (sleeves) *piʔ7 piʔ7 piʔ7 pi5
root *kɯn1 kun1 kin1 keŋ1 keŋ1 kiŋ1 kieŋ1
rope *soʔ7 soʔ7 soʔ7 sɤ5 soʔ7 soʔ7 sɔ7
round *ĩ2 ĩ2 ĩ2 mŋ2 ĩ2 ĩ2 i2
rub with hands *so1 so1 so1 so1 so1 sɔ1
rudder *tua4 tua4 tua6 tɔ2 tua4 tua4 tua4
ruler *tsʰioʔ7 tsʰioʔ7 tsʰioʔ7 tsʰɤ5 tsʰioʔ7 tsʰioʔ7 tsʰiɔ7
run *tsau3 tsau3 tsau3 tsɔ3 tsau3 tsau3 tsau3
run over *kʰoiʔ7 kʰueʔ7 kʰeʔ7 kʰoiʔ7 kʰoiʔ7
s/he *i1 i1 i1 i3 i1 i1 i1
sail (n.) *pʰaŋ2 pʰaŋ2 pʰaŋ2 pʰaŋ2 pʰaŋ2 pʰaŋ2 pʰaŋ2
saliva *nuã4 nuã4 luã6 nuã4 nua4 nua4 nua4
salt (n.) *iam2 iam2 iam2 iaŋ2 iam2 iam2 iam2
salt (v.) *sĩ6 sĩ5 sĩ6 siŋ5
salty *kiam2 kiam2 kiam2 kiaŋ2 kiam2 kiam2 kiam2
sand *sua1 sua1 sua1 sua1 sua1 sua1 sua1
saw *kɯ5 kɯ5 ki5 ki5 kɯ5 ku5 ku5
scab *pʰi3 pʰi3 pʰi3 pʰi3 pʰi3 pʰi3 pʰi3
scald *tʰõ5 tʰŋ5 tʰɯŋ5 tʰɯŋ5 tʰɔ5
scale (of fish) *lan2 lan2 lan2 leŋ2 laŋ2 laŋ2 laŋ2
scold *mẽ6 (?) ma5 bɛ̃6 mã5 me6 me6 mɛ1
scrape *kueʔ7 kuaʔ7 kuaʔ7 kue5 kueʔ7 kueʔ7 kuɛ7
sea *hai3 hai3 hai3 hɛ3 hai3 hai3 hai3
search *tsʰuø6 tsʰə5 tsʰue6 tsʰue5 tsʰue6 tsʰue6 tuɛ5
seasonal market *hɯ1 hɯ1 hi1 hi1 hɯ1 hu1
second () *di6 li5 dzi6 li1 zi4 zi4 zi1
see (1) *kʰuã5 (?) kʰuã5 kʰuã5 kʰuã5 ---
see (2) *tʰõi3 (?) tʰõi3 tʰõi3
segment (of orange) *niam6 liam6 niam6 niam4 niam1
seize *tøʔ8 təʔ8 tuaʔ8 toʔ8 toʔ8 toʔ8 tuak8
sell *boi6 bue5 be6 be1 boi6 boi6 bɔi1
sell grain *tʰio5 tʰio5 tʰio5 tʰiɤ5 tʰio5 tʰio5
send *kia5 kia5 kia5 kia5 kia5 kia5 kia5
separate into divisions *puaʔ7 ~ *pʰuaʔ7 puaʔ7 puaʔ7 pua5 pʰuaʔ7 pʰuaʔ7 bua7
set up *siat7 siat7 siat7 siaʔ7 siak7 siak7 siek7
seven *tsʰit7 tsʰit7 tsʰit7 tsʰeʔ7 tsʰek7 tsʰik7 tsʰiek7
sew *tʰĩ6 tʰĩ5 tʰĩ6 tʰiŋ5 tʰĩ6 tʰĩ6 tʰi1
shake (head) *io2 io2 io2 iɤ2 io2 io2 iɔ2
shallow *tsʰian3 tsʰian3 tsʰian3 tsʰiŋ3 tsʰiaŋ3 tsʰieŋ3
shape *hiŋ2 hiŋ2 hiŋ2 heŋ2 heŋ2 heŋ2 hiŋ2
sharp *lai6 lai5 lai6 lɛ1 lai6 lai6 lai1
sharp-pointed *tsiam1 tsiam1 tsiam1 tsiaŋ1 tsiam1 tsiam1 tsiam1
sheep; goat *iõ2 iũ2 iɔ̃2 ziŋ2 iõ2 iõ2 iɔ2
ship *tsun2 tsun2 tsun2 tsueŋ2 tsuŋ2 tsuŋ2 tsuŋ2
shirt *sã1 sã1 sã1 sã1 sã1 sã1 sa1
shoe *oi2 ue2 e2 e2 oi2 oi2 ɔi2
shop *tiam5 ~ *tõi5 tuĩ5 tiam5 tiŋ5 tiam5 tiam5 tiam5
short *tø3 tə3 te3 tue3 to3 to3 tɛ3
short (as man) *oi3 ue3 e3 e3 oi3 oi3 ɔi3
shoulder *kõi1 kuĩ1 kan1 kiŋ1 kãi1 kõi1 kieŋ1
shrimp *he2 he2 hɛ2 ha2 he2 he2 hɛ2
shut *kuẽ1 kuĩ1 kuã1 kuã1 kuẽ1 kuẽ1 kuaŋ1
shuttlecock *kian5 kian5 kian5 kiaŋ5 kiaŋ4 kiaŋ4 kieŋ5
sick *pẽ6 pĩ5 pɛ̃6 pã1 pẽ6 pẽ6 pɛ1
sieve (n.) *tʰai1 tʰai1 tʰai1 tʰɛ1 tʰai1 tʰai1 tʰai1
silkworm *tsʰam2 ~ *tsʰõi2 tsʰam2 tsʰan2 tsʰaŋ2 tsʰãi2 tsʰãi2 tsʰai2
silver *ŋɯn2 ɡun2 ɡin2 zeŋ2 ŋeŋ2 ŋiŋ2 ŋieŋ2
sink *tiam2 ~ *tim2 tiam2 tiam2 teŋ2 tim2 tim2 tʰiam2
sit *tsø4 tsə4 tse6 tse4 tso4 tso4 tsɛ4
six *lak8 ~ *lɯk8 (?) lak8 lak8 laʔ8 lek8 lak8 lak8
skin *pʰuø2 pʰə2 pʰue2 pʰue2 pʰue2 pʰue2 pʰuɛ2
skirt *kun2 kun2 kun2 kueŋ2 kuŋ2 kuŋ2 kuŋ2
sky *tʰĩ1 tʰĩ1 tʰĩ1 tʰiŋ1 tʰĩ1 tʰĩ1 tʰi1
slant *kʰi1 kʰi1 kʰi1 kʰi1 kʰi1 kʰi1
sleeve *uĩ3 ŋ3 uĩ3 mŋ3 ŋ3 ŋ3 ui3
slice (of melon) *tø5 tə5 te5 te5 tɛ5
slim *san3 san3 san3 saŋ3 saŋ3 saŋ3 saŋ3
slip down *paŋ1 paŋ1 paŋ1 paŋ1 paŋ1 paŋ1 paŋ1
slippery *kut8 kut8 kut8 koʔ8 kuk8 huk8 kut8
slow *man6 ban5 ban6 baŋ1 maŋ6 maŋ6 maŋ1
small *soi5 sue5 se5 se5 soi5 soi5 sɔi5
small jar *kuan5 kuan5 kuan5 kuaŋ5 kuaŋ5 kuaŋ5 kuaŋ5
smell (n.) *bi6 bi5 bi6 bi1 bi6 bi1
smell (v.) *pʰi6 ~ *pʰĩ6 pʰi5 pʰĩ6 pʰi1 pʰĩ6 pʰĩ6 pʰi1
smell of fish *tsʰo1 tsʰo1 tsʰo1 tsʰɤ1 tsʰo1 tsʰo1
smelly *tsʰau5 ~ *tsʰiau5 tsʰau5 tsʰau5 tsʰiɔ5 tsʰau5 tsʰau5 tsʰiau5
smoke; tobacco *hun1 hun1 hun1 hueŋ1 huŋ1 huŋ1 huŋ1
smooth with iron *ut7 ut7 ut7 uk7 uk7
snail *lø2 lə2 le2 lue2 lo2 lo2 lɛ2
snake *tsua2 tsua2 tsua2 tsua2 tsua2 tsua2 tsua2
snow *søʔ7 səʔ7 seʔ7 sue5 soʔ7 soʔ7 sɔi7
socks *buøʔ8 bəʔ8 bueʔ8 bue4 bueʔ8 ɡueʔ8 bak8
soft *nuĩ3 lŋ3 luĩ3 nuŋ3 nɯŋ3 nɯŋ3 nui3
son *kiã3 kã3 kiã3 kiã3 kiã3 kiã3 kia3
song *kua1 kua1 kua1 kɔ1 kua1 kua1 kua1
son-in-law 婿 *sai5 sai5 sai5 sɛ5 sai5 sai5 si5
sound *im1 im1 im1 eŋ5 im1 im1 im1
sour *suĩ1 sŋ1 suĩ1 suŋ1 sɯŋ1 sɯŋ1 sui1
south *nam2 lam2 lam2 laŋ2 nam2 nam2 nam2
sparse *ka5 ka5 ka5 ka5
speak (1) *tã5 tã5 tã5
speak (2) *suøʔ7 səʔ7 sueʔ7 sue5 sueʔ7 sueʔ7 suɛ7
speak (3) *koŋ3 (?) kaŋ3 kɔŋ3 kŋ3 kɔ3
splash (v.) *pʰun5 pʰun5 pʰun5 pʰueŋ5 pʰuŋ5 pʰuŋ5 pʰuŋ5
splint *miʔ8 biʔ8 biʔ8 bi4 biʔ8 biʔ8 mi4
spread (a mat) *tsʰɯ1 tsʰɯ1 tsʰi1 su1 tsʰɯ1 tsʰu1 si1
spring *tsʰun1 tsʰun1 tsʰun1 tsʰueŋ1 tsʰuŋ1 tsʰuŋ1 tsʰuŋ1
sprinkle *hiu5 ~ *hĩ5 (?) hiu5 hiu5 huŋ5 hĩ5 hĩ5 hi5
sprout *puʔ7 (?) puʔ7 puʔ7 pue5 huak7 huak7 pu7
squat (v.) kʰu2 kʰu2 kʰu2 kʰu2 kʰu2 kʰu2
stack up *tʰaʔ8 tʰaʔ8 tʰaʔ8 tʰa4 tʰaʔ8 tʰaʔ8 tʰa4
stalk (of fruit) *ti5 ~ *tiʔ7 ti5 ti5 ti5 tiʔ7 tiʔ7 ti7
stand *kʰia4 kʰa4 kʰia6 kʰia4 kʰia4 kʰia4 kʰia4
star *tsʰẽ1 tsʰĩ1 tsʰɛ̃1 tsʰã1 tsʰẽ1 tsʰẽ1 tsʰɛ1
steal *tʰau1 tʰau1 tʰau1 tʰɔ1 tʰau1 tʰau1 tʰau1
steam *tsiŋ1 tsiŋ1 tsiŋ1 tseŋ1 tseŋ1 tseŋ1 tsiŋ1
steelyard *tsʰin5 tsʰin5 tsʰin5 tsʰeŋ5 tsʰeŋ5 tsʰiŋ5 tsʰieŋ5
steep *kia4 kia4 kia6 kʰia5 kia4 kia4
step on *taʔ8 taʔ8 taʔ8 ta4 taʔ8 taʔ7 ta4
stir *la4 la4 la6 la4 la4 la3
stone *tsioʔ8 tsioʔ8 tsioʔ8 tsɤ4 tsioʔ8 tsioʔ8 tsiɔ4
stop up *tʰat7 tʰat7 tʰat7 tʰak7
straight *tit8 tit8 tit8 teʔ8 tek8 tik8 tiek8
straw mat *tsʰioʔ8 tsʰioʔ8 tsʰioʔ8 tsʰɤ4 tsʰioʔ8 tsʰioʔ8 tsʰiɔ4
street *koi1 kue1 ke1 ke1 koi1 koi1 kɔi1
stretch out (hand) *tsʰun1 tsʰŋ1 tsʰun1 tsʰuŋ1 tsʰuŋ1 tsʰuŋ1 tsʰuŋ1
stride (v.) *huaʔ8 huaʔ8 huaʔ8 huaʔ8 huaʔ8 hua4
strike (a match) *ueʔ8 ueʔ8 uɛ2
strike (v.) *pʰak7 pʰaʔ7 pʰaʔ7 pʰaʔ7 pʰaʔ7 pʰaʔ7 pʰa7
strike fire *kʰiat7 kʰiat7 kʰiat7 kʰiak8
sugar *tʰõ2 tʰŋ2 tʰŋ2 tʰŋ2 tʰɯŋ2 tʰɯŋ2 tʰɔ2
sultry *hip7 hip7 hip7 hip7 hip7 ip7
summer *he6 he5 hɛ6 ha1 he6 he6 hɛ1
sun 熱頭 *dit8 tʰau2 lit8 tʰau2 dzit8 tʰau2 leʔ8 tʰɔ2 zek8 tʰau2 zik8 tʰau2 ziek8 tʰau2
surplus *sen6 sin5 sin6 seŋ6 seŋ2 siŋ4
sweat (of hand) *sioʔ8 sioʔ8 sioʔ8 siɤ4 sioʔ8 sioʔ8 zɛ4
swim *siu2 siu2 siu2 siu2 siu2 siu2 siu2
table (1) *toʔ7 toʔ7 toʔ7 tɤ5
table (2)[4] *tsʰõ2 tɤ5tsʰŋ2 tsʰɯŋ2 tsʰɯŋ2 tsʰɔ2
tadpole *kuai1 kuai1 kuai1 kui1
tail *buø3 bə3 bue3 bue3 bue3 bue3 buɛ3
take off (clothes) *tʰuĩ5 tʰŋ5 tʰuĩ5 tʰɯŋ5 tʰɯŋ5 tʰui5
take wife *tsʰua6 tsʰua5 tsʰua6 tsʰua5 tsʰua6 tsʰua6
tall *kuõi2 kuĩ2 kuãi2 kuŋ2 kuĩ2 kuãi2 kuai2
tame *kuai1 kuai1 kuai1 kuɛ1 kuai1 kuai1 kuai1
taro *ou6 ɔ5 ɔ6 u1 ou6 ou6 ɛu1
tax *suø5 sə5 sue5 sue5 sue5 sue5 suɛ5
tea *te2 te2 tɛ2 ta2 te2 te2 tɛ2
teach *ka5 ka5 ka5 ka5 ka5 ka5 ka5
teeming 鬧熱 *nau6 diat8 lau5 liat8 lau6 dziat8 lɔ1 ziaʔ8 lau6 ziak8 lau6 ziak8 nau1 ziek8
temple *bio6 bio5 bio6 biɤ1 bio6 bio4 miau4
ten *tsap8 tsap8 tsap8 tsaʔ8 tsap8 tsap8 tsap8
ten thousand *ban6 ban5 ban6 baŋ1 buaŋ6 buaŋ6 baŋ1
tendon *kɯn1 kun1 kin1 keŋ1 keŋ1 kiŋ1 kieŋ1
thank *sia6 sia5 sia6 sia1 sia6 sia6 sia1
that[5] *hɯ3 hit7 hit7 hi3 hɯ3 hi3
thatch *mhau2 bau2 hm2 ~ m2 hŋ2 mau2 mau2 mau2
they[6] [ ] *i1 naŋ2 in1 in1 i1 naŋ2 iŋ1 i1 naŋ2
thick *kau4 kau4 kau6 kɔ4 kau4 kau4 kau4
thick (congee) (1) *kʰo3 kʰo3 kʰoʔ7 kʰɤ3 kʰɔ3
thick (congee) (2) *kit8 kek8 kik8 kiek8
thick board (1) *paŋ1 paŋ1 paŋ1 paŋ1 paŋ1 paŋ1
thick board (2) *pan3 ~ *põi3 pan3 pan3 paŋ3 pãi3 põi3 pai3
thin *poʔ8 poʔ8 poʔ8 pɤ4 poʔ8 poʔ8 pɔ4
think *siõ3 ~ *siõ4 siũ3 siɔ̃3 siŋ4 siõ4 sio4 siɔ4
this[7] *tsi3 tsit7 tsit7 tsi3 tsi3 tsi3
thousand *tsʰõ̃i1 tsʰuĩ1 tsʰiŋ1 tsʰiŋ1 tsʰãi1 tsʰãi1 tsʰai1
thread *suã5 suã5 suã5 suã5 suã5 suã5 sua5
three *sã1 sã1 sã1 sã1 sã1 sã1 sa1
throat *nã2 ~ lɯŋ2 nã2 lã2 leŋ2 liaŋ2
throw down *sak7 ~ *sɯk7 sak7 siak7 saʔ7 sek7 sek7 siak7
thunder *lui2 lui2 lui2 lui2 lui2 lui2 lui2
tickle *ŋiau1 ~ *niau1 ŋiãu1 ɡiãu1 niau1 niau1
tie (a knot) *kat7 kat7 kat7 kaʔ7 kak7 kak7 kiek7
tie up *pak8 pak8 pak8 paʔ8 pak8 pak8 pak8
tiger *hou3 hɔ3 hɔ3 hu3 hõu3 hou3 hɛu3
tight *an2 an2 an2 aŋ2 aŋ2 aŋ2
tile *hia4 hia4 hia6 bua4 hia4 hia4 hia4
tongue *tsiʔ8 tsiʔ8 tsiʔ8 sua4 tsiʔ8 tsiʔ8 tsi4
tooth *kʰi3 kʰi3 kʰi3 kʰi3 kʰi3 kʰi3 kʰi3
tortoise *ku1 ku1 ku1 kui1 ku1 ku1 ku1
transgress *huam4 huan4 huan6 haŋ4 huaŋ4 huam4 baŋ4
tree *tsiu6 tsʰiu5 tsʰiu6 tsʰu5 tsʰiu6 tsʰiu6 tsʰiu1
trousers *kʰou5 kʰɔ5 kʰɔ5 kʰu5 kʰou5 kʰou5 kʰɛu5
tubular container *koŋ3 kɔŋ3 kɔŋ3 koŋ3
tuck *soiʔ7 sueʔ7 seʔ7 se5 soiʔ7 soiʔ7
turbid (1) *lo2 lo2 lo2 lo2 lo2
turbid (2) *tsuok8 tsɔk8 tsɔk8 tsoʔ8 tsuak8 tsuak8 tsuak8
turn around *tuĩ3 tŋ3 tuĩ3 tuŋ3 tɯŋ3 tɯŋ3 tui3
turn over *põi3 puĩ3 pan3 piŋ4 pãi3 pãi3 pai3
twist *tsun4 tsun4 tsun6 tsueŋ4 tsuŋ4 tsuŋ4
two *nõ4 nŋ4 lɔ̃6 nŋ3 no4 no4 nɔ4
umbrella (1) *suã5 suã5 suã5 suã5 sua5
umbrella (2) *tsia1 tsia1 tsia1 tsia1
uncooked *tsʰẽ1 tsʰĩ1 tsʰɛ̃1 tsʰã1 tsʰẽ1 tsʰẽ1 tsʰɛ1
understand *pat7 pat7 pat7 paʔ7 pak7 pak7 pak7
unit of volume *tsen1 tsin1 tsin1 seŋ1 seŋ1 seŋ1 siŋ1
untie *tʰau3 tʰau3 tʰau3 tʰɔ3 tʰau3 tʰau3
urine 尿 *dio6 lio5 dzio6 liɤ1 zio6 zio6 ziɔ1
use something to reach higher *kuø3 kə3 kue3 kue3 kue3
vase *pan2 pan2 pan2 paŋ2 paŋ2 paŋ2 paŋ2
vegetable *tsʰai5 tsʰai5 tsʰai5 tsʰɛ5 tsʰai5 tsʰai5 tsʰai5
vomit *tʰou5 tʰɔ5 tʰɔ5 tʰu5 tʰou5 tʰou5
waist *io1 io1 io1 iɤ1 io1 io1 iɔ1
walk *kiã2 kiã2 kiã2 kiã2 kiã2 kiã2 kia2
warm coat *hiu2 hiu2 hiu2 hiu2 hiũ2
wash *soi3 sue3 se3 se3 soi3 soi3 sɔi3
water (n.) *tsui3 tsui3 tsui3 tsi3 tsui3 tsui3 tsui3
water (v.) *ak7 ak7 ak7 aʔ7 ok7 ak7 ak7
water in which rice has been washed *pʰun1 pʰun1 pʰun1 pʰueŋ1 pʰuŋ1 pʰuŋ1 pʰuŋ1
water lily *lian2 ~ *nõi2 nuĩ2 lian2 liaŋ2 nai2 noi2 lieŋ2
wave (n.) *ɯŋ3 iŋ3 iŋ3 ioŋ3 eŋ3 eŋ3 iaŋ3
wave (v.) *iat8 iat8 iat8 iaʔ8 iaʔ8 iaʔ8 iek8
we[8] [ ] *ɡua3 naŋ2 ɡun3 ɡun3 uaŋ3 uaŋ3
wear *tsʰɯŋ6 tsʰiŋ5 tsʰiŋ6 tsoŋ1 tsʰeŋ6 tsʰeŋ6 tsʰiaŋ1
weep *tʰi2 tʰi2 tʰi2 tʰi2 tʰi2 tʰi2 tʰi2
well (n.) *tsẽ3 tsĩ3 tsɛ̃3 tsã3 tsẽ3 tsẽ3 tsɛ3
what *miʔ7 mĩʔ7 bĩ1 meʔ7 miʔ7 mi7
white *peʔ8 peʔ8 pɛʔ8 pa4 peʔ8 peʔ8 pɛ4
wide *kʰuaʔ7 kʰuaʔ7 kʰuaʔ7 kʰua5 kʰuaʔ7 kʰuaʔ7 kʰua7
wife *bou3 bɔ3 bɔ3 bou3 bou3
wind *huoŋ1 huaŋ1 hɔŋ1 hoŋ1 huaŋ1 huaŋ1 huaŋ1
wind contrary () *ŋik8 ɡiak8 ɡik8 ziaʔ8 ŋek8 ŋek8 ŋek8
winding *uan1 uan1 uan1 uaŋ1 uaŋ1 uaŋ1 uaŋ1
window *tʰeŋ1 ~ *tʰɯŋ1 tʰaŋ1 tʰaŋ1 tʰɔ1 tʰeŋ1 tʰeŋ1 tʰiaŋ1
wine *tsiu3 tsiu3 tsiu3 tsiu3 tsiu3 tsiu3 tsiu3
wing[9] *sip8 ~ *sit8 sit8 sit8 seʔ8 sek8 sik8 siek8
winnow (v.) *pua5 pua5 pua5 pua5 pua5 pua5 pua5
winter *taŋ1 taŋ1 taŋ1 taŋ1 taŋ1 taŋ1 taŋ1
wipe *tsʰit7 tsʰit7 tsʰit7 tsʰek7 tsʰik7 tsʰiek7
withdraw 退 *tʰø5 tʰə5 tʰe5 tʰue5 tʰo5 tʰo5 tʰɛ5
wonderful *miau6 biau5 biau6 biɔ1 miau4 miau4 miau3
wood[10] *mak8 bak8 bak8 boʔ8 bak8 bak8 mɔk8
work (n.) *kaŋ1 kaŋ1 kaŋ1 kaŋ1 kaŋ1 kaŋ1 kaŋ1
wrap up *pau1 pau1 pau1 pɔ1 pau1 pau1 pau1
write *sia3 sia3 sia3 sia3 sia3 sia3 sia3
wrong *tã6 tã5 tã6 tã6
year *nhĩ2 nĩ2 lĩ2 niŋ2 ni2 ni2 hi2
yeast[11] *kʰak7 ~ *kʰɯk8 kʰak7 kʰak7 kʰaʔ7
yellow *uĩ2 ŋ2 uĩ2 ŋ2 ŋ2 ŋ2 ui2
you *lɯ3 lɯ3 li3 li3 lɯ3 lu3 lu3
you (plural)[12] [ ] *lɯ3 naŋ2 lin3 lin3 neŋ3 niŋ3 lu3 naŋ2
younger brother *ti4 ti4 ti6 ti4 ti4 ti4 ti4
younger sister *muø6 bə5 bãi6 mŋ1 mue4 ~ mue6 mue4 muɛ1

See also

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Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ The Hǎikǒu form for this etymon [ŋia1] suggests the reconstruction of *ŋh-.
  2. ^ For the relationship between *lua4 and *zioʔ8, see Mei (1999: 13–15).
  3. ^ The reconstruction of *pʰui5 is based on the reflexes of Dàtián and Huìdōng ([pʰui5]).
  4. ^ There are two forms for referring ‘table’ in the Dàtián dialect: 桌 [tɤ5] and 桌床 [tɤ5 tsʰŋ2].
  5. ^ The Quánzhōu and Zhāngzhōu forms are fusions of *hɯ3 ‘that’ and *it7 ‘one’. See Mei (1999: 8) for discussions.
  6. ^ The Quánzhōu, Zhāngzhōu and Cháoyáng forms of this word are fusions of *i1 ‘s/he’ and *naŋ2 ‘person’ (cf. Norman 1983: 208; Mei 1999: 2–4). The Jiēyáng and Léizhōu dialects keep the original forms. See also the forms of ‘we’ and ‘you (plural)’.
  7. ^ For the etymology of this word, see Mei (1999: 21–23). The Quánzhōu and Zhāngzhōu forms are fusions of *tsi3 ‘this’ and *it7 ‘one’.
  8. ^ The modern forms of this word are believed to be fusions of *ɡua3 ‘I’ and *naŋ2 ‘person’ (cf. Norman 1983: 208; Mei 1999: 2–4). See also the forms of ‘you (plural)’ and ‘they’.
  9. ^ For the reconstruction of *sip8, see example 229 of Chapter 3.
  10. ^ The reconstruction of the *m- initial for this etymon is chiefly based on the reflex of Hǎifēng, i.e. [mak8].
  11. ^ For the reconstruction of *kʰɯk8, see example 352 of Chapter 3.
  12. ^ The modern forms of this word are believed to be fusions of *lɯ3 ‘you’ and *naŋ2 ‘person’ (cf. Norman 1983: 208; Mei 1999: 2–4). See also the forms of ‘we’ and ‘they’.

References

[edit]
  • Kwok, Bit-Chee (2018) Southern Min: comparative phonology and subgrouping (Routledge studies in East Asian linguistics), volume 2, New York: Routledge, →ISBN
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
Sino-Tibetan

p-Tibeto-Burman • Old Chinese (basic) • p-Southern Min • Macro-Bai • p-Tujia • p-Naish • p-Ersuic • Guiqiong • Horpa • p-Lolo-Burmese • p-Lalo • Lalo • Akha • Woni • Axi • Nesu • Yi (Mihei) • Kathu • Gong • p-Karenic • p-Luish • p-Bodo-Garo • Kuki-Chin • Suansu • Jejara • Mru • p-W. Tibetan • Tibetan (Lajiao) • Amdo Tibetan • Zakhring • Tshangla • Kho-Bwa • Mey • p-Puroik • p-Hrusish • Koro • Greater Siangic • Raji-Raute • Dhimalish • Baram-Thangmi • Bhujel • p-Kham • Dura • Bunan • (Nepal)

Austroasiatic

p-Austroasiatic (Swadesh) • p-Munda • p-Khasian • p-Palaungic • Quang Lam • p-Khmuic • p-Pakanic • p-Vietic • p-Katuic • p-Bahnaric • p-Pearic • p-Khmeric • p-Monic • p-Aslian • p-Nicobarese

Hmong-Mien

p-Hmong-Mien • Hmong-Mien • p-Hmongic • Pa-Hng • Xong • Pana • She • p-Mienic • Mienic • Mien (Gongcheng) • Biao Min (Shikou)

Kra-Dai

p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

p-Austronesian