艾

See also: 𦫿

艾	U+827E, 艾 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-827E

← 艽
[U+827D]

CJK Unified Ideographs

艿 →
[U+827F]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

艾 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 廿大 (TK) or 難廿大 (XTK), four-corner 4440₀, composition ⿱艹乂)

Derived characters[edit]

哎餀鴱

References[edit]

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1017, character 9
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30648
Dae Jaweon: page 1475, character 14
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3172, character 9
Unihan data for U+827E

Chinese[edit]

trad.		艾
simp. ^#		艾

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (乂) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
艾	ŋaːds, ŋads
鴱	ŋaːds, ŋads
餀	*hŋaːds
刈	*ŋads
乂	*ŋads

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːds, *ŋads) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 乂 (OC *ŋads).

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): ài (ai⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaai⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngie

(Meixian, Guangdong): nê⁴ / ngê⁴ / ngai⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): ghai³
Eastern Min (BUC): ngié / ngái
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hiāⁿ / gāi / ngāi

(Teochew, Peng'im): hian⁷ / ngai⁶
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶nge

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: ài
  - Zhuyin: ㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ài
  - Wade–Giles: ai⁴
  - Yale: ài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ay
  - Palladius: ай (aj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngaai⁶
  - Yale: ngaaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngai⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːi̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngie
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngie
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngie⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯e⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: nê⁴ / ngê⁴ / ngai⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ne⁵³/, /ŋe⁵³/, /ŋaɪ⁵³/

Note:

Meixian:
- nê4 - vernacular;
- ngai4 - literary.

Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ghai³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɣai⁴⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngié / ngái
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɛ²¹³/, /ŋɑi²¹³/

Note:

ngié - vernacular;
ngái - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiāⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hiānn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvia
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hiã³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hiã⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hiã²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gāi
  - Tâi-lô: gāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gai
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡai²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡai⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡai³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngāi
  - Tâi-lô: ngāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ngai
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ŋãi²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ŋãi³³/

Note:

hiāⁿ - vernacular;
gāi/ngāi - literary;
ài - limited.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: hian⁷ / ngai⁶
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiāⁿ / ngăi
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /hĩã¹¹/, /ŋai³⁵/

Note:

hian7 - vernacular;
ngai6 - literary.

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶nge
  - MiniDict: nge^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nge
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋe²³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 艾
Mandarin	Beijing	/ai⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ai⁵³/
	Tianjin	/nai⁵³/
	Jinan	/ŋɛ²¹/
	Qingdao	/ɣɛ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ai³¹²/
	Xi'an	/ŋai⁴⁴/
	Xining	/nɛ²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ɛ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɛ¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ŋai²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ai³⁵/
	Chengdu	/ŋai¹³/
	Guiyang	/ŋai²¹³/ /ai²¹³/ 新
	Kunming	/æ²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ae⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/ʐe̞⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɣai⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/ŋæ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/ŋɛ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ŋe²³/
	Suzhou	/ŋe̞¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ŋe̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ŋe²²/
Hui	Shexian	/ŋa²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ŋa¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ŋai⁵⁵/ /ŋai¹¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ŋai²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/ŋai²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/ne⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/oi⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ŋai²²/
	Nanning	/ŋai²²/
	Hong Kong	/ŋai²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/gai²²/ /hiã²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋiɛ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋuɛ⁴⁴/ /ŋai⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hiã³¹/ /ŋãi³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ai³⁵/ /ŋia²³/

Middle Chinese: ngajH

Rime
Character	艾
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	五蓋切
Baxter	ngajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɑi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɑi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋɑi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋaj^H/
Li Rong	/ŋɑi^H/
Wang Li	/ŋɑi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋɑi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngoi⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ŋˤa[t]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋaːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	艾
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	ài
Middle Chinese	‹ ngaj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*C.ŋˁa[t]-s/
English	Artemisia; moxa
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	艾
Reading #	1/2
No.	14953
Phonetic component	乂
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	艾
Old Chinese	/*ŋaːds/

Definitions[edit]

艾

mugwort, especially Chinese mugwort (Artemisia argyi)
- 彼采艾兮。一日不見、如三歲兮。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  彼采艾兮。一日不见、如三岁兮。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Bǐ cǎi ài xī. Yīrì bùjiàn, rú sānsuì xī. [Pinyin]
  There that one is gathering the mugwort! A day without seeing that one, is like three years!
(obsolete) green
(literary) pale; greyish white
- 五十曰艾，服官政。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE
  Wǔshí yuē ài, fú guānzhèng. [Pinyin]
  When he is fifty, we say, 'He is getting grey;' he can discharge all the duties of an officer.
(literary) elderly person
- 凡童少鑒淺而志盛，長艾識堅而氣衰。 [MSC, trad.]
  凡童少鉴浅而志盛，长艾识坚而气衰。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 6th century Liu Xie 劉勰, 《文心雕龍》The Mind of Literature and Carved Dragons
  Fán tóngshào jiàn qiǎn ér zhì shèng, cháng'ài shí jiān ér qì shuāi. [Pinyin]
  Ordinarily, the youths are shallow-minded yet strong-willed; the elderly are firm in wisdom and dwindling in spirit.
(literary) to end; to stop
方興未艾／方兴未艾 ― fāngxīnɡwèi'ài ― to be in the ascendant
- 夜如何其、夜未艾。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Yè rúhé jī, yè wèi ài. [Pinyin]
  How goes the night? The night has not yet ended.
(literary) beautiful lady
- 知好色，則慕少艾； [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  知好色，则慕少艾； [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  zhī hǎosè, zé mù shào'ài; [Pinyin]
  When he becomes conscious of the attractions of beauty, his desire is towards young and beautiful women.
(obsolete) to nurture; to foster
- 樂只君子、保艾爾後。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  乐只君子、保艾尔后。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Yuè zhǐ jūnzǐ, bǎo'ài ěr hòu. [Pinyin]
  To be rejoiced in are ye, gentlemen; May ye preserve and maintain your posterity!
- 君子萬年、福祿艾之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  君子万年、福禄艾之。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Jūnzǐ wànnián, fúlù ài zhī. [Pinyin]
  May our sovereign live for ten thousand years, sustained in his happiness and wealth!
(historical) an ancient place in modern-day Xiushui County, Jiangxi
(historical) a mountain in modern-day Xintai, Shandong
a surname

Synonyms[edit]

(mugwort): 艾草 (àicǎo)

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From 愛. See 愛滋病 for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): ài (ai⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaai⁶
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ài

(Teochew, Peng'im): ain³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: ài
  - Zhuyin: ㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ài
  - Wade–Giles: ai⁴
  - Yale: ài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ay
  - Palladius: ай (aj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngaai⁶
  - Yale: ngaaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngai⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːi̯²²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ài
  - Tâi-lô: ài
  - Phofsit Daibuun: aix
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ai²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ai⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ain³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: àiⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ãĩ²¹³/

Definitions[edit]

艾

Only used in 艾滋病 (àizībìng).

Etymology 3[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaai⁶
Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): ngai⁶
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶gni

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yì
  - Wade–Giles: i⁴
  - Yale: yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
  - Palladius: и (i)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngaai⁶
  - Yale: ngaaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngai⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːi̯²²/
Southern Min
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngai⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngăi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶gni
  - MiniDict: nyi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/

Middle Chinese: ngjojH

Rime
Character	艾
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	廢 (27)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚肺切
Baxter	ngjojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨɐi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋiɐi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɐi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨaj^H/
Li Rong	/ŋiɐi^H/
Wang Li	/ŋĭɐi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯ɐi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngai⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ŋads/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	艾
Reading #	2/2
No.	14958
Phonetic component	乂
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	刈
Old Chinese	/*ŋads/

Definitions[edit]

艾

^† Alternative form of 刈 (yì, “to mow; to harvest; to chop; to exterminate; sickle”)
- 命我眾人、庤乃錢鎛、奄觀銍艾。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  命我众人、庤乃钱镈、奄观铚艾。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Mìng wǒ zhòngrén, zhì nǎi jiǎn bó, yǎn guān zhì ài. [Pinyin]
  Order all our men, to be provided with their spuds and hoes; anon we shall see the sickles at mowing.
^† Alternative form of 乂 (“to govern; to control; to pacify; to admonish”)
- 孟子曰：「君子之所以教者五：有如時雨化之者，有成德者，有達財者，有答問者，有私淑艾者。此五者，君子之所以教也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  孟子曰：「君子之所以教者五：有如时雨化之者，有成德者，有达财者，有答问者，有私淑艾者。此五者，君子之所以教也。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Mèngzǐ yuē: “Jūnzǐ zhī suǒ yǐ jiào zhě wǔ: yǒu rú shíyǔ huà zhī zhě, yǒu chéng dé zhě, yǒu dá cái zhě, yǒu dá wèn zhě, yǒu sī shū yì zhě. Cǐ wǔ zhě, jūnzǐ zhī suǒyǐ jiào yě.” [Pinyin]
  Mencius said, 'There are five ways in which the superior man effects his teaching. There are some on whom his influence descends like seasonable rain. There are some whose virtue he perfects, and some of whose talents he assists the development. There are some whose inquiries he answers. There are some who privately cultivate and correct themselves. These five ways are the methods in which the superior man effects his teaching.'

Compounds[edit]

怨艾 (yuànyì)
自怨自艾 (zìyuànzìyì)
艾如張／艾如张
艾安
銍艾／铚艾

References[edit]

“艾”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

艾

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

artemisia; mugwort, sagebrush, wormwood

Readings[edit]

From Middle Chinese 艾 (MC ngajH); compare Mandarin 艾 (ài):

Go-on: がい (gai)
Kan-on: がい (gai)

From Middle Chinese 艾 (MC ngjojH); compare Mandarin 艾 (yì):

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: がい (gai)

From native Japanese roots:

Kun: かる (karu, 艾る); もぐさ (mogusa, 艾); よもぎ (yomogi, 艾)

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
艾
もぐさ Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

もぐさ on Japanese Wikipedia

Possibly From 燃(も)ゆ (moyu, “to burn”) + 草(くさ) (kusa, “grass”).

Pronunciation[edit]

(Tokyo) もぐさ [mògúsá] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
(Tokyo) もぐさ [mògúsáꜜ] (Odaka – [3])^[2]
IPA^(key): [mo̞ɡɯ̟ᵝsa̠]

Noun[edit]

艾(もぐさ) • (mogusa)

mugwort

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

English: moxa, moxibustion

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
艾
よもぎ Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
蓬

ヨモギ on Japanese Wikipedia

Pronunciation[edit]

(Tokyo) よもぎ [yòmógí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [jo̞mo̞ɡʲi]

Noun[edit]

艾(よもぎ) • (yomogi)

mugwort

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle Chinese 艾 (MC ngajH).

Pronunciation[edit]

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɛ] ~ [e̞]
Phonetic hangul: [애/에]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

艾

Wikisource

艾 (eumhun 쑥 애 (ssuk ae))

moxa, mugwort

Compounds[edit]

애가 (艾猳, aega)
애개 (艾芥, aegae)
애고 (艾糕, aego)
애고 (艾膏, aego)
애국채 (艾菊菜, aegukchae)
애년 (艾年, aenyeon)
애로 (艾老, aero)
애막 (艾幕, aemak)
애병 (艾餠, aebyeong)
애복 (艾服, aebok)
애석 (艾石, aeseok)
애애 (艾艾, aeae)
애엽 (艾葉, aeyeop)
애용 (艾俑, aeyong)
애인 (艾人, aein)
애전 (艾田, aejeon)
애초 (艾草, aecho)
애탕 (艾湯, aetang)
애헌 (艾軒, aeheon)
애호 (艾蒿, aeho)
애호 (艾虎, aeho)
애화 (艾花, aehwa)
강애 (江艾, gang'ae)
기애 (耆艾, giae)
난애 (蘭艾, nanae)
난애동분 (蘭艾同焚, nanaedongbun)
달애 (炟艾, darae)
달애 (怛艾, darae)
봉애 (蓬艾, bong'ae)
소애 (少艾, soae)
실애 (實艾, sirae)
약애 (藥艾, yagae)
자원자애 (自怨自艾, jawonjaae)
진애 (陳艾, jinae)
침애 (針艾, chimae)
침애 (鍼艾, chimae)
해애 (海艾, haeae)

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle Chinese 艾 (MC ngjojH).

Pronunciation[edit]

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [je̞]
Phonetic hangul: [예]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

艾

Wikisource

艾 (eumhun 다스릴 예 (daseuril ye))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds[edit]

예강 (艾康, yegang)
예안 (艾安, yean)

References[edit]

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Zonmal.com Hanja Dictionary (존말닷컴 한자사전／漢字辭典) (2002-2005). [3]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

艾: Hán Nôm readings: ngải, nghệ, nghễ

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

艾

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Synonyms[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Compounds[edit]

See also[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

Navigation menu

Search