Appendix:Dhimalish comparative vocabulary list
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The following comparative word list of Dhimalish languages (Lhokpu, Dhimal, and Toto) is from Grollmann & Gerber (2017: 53-65).
List
[edit]No. | Gloss | Lhokpu | Dhimal | Toto | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | head | puhlum | puriŋ | parɔ́ | |
2 | hair (on head) | puhsam | pusiŋ | puriŋ | |
3 | hair (body) | mul | muisa | musa | |
4 | face | doːŋ [< Dz. dong] | rhai | ŋuaŋ ‘mouth, face’ | loanword in Lhokpu |
5 | forehead | cewa [(?) < Dz. pcäu] | kapal [< IA] | tiŋŋuaŋ | loanwords |
6 | chin | kato ~ katoŋ | kato | – | |
7 | cheek | jamlaŋ | galbhuŋ | yuwai | cf. ‘jaw’ |
8 | jaw | dunsui, kagam | jambai | – | cf. ‘cheek’ |
9 | mouth | noi | nui | ŋuaŋ ‘mouth, face’ | |
10 | lip | ŋulsa ‘upper lip’, wesa ‘lower lip’ | dirbe | – | |
11 | tongue | l̥ésa | detoŋ | lɛbɛ́ | |
12 | tooth | sui, kahmã ‘molar’ | tasi | satáŋ | |
13 | gums | – | sitiri | – | accidental gap |
14 | uvula | – | – | bɔŋröi | accidental gap |
15 | nose | n̥áʰ | nhapu ‘nose, reputation, honour’ | naböi | |
16 | ear | natok | nhatoŋ | nanuŋ | |
17 | eye | mikto ~ mik | mi | mico | |
18 | eyebrow | miktsik | mimui ‘eyebrow, eyelash’ | migrɔ́ | |
19 | eyelash | mikmul | mimui ‘eyebrow, eyelash’ | migröi | |
20 | neck | õyhto ‘back of neck’ | nirgai ‘throat, neck’ [< IA] | ŋɛtɔ́ŋ | loanword in Dhimal |
21 | throat | haltiŋ, sahtel ‘wind pipe’ | totai, nirgai ‘throat, neck’ [< IA], ghoghoroŋ ‘throat, gullet’ | – | |
22 | Adam's apple | chupu [(?) < Dz.] | – | – | accidental gap |
23 | body | zu [< Dz. zû] | sarir, jiu [< IA] | jupa | loanwords |
24 | shoulder | puŋ̊a, kaŋtam ‘shoulder blade’, toklap ‘shoulder blade’ | kambe ‘shoulder, river bank’, kandhe [< IA] | bɔcɔŋ | |
25 | arm | kur ‘hand, arm’, lak ~ laŋ ‘hand, arm’ | khur ‘hand, arm’ | – | cf. ‘hand’ |
26 | elbow | koito ~ goito | khuiju | lɛŋtosé ‘ankle, elbow, joint’ | cf. ‘ankle’ |
27 | hand | kur ‘hand, arm’, lak ~ laŋ ‘hand, arm’ | khur ‘hand, arm’ | kuü ~ kui | cf. ‘arm’ |
28 | finger | buŋr̥át ‘finger (except thumb and little finger)’, getsa ‘little finger’, tepaː ‘thumb’ | khursiŋ ‘fingernail, finger’, aŋguli [< IA] | kɔré, kɔpu ‘thumb, big toe’ | cf. ‘toe’, ‘river’ |
29 | palm | kurlak ‘palm of hand’, doŋlak ‘sole of foot’ | – | taŋpa ‘sole of the foot’ | accidental gap |
30 | leg | doŋ ‘leg, foot’ | khokoi ‘leg, foot’ | – | cf. ‘palm’, ‘foot’, ‘calf’ |
31 | thigh | lḁ́teŋ | tiro [< IA] | waibé | loanword in Dhimal |
32 | knee | tsikpuç giro ‘joint’ [< IA], khokoiko | giro | turü | loanword in Dhimal |
33 | calf | pintak, kiŋkuŋ ‘shin’, ŋadoŋ ‘lower leg’ | – | kɔköi ‘leg below the knee’ | accidental gap |
34 | foot | doŋ ‘leg, foot’ | khokoi ‘leg, foot’ | – | ‘cf. leg’, ‘calf’ |
35 | toe | doŋr̥át | – | kɔpu ‘thumb, big toe’ | accidental gap, cf. ‘finger’, ‘river’ |
36 | heel | tiŋpa [< Dz. tim] | gudini | – | loanword in Lhokpu |
37 | ankle | tetleŋ | – | lɛŋtosé ‘ankle, elbow, joint’ | accidental gap |
38 | nail | siŋ ~ sin | siŋ, khursiŋ ‘finger, fingernail’ | kusiŋ ‘fingernail, toenail’ | |
39 | breast | nun | dudu [< IA], tumta ‘chest, breast’ | tuŋsiŋ ‘breast, chest’ | cf. ‘chest’ |
40 | chest | taŋtuk, r̥íŋpiŋ ‘rips’, kehriŋ ‘short rips’ | tumta ‘chest, breast’ | tuŋsiŋ ‘breast, chest’ | cf. ‘breast’ |
41 | belly | lémá ~ lém̥á | hamu ~ ham ~ himu ‘stomach, belly’ | pemá ‘belly, abdomen’ | |
42 | abdomen | yíːmpu ‘abdomen’ | – | pemá ‘belly, abdomen’ | accidental gap |
43 | navel | diŋboi | bodhi | böidí | |
44 | back | jap ‘backside, back’ [< Dz. jap], tseŋr̥ui ‘spinal column’ | gandi | kenü ‘spine, backbone’, morü ‘backbone’ | |
45 | penis | net, leŋ ‘erected penis’ | tau, tatui | löisiŋ | cf. ‘testicles’ |
46 | vagina | tu | cucu | lüsiŋ | |
47 | clitoris | dziklap | lisinti | – | |
48 | testicles | lḁ́ːu ~ láːu | seʔguli, tauseʔ ‘lit. penis-fruit’ | – | cf. ‘penis’ |
49 | anus | ebur | burli ‘to spit out liquid’ | piso | cf. also Lhokpu tsibur ‘urethra’ |
50 | skin | cap [(?) < Dz. cap ‘protect’] | dhale ‘skin, bark, outer covering’ | – | |
51 | vein | dzilɖi | jhire | – | |
52 | bone | ruç | hara [< IA] | ruto, -rü | loanword in Dhimal |
53 | intestines | leriŋ, mariŋ ‘big intestines’, tsanriŋ ‘small intestines’ | tereŋ ‘small intestines’, bhuti ‘large intestines’ | yɔŋbé | |
54 | stomach | poçtil | hamu ~ ham ~ himu ‘stomach, belly’ | buibé ‘stomach’ | |
55 | heart | tuymu | kondaŋ, mən ~ mon ‘feeling, heart, mind’ [< IA] | – | |
56 | lung | yosa | sukulu | suru | |
57 | brain | núi | pundhui | – | |
58 | liver | ínsa | tumsiŋ | lampu | |
59 | blood | gi, gitiː | hiti | yutí ‘blood, milk’ | |
60 | spittle | katiː | thoʔsi, dhuiti | totí | |
61 | faeces | eː | lisi, emli ‘to press, massage’ | em- ‘to shit’ | |
62 | urine | tsiko | soʔsoʔ ~ soʔcoʔ | cici | |
63 | sperm | tsanl̥íː, pojaka l̥íː, daːti [< Dz. dâchu] | kheʔti [(?) < kheʔli ‘to stick to something, to catch on something’] | – | |
64 | milk | omáŋˀ [(?) < Dz. ’ôm] | dudhe [< IA] | yutí ‘blood, milk’ | loanwords |
65 | tear | miktiː | miti | mití | |
66 | sweat | oŋtiː, oŋ- ‘to sweat’ | bhemti ‘sweat (lit. heat-water)’ | – | cf. ‘to char, roast, toast’ |
67 | vomit | rotiː | oʔti | – | |
68 | marrow | dzam ~ zam ‘reddish marrow of arm bones, leg bones, etc.’, tseŋnui ‘spinal cord (lit. “back-brain”)’ | dum ~ duŋ | – | |
69 | water | tiː, tiyo, cho [(?) < Dz. chu] | ci | ti | |
70 | cloud | muku ‘cloud, fog’ | baˈdel [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
71 | rain | waç | wai | wɛtí ~ wâtí | |
72 | wind | birmaʰ ~ pirmaʰ | bherma | – | |
73 | lightning | tarma ‘lightning and thunder’ | – | – | accidental gap |
74 | thunder | cutar ‘rumbling thunder’, metar ‘crashing thunder’, tarma ‘lightning and thunder’, m̥úk ŋil- ‘to thunder [m̥úk = “dragon”]’ | doŋ, gaˈraŋguˈruŋ [< IA] | – | |
75 | sky | tirbaŋ | – | diŋba | |
76 | sun | yan̥í | bela [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
77 | moon | tal̥íʰ ‘moon’ | tali ‘moon’ | tarí | |
78 | star | ʈóŋ | phuru | püma | |
79 | day | n̥íː ~ n̥í | ni | hani ‘today’ | |
80 | night | lip ‘night/to fall (night)’ | nhisiŋ | lisuŋ ‘nighttime’, lip- ‘to fall (night)’ | |
81 | year | lo [< Dz. lo], -nim (as classifier) | baʔsar ~ baʔhar [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
82 | mountain | koŋ | paˈhar [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
83 | stone | luŋˀ | -loŋ ‘class’ | luŋtü | |
84 | earth | bo ‘dry earth’, dam ‘mud’ [< Dz. <ḥdam> dam] | bhonoi ‘earth, soil’ | ladiŋ ‘mud’ | |
85 | forest | tsak, diːŋ | jhar [< IA], jəŋgəl [< IA], cakiya ‘red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus)’ | – | |
86 | river | tiluː | jhoraɁ [(?) < jholi ‘fo float away’] | – | cf. ‘finger’, ‘toe’ |
87 | road | lam | dama | naŋtɛ́ | |
88 | animal | sa ‘meat, animal’, semceːn [< Dz. semce] | jinis ‘creature, thing’ [< IA], maini ‘female animal’, daŋkha ‘male animal’ | zānuyār, zinisi [(?) < IA], dambê ‘male animal’ | |
89 | dog | dze | khiya | kiya | |
90 | pig | pak | paya | paká | |
91 | horse | taːpa [(?) < Dz. tapa ‘rider’] | õya | kota | loanword in Lhokpu |
92 | cow | piːk | piya | piká | |
93 | goat | r̥áː [(?) < Dz. ra] | meɁsa | – | loanword in Lhokpu |
94 | chicken | keːk- | kiya | kɛká | |
95 | rat, mouse | cu | juhã | jüwɔ́ | |
96 | otter | dzimu | kuŋraŋ uda [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
97 | monkey | ti, cagaː ‘langur’ [< Dz. pcaka ‘langur (lit. “white monkey”)’] | nhõya, dudhe nhõya ‘langur (lit. “milk-monkey”)’ | ŋɔká | |
98 | bird | ca | jihã | jiya | |
99 | raptor | lḁ́ŋ ‘eagle’ | sigun ‘vulture’ | – | |
100 | fish | n̥á ~ hã | haya | ŋaya | |
101 | snake | dzalma, riːpu ‘big constrictor’, l̥íkpulḁ́kpu ‘green tree snake’ | pũya | pǘyɔ | |
102 | frog | lḁ́ː ~ lḁ́ːto, rukma ‘toad’, l̥ón̥á ‘jumping frog’ | comphe | – | |
103 | insect | pet ~ bet | peɁsa | petá | |
104 | worm | dorbet | doriya ‘earthworm’ | – | |
105 | spider | tatal̥ík | makarai [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
106 | louse | sir | sira ‘head louse’, tinha ‘pubic louse’ | – | |
107 | fly | jaŋnak, tsohẙáːu ‘mosquito’, tsilma ‘little mosquito’, mutum ‘mosquito’ | jahã ‘mosquito’, tuirham ~ tuirhaŋ | jaŋa, tüwa | |
108 | horsefly | toma, raçma ‘hornet’, riçma ‘wasp’, n̥uyma ‘black, dangerous wasp with red head’ | – | – | accidental gap |
109 | bee | sirma ~ shirma, sohma ‘big bee’, bũːlu ‘bumblebee’ | bãya | – | |
110 | ant | dziŋrip | kokoriŋka ~ kokoriko ‘small, white ant’ | – | |
111 | leech | l̥íːm, kaŋpu ‘red leech’, bedeːleŋ ‘tiger stripes leech’ | limiya | – | |
112 | leopard | cadzik [(?) < Dz. zi] | lokara, guŋgi ‘leopard cat’ | – | loanword in Lhokpu |
113 | tiger | kuŋ | khuwãhã | kuŋwa | |
114 | bear | n̥ái(sa) | naibiri ‘(sloth) bear’ | nayá | |
115 | elephant | n̥ár | nariya | hâti [< IA] | |
116 | male | -pa, po-, -ra | wa- ~ -wa | -wa | |
117 | female | -ma, met- ~ -met, me | be- ~ -be | -mé | |
118 | young | -tsan, -piŋ ‘animal that has not yet given birth’ | -can | ceŋ ‘offspring’ | |
119 | horn | ʈaŋ | daŋ ‘horn, pincer, antler’ | daŋ | |
120 | wing | baː | bakoi | bagreŋ | |
121 | thorn | tsuç | cui ‘thorn, fishbone’ | – | |
122 | tail | meʔeː | methoŋ | – | |
123 | hoof | toŋsiŋ | – | – | accidental gap |
124 | tree, wood | siŋ | siŋ | siŋɛ́ | |
125 | leaf | lap | lhaʔpha | loŋ | |
126 | branch | gel | daleŋ [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
127 | root | ra | jari [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
128 | bark | siŋka toŋ ‘tree bark’ | siŋko dhale ‘tree bark’ | – | |
129 | bamboo | pasiŋ, nitsiŋ, tosiŋ, konsiŋ, patsiŋ, l̥ísiŋ | pasim | daŋtiŋ, pasiŋ, wɔtɛŋ | |
130 | flower | punti, pun | lheʔ | maibe, sɛ ‘bloom, flower, blossom, bud’ | |
131 | fruit | se, bup | bhar ‘fruit, blossom’, seli ‘to bear fruit’, -se ‘fruit (used in compounds)’ | -se ‘fruit (used in compounds)’ | |
132 | grass | tsiː | ghase [< IA] | daŋtiŋ ‘type of grass/bamboo’ | loanword in Dhimal |
133 | mushroom | sham̥ú [< Dz. <śamu> shamu] | musar | – | loanword in Lhokpu |
134 | liquor | arak, yúː | jãɖ ‘rice beer’ [< IA], gora ‘rice liquor/alcohol’ | yu ‘beer’ | |
135 | rice (paddy) | rat | m | maʔoŋ | |
136 | rice (uncooked) | marku, amku ‘uncooked grain of any cereal’ | mun ‘beaten rice’, uŋkhu ‘uncooked rice’ | aŋku | |
137 | rice (cooked) | marto [< Dz. to ‘food, rice’] | m | ama | |
138 | millet | ja ‘finger millet’, tsak ‘foxtail millet’, lóŋ, moi | – | membe [< Dz. membja] | accidental gap |
139 | flour | biː | tole | – | |
140 | salt | di | dese | ni | |
141 | chili | mur, murih | marci | – | |
142 | fat, grease | – | sau | – | accidental gap |
143 | meat | sa | biha | biyá | |
144 | egg | tui | tui | köitü | |
145 | poison | n̥íŋ | – | – | accidental gap |
146 | person | ŋan, laː ‘person, friend’ | dyaŋ | – | |
147 | name | miŋ | miŋ ‘name, reputation, self’ | miŋ | |
148 | father | payo | aba | apa | |
149 | mother | mayo | amai | ayu | |
150 | brother | pu [e], tsa [y] | me [e], dada [e, < IA], one [y] | duwa [e], e [y] | |
151 | sister | na [e], tsa [y] | bai [e], one [y] | ana [e], yiŋ [y] | |
152 | father’s brother | paŋ | kaka [y, < IA] | jitɔ [e], paŋ [y] | loanword in Dhimal |
153 | father’s sister | niː | peusai [y, < IA] | pisé | loanword in Dhimal |
154 | mother’s brother | ku, ajaŋ [< Dz. ’azha ‘uncle’] | mamai [y, < IA] | kuku | loanword in Dhimal |
155 | mother’s sister | yuː | mausi [y, < IA] | möisé | loanword in Dhimal |
156 | grandfather | ta | aju | âtâ | |
157 | grandmother | ya | ajai | aja | |
158 | son | ratsan | can, wacan ‘young man, boy’ | ceŋwa | |
159 | daughter | mettsan | camindi | ceŋmé | |
160 | brother’s son | tsanɖa | bhagina [< IA] | cerewa [e’s], jituwa [y’s] | loanword in Dhimal |
161 | brother’s daughter | tsanm̥ét | bhagini [< IA] | ceremé [e’s], jitumé [y’s] | loanword in Dhimal |
162 | sister’s son | l̥íra | bhagina [< IA] | da | loanword in Dhimal |
163 | sister’s daughter | l̥ímet | bhagini [< IA] | damé | loanword in Dhimal |
164 | grandson | tsu(ra) | cu | cuwa | |
165 | granddaughter | tsu(met) | cu | cumé | |
166 | son-in-law | makpa [< Tib. magpa] | mhawa | mawa | loanword in Lhokpu |
167 | daughter-in-law | nama | nama | nama | |
168 | house | kim | saɁ | sa | |
169 | village | yüi [< Dz. ’ü] | dera | löi | loanword in Lhokpu |
170 | field (irrigated) | – | – | – | accidental gap |
171 | field (dry) | diŋ | miliŋ, liŋ ‘field, cultivated land’ | – | |
172 | fire | me | me | me | |
173 | ashes | buː | buʔsuri | – | |
174 | embers | – | mekhon aiti | – | accidental gap, cf. ‘smoke’ |
175 | smoke | meku | duhã [< IA], jagulai | – | loanword in Dhimal, cf. ‘embers’ |
176 | arrow | ker | tir [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
177 | bow | l̥íʔ ~ líʔ | – | – | accidental gap |
178 | needle | – | sui | – | accidental gap |
179 | mortar | raŋtak ‘grinding stone’ | thasim ‘large mortar’, jhosim ‘small mortar’ | – | |
180 | stick | – | – | dö | accidental gap |
181 | rope | ɖiː | diˈham ‘rope, twin’ | – | |
182 | one | it- | eʔ- | *it- (i ~ iccɔ ~ ippu ~ icce) | |
183 | two | nih- | nheʔ- | *nis- (ni ~ nisɔ ~ nipu ~ nise) | |
184 | three | sum- | sum- | *suN- (suŋ ~ sumcɔ ~ suŋpu ~ suŋse) | |
185 | four | liː- | dya- | di- | |
186 | five | ha- ~ hã- | na- | ŋa- | |
187 | six | ʈuk- | tu- | *tuk- (tu ~ tukcɔ ~ tukpu ~ tuse) | |
188 | seven | n̥ít- | nhiʔ- | ni- ~ ní-cɔ ~ nípu ~ ní-se | |
189 | eight | get- | yeʔ- | yâ- | |
190 | nine | ku- | koha- | ku- | |
191 | ten | teh- | te- | tâ | |
192 | twenty, score | (it)kal, nisu [< Dz. nyishu] | na-ganda | ikai | |
193 | hundred | hãkal ‘five score’, sho | itpu eʔ-sai [< IA] | ŋakai ‘five score’ | loanword in Dhimal |
194 | white | loŋ- ‘be white’ | jeːli ‘be white, be fair-skinned’ | – | |
195 | black | nak- ‘be black’ | daːli ‘be black’, kiculhoʔli ‘be pitch black’ | – | |
196 | red | ek- ‘be red’ | iːli ‘be red’ | – | |
197 | yellow | seːpu [< Dz. sêp] | yauli ‘be yellow’ | – | loanword in Lhokpu |
198 | blue | liŋ- ‘be blue/green’, naktsik- ‘be dark blue’ | nelpa [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
199 | green | liŋ- ‘be blue/green’ | siŋka ‘green, uncooked, not ripe, fresh’ | – | |
200 | hear | hin- | hiŋli ~ hinli | – | |
201 | see | tiŋ- | tiŋli | ne- | |
202 | look | hut- | khaŋli | kaŋ- | |
203 | smell | m̥é ‘odour’ | nhamli ‘to smell [vi]’, nhumli ‘to smell [vt]’ | nu- ‘to smell [vt]’ | |
204 | know | so- ‘know how to, be able to’, yet- ‘know, be able to, understand’ | nalli ‘to know somebody, recognise’, gili ‘know, find out, understand’, doli ‘to be able’ | – | |
205 | say | to ~ toʔ ‘quote’ | doʔli | jaŋ- ‘to say, tell’ | |
206 | ask | hit- | hiʔli | – | |
207 | dream | maŋ- | səpəna tiŋli | maŋbü- | |
208 | weep | kar- | khar- ‘to cry’ | kai- | |
209 | laugh | tsah- | leŋli ‘laugh, smile’ | leŋ- | |
210 | request, beg | reːk- | rheːli ‘to ask for, request’ | – | |
211 | must | goh- [< Tib. dgos] | goi- [(?) < Tib. dgos] | -ne | loanwords |
212 | stand | tseŋ-, japtso(h)- ‘to stand with arms crossed on back’ | jaɁli | jâr- ‘to stand, stand up’ | |
213 | sit | dzoɁ- ~ dzoŋ- | yumli ~ yuŋli | yuŋ- | |
214 | live | waŋ- | whaŋli ‘to go in, enter’ | wâ- ‘to insert, put’ | |
215 | sleep | vi(h)- | jimli | jiŋ- | |
216 | wake up | l̥óːk- ‘to get up’ | lhoːli ‘to get up, wake up [vi]’ | lo- ‘to get up, emerge’ | |
217 | ascend | ʈan- | – | – | accidental gap |
218 | descend | yuç- ~ yuh- ‘to descend’, lõɁ- ~ loŋ- ‘to fall down’ | khuɁli ‘get down, descend’, loŋli ‘to fall down’ | ü- ‘to come down, descend’ | |
219 | come | beɁ- ~ bey- ‘to come (only if not visible, only level or up, not down)’, ya- ‘to come (only if visible)’ | loli ‘to come, arrive, return’ | le- ~ lei- ‘to come here, come down’, waŋ- ‘to come up, come from far’ | |
220 | go (away) | te- ‘to go’, kat- ‘go out/away’ | puli ‘to go, leave, set out’, haneli ‘to go, leave’, khaɁli ‘to escape, flee, subside, ease up ’ | ha- ~ har- | |
221 | send, move | ri- ‘to send’ | rhili ‘to move, transport’ | – | |
222 | fly | líŋ- ~ l̥íŋ- | uraili [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
223 | run | juk-, l̥óŋˀ- ~ lṍ̥ Ɂ- ‘to run away, flee, get lost’, liːm- ‘to get lost’ | dimli ‘to hurry, walk quickly’ | – | |
224 | emerge | ton- ‘to go out, leave’ [< Dz. <ḥthon> thön] | oleli ‘to emerge, come out’, laŋli ‘to leave, go ahead’, hareli ‘to lose, fail’ | lo- ‘to get up, emerge’ | loanword in Lhokpu |
225 | be born | ce- | jeŋli ‘to happen, be ashamed, be born’ | – | |
226 | die | si- | sili | si- | |
227 | be old | kanka ‘old (of people)’, dzapa ‘old (of things)’, dzaː | waraŋ ‘old man’, beraŋ ‘old woman’ | – | |
228 | be drunk | m̥áː- ‘to be drunk’ | mhali ‘to be intoxicated’ (gora mhaka ‘drunk’) | – | |
229 | be ill | duk-, ret- ‘to hurt’ | muili ‘to be sick (of animals’, birami [< IA], desan ‘sick person’ | – | |
230 | have diarrhoea | leː- | teːli ‘to plaster, smear with a mixture of dung, water and mud’ | – | |
231 | be good | el- | elli | – | |
232 | be bad | aː- | aˈkheɁli ‘to be dirty, nasty, bad, vulgar’ [kheɁli = ‘to stick to, to catch on something’] | – | |
233 | be big | dik- ‘be big’, boŋceŋ ‘big’, rin̥ka ‘long (humans and things)’ | theli ‘be big’, barka ‘big’, jhauka ‘big, large’ | öidaŋ ‘long’, tɛ́bɔ ‘big’ | |
234 | be small | neka ‘small (of things)’, minka ‘small (of animals)’ | atuili, thiːli, mhuili | – | |
235 | be sweet | di(ː)- | diːli | the- ‘to taste sweet’ | |
236 | be bitter | kip-, ker- | khaːli ‘be bitter’ | – | |
237 | be sour | rat- | daɁli | – | |
238 | be cold | cuŋ-, keŋ- | cuŋli, irli, hirhirli | coŋköi ‘to be cold, be wet’ | |
239 | be hot | op- | dhaŋli, boʔboʔli ‘to be warm and friendly’ | – | |
240 | be ripe | – | miŋli ‘to be ripe, be cooked, be grey (of hairs)’ | me- (but only with furuncles) | accidental gap |
241 | be new | – | nãwa [< IA] | – | loanword in Dhimal |
242 | eat | tsa- | cali | ca- | |
243 | drink | tuŋ- | amli ‘to drink, smoke, chew’ | aŋ- | |
244 | give | pi- | pili | pi- | |
245 | make | pa- | pali | pa- ‘to fuck’ | |
246 | tie | – | raːli ‘to tie up, bind’, jhiŋli ‘to tie up or together’, cuɁli ‘to tie in a knot’ | – | accidental gap |
247 | lick | – | deʔli ‘to lick, eat a small amount, taste’ | – | accidental gap |
248 | bite | tsoh-, wok- ‘to bite off’ | ciːli ‘to bite, cause harm (supernatural)’ | maŋpuü- ‘to bite (human actor)’, dâ- | |
249 | scratch | wak- | rhaili, khaːli, thalli ‘to itch’ | yâ- | |
250 | grind | – | mhaili, boːli | – | accidental gap |
251 | wash | du- ‘to wash (in general)’ [< IA], lḁ́- ‘to wash (face)’, zak- ‘to wash (head)’, cak- ‘to clean’ | dhuli ‘to wash (face)’ [(?) < IA], jhaːli ‘to wash, wet’ | dhu- [(?) < IA] | |
252 | dig | ók- | toli, okhoili ‘to dig up (roots)’ | dai- | |
253 | bury | liːptek ‘traditional cylindrical stone sepulchre’ | liɁli | tiŋ- | |
254 | throw | doç ‘to throw from below, by swinging’ | doili ‘to rock, swing, hang [vt]’ | – | |
255 | pour | do(h)- ‘to pour water’ | dholi ‘to pour a drink’ | – | |
256 | blow | mũç- ~ mut- | phoɁli, mhoɁli | – | |
257 | sew | – | joli | cɛŋ- | accidental gap |
258 | weave | yem tir- ‘to weave on the loom’ | thirli | ti- | |
259 | sell | – | piɁli | – | accidental gap |
260 | put, place | lat-, pík-, tek-, n̥án- | daɁli ‘to spread out, lay out’, taɁli ‘to put, set down, save, keep’, whaɁli ‘to put, to insert’, laɁli ‘to quit, leave’ | – | |
261 | burn (vt.) | – | oɁpali, oŋli ‘to burn, char, cook on coals’ | – | accidental gap, cf. ‘sweat’ |
262 | burn (vi.) | – | oʔli | – | accidental gap, cf. ‘be hot’ |
263 | cut | (puhsam) tok- ‘to cut hair’ | poːli ‘to cut, snip, sever’, palli ‘to cut down, chop down’, dholi ‘to cut (e.g. umbilical cord)’, selli ‘to chop wood’, cuɁli ‘to cut, pierce’, ceːli ‘to cut (e.g. grass)’ | – | |
264 | hunt | sa sat- ‘to hunt (lit. to kill game)’ | sikar ghali ‘to hunt (lit. to play hunt)’ | – | |
265 | kill | sat- | seʔli | sâ- |
References
[edit]- Grollmann, Selin and Pascal Gerber. 2017. Linguistic evidence for a closer relationship between Lhokpu and Dhimal: Including some remarks on the Dhimalish subgroup. Bern: University of Bern.