賊
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]賊 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+6, 13 strokes, Cangjie input 月金戈十 (BCIJ), four-corner 63850, composition ⿰貝戎)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1208, character 14
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36759
- Dae Jaweon: page 1672, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3637, character 1
- Unihan data for U+8CCA
Chinese
[edit]| trad. | 賊 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 贼 | |
| alternative forms | 𧵪 戝 | |
Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 賊 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
|
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|
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zɯːɡ): phonetic 則 (OC *ʔsɯːɡ) + semantic 戈 (“weapon”).
This was later reinterpreted as a compound of 貝 (“money”) and 戎 (“weapon”) to produce the modern form.
Etymology 1
[edit]Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan ཇག (jag, “robbery”) (Coblin, 1986). Schuessler (2007) points out that a palatalized consonant in Tibetan does not usually correspond to an unpalatalized one in Chinese; instead, he compares it to Khmer ឆក់ (chɑk, “to snatch; to steal”).
Possibly cognate with 災 (OC *ʔslɯː, “natural disaster”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Based on evidence from early loans from Chinese, e.g. Lakkia kjak⁸ (“bandit”) and Rục kəcʌ́ːk (“bandit”), Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese with a *k preinitial.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zui2 / ze2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): зый (zɨy, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): cet7
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): zei1
- Northern Min (KCR): chā̤
- Eastern Min (BUC): chĕk
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ceh7 / zeh7
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8zeq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ce4 / zei6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: zéi
- Zhuyin: ㄗㄟˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: zéi
- Wade–Giles: tsei2
- Yale: dzéi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzeir
- Palladius: цзэй (czɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡seɪ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, literary variant)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: zé
- Zhuyin: ㄗㄜˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: zé
- Wade–Giles: tsê2
- Yale: dzé
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzer
- Palladius: цзэ (czɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɤ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: zui2 / ze2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zui / ze
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡suei²¹/, /t͡sɛ²¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
Note:
- zui2 - vernacular;
- ze2 - literary.
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: зый (zɨy, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sei²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: caak6 / caak3 / caak6-2
- Yale: chaahk / chaak / cháak
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsaak9 / tsaak8 / tsaak9-2
- Guangdong Romanization: cag6 / cag3 / cag6-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰaːk̚²/, /t͡sʰaːk̚³/, /t͡sʰaːk̚²⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: tak5
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰak̚³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: cet7
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɛt̚²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhe̍t
- Hakka Romanization System: ced
- Hagfa Pinyim: ced6
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰet̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: zei1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sei¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chā̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: chĕk
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɛiʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: ceh7
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: che̍h
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɛʔ⁴/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: zeh7
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ce̍h
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɛʔ⁴/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
Note:
- ceh7 - vernacular;
- zeh7 - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Hui'an, Nan'an, Yongchun)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Hui'an)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Nan'an)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chia̍k
- Tâi-lô: tsia̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: ciak
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡siak̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Nan'an)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: che̍rk
- Tâi-lô: tse̍rk
- Sinological IPA (Nan'an): /t͡sək̚²³/
Note:
- chha̍t - vernacular (“thief; villain; evil”);
- cha̍t - vernacular (limited to 墨賊);
- che̍k/chia̍k/che̍rk - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: cag8
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsha̍k
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰak̚⁴/
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: ce4 / zei6
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɤ̞⁴⁵/, /t͡se̞i̯²⁴/
- (Changsha)
Note:
- ce4 - vernacular;
- zei6 - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: dzok
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.dzˤək/
- (Zhengzhang): /*zɯːɡ/
Definitions
[edit]賊
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to damage; to corrupt; to ruin; to destroy
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to harm; to injure
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to slander
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to murder
- 宣子驟諫，公患之，使鉏麑賊之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Xuānzǐ zhòu jiàn, Gōng huàn zhī, shǐ Chú Ní zéi zhī. [Pinyin]
- Lord Xuan remonstrated with the Duke again and again. The Duke, troubled by his behaviour, sent Chu (or "Zhu") Ni to murder him.
宣子骤谏，公患之，使𬬺麑贼之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) murderer
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) harm; disaster
- thief; bandit; robber (Classifier: 個／个 m c)
- villain; traitor
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to steal
- evil; wicked; treacherous
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to restrain
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) ruthless; vicious
- (colloquial, dialectal) cunning; wily; sly
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a kind of pest that eats the joints of a seedling
Usage notes
[edit]- Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian (《现代汉语规范词典》) proscribes the use of the pronunciation zé.
Synonyms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Others:
- → Proto-Southwestern Tai: *sɤkᴰ
- Thai: ศึก (sʉ̀k, “war, battle”)
- → Vietnamese: giặc
- →? Proto-Turkic: *yagï (war, bandit) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Etymology 2
[edit]Compare 很 (hěn) / 狠 (hěn) and 蠻／蛮 (mán); both share the extension of meaning from “cruel” > “very; quite”.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: zéi
- Zhuyin: ㄗㄟˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: zéi
- Wade–Giles: tsei2
- Yale: dzéi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzeir
- Palladius: цзэй (czɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡seɪ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]賊
- (formerly dialectal, including Northeastern Mandarin, increasingly informal) very; particularly; immensely; extremely
- 都是茗煙調唆的，等我回去告訴嬤嬤們，一定打你個賊死！ [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
- From: Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18th century CE
- Dōu shì Míngyān tiáosuō de, děng wǒ huíqù gàosù mómó men, yīdìng dǎ nǐ ge zéi sǐ! [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
都是茗烟调唆的，等我回去告诉嬷嬷们，一定打你个贼死！ [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]-
- 下面的肥黑褲被小風吹得微動，像一些什麼陰森的氣兒，想要擺脫開那賊亮的燈光，而與黑夜聯成一氣。 [MSC, trad.]
- Xiàmiàn de féi hēi kù bèi xiǎo fēng chuī dé wēidòng, xiàng yīxiē shénme yīnsēn de qì'ér, xiǎngyào bǎituō kāi nà zéi liàng de dēngguāng, ér yǔ hēiyè liánchéng yīqì. [Pinyin]
- The fat black pants underneath were slightly blown by the breeze, like some kind of eerie air, trying to get rid of the bright light and become one with the night.
下面的肥黑裤被小风吹得微动，像一些什么阴森的气儿，想要摆脱开那贼亮的灯光，而与黑夜联成一气。 [MSC, simp.]
Synonyms
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 亂臣賊子 / 乱臣贼子 (luànchénzéizǐ)
- 作賊心虛 / 作贼心虚 (zuòzéixīnxū)
- 併贓拿賊 / 并赃拿贼
- 內賊 / 内贼
- 六賊 / 六贼
- 剽賊 / 剽贼
- 匪賊 / 匪贼
- 反賊 / 反贼 (fǎnzéi)
- 國賊 / 国贼 (guózéi)
- 大眼賊 / 大眼贼
- 失賊 / 失贼
- 奸賊 (jiānzéi)
- 家賊 / 家贼 (jiāzéi)
- 家賊難防 / 家贼难防 (jiāzéinánfáng)
- 宿賊 / 宿贼
- 小毛賊 / 小毛贼
- 小賊 / 小贼
- 山賊 / 山贼 (shānzéi)
- 德賊 / 德贼
- 悍賊 / 悍贼
- 慣賊 / 惯贼
- 戕賊 / 戕贼
- 拿賊拿贓 / 拿贼拿赃
- 拿賊見贓 / 拿贼见赃
- 擒賊擒王 / 擒贼擒王 (qínzéiqínwáng)
- 擒賊擒首 / 擒贼擒首
- 木賊 / 木贼 (mùzéi)
- 殘賊 / 残贼 (cánzéi)
- 毛賊 / 毛贼 (máozéi)
- 民賊 / 民贼 (mínzéi)
- 水賊 / 水贼
- 海賊 / 海贼 (hǎizéi)
- 漏面賊 / 漏面贼
- 烏賊 / 乌贼 (wūzéi)
- 烏賊車 / 乌贼车
- 狂賊 / 狂贼
- 狗賊 / 狗贼
- 猾賊 / 猾贼
- 白拈賊 / 白拈贼
- 白日賊 / 白日贼
- 白賊 / 白贼 (báizéi)
- 白賊七 / 白贼七
- 盜賊 / 盗贼 (dàozéi)
- 盜賊四起 / 盗贼四起
- 盜賊蜂起 / 盗贼蜂起
- 盜馬賊 / 盗马贼 (dàomǎzéi)
- 真贓正賊 / 真赃正贼
- 破賊 / 破贼 (pòzéi)
- 禿賊 / 秃贼
- 積賊 / 积贼
- 竊賊 / 窃贼 (qièzéi)
- 老賊 / 老贼 (lǎozéi)
- 花賊 / 花贼
- 草賊 / 草贼 (cǎozéi)
- 蝥賊 / 蝥贼
- 蟊賊 / 蟊贼
- 討賊 / 讨贼 (tǎozéi)
- 認賊作父 / 认贼作父 (rènzéizuòfù)
- 認賊為子 / 认贼为子
- 賊人 / 贼人 (zéirén)
- 賊人心虛 / 贼人心虚
- 賊人膽虛 / 贼人胆虚
- 賊仔星 / 贼仔星
- 賊去關門 / 贼去关门
- 賊喊捉賊 / 贼喊捉贼 (zéihǎnzhuōzéi)
- 賊子 / 贼子
- 賊子亂臣 / 贼子乱臣
- 賊害 / 贼害
- 賊寇 / 贼寇
- 賊巢 / 贼巢 (zéicháo)
- 賊店 / 贼店
- 賊心 / 贼心 (zéixīn)
- 賊性 / 贼性
- 賊星 / 贼星 (zéixīng)
- 賊曹 / 贼曹
- 賊王八 / 贼王八
- 賊皮賊骨 / 贼皮贼骨
- 賊眉鼠眼 / 贼眉鼠眼 (zéiméishǔyǎn)
- 賊眼 / 贼眼
- 賊禿 / 贼秃
- 賊窩子 / 贼窝子
- 賊肉 / 贼肉
- 賊臣亂子 / 贼臣乱子
- 賊臣逆子 / 贼臣逆子
- 賊船 / 贼船 (zéichuán)
- 賊虐 / 贼虐
- 賊話兒 / 贼话儿
- 賊贓 / 贼赃 (zéizāng)
- 賊頭賊腦 / 贼头贼脑
- 賊頭鼠腦 / 贼头鼠脑
- 賊首 / 贼首 (zéishǒu)
- 賊驢 / 贼驴
- 賊骨頭 / 贼骨头
- 賊鬼 / 贼鬼
- 賊黨 / 贼党 (zéidǎng)
- 賣國賊 / 卖国贼 (màiguózéi)
- 逆子賊臣 / 逆子贼臣
- 逆臣賊子 / 逆臣贼子
- 逆賊 / 逆贼 (nìzéi)
- 附賊 / 附贼
- 陰賊 / 阴贼 (yīnzé)
- 雅賊 / 雅贼
- 飛賊 / 飞贼
- 馬賊 / 马贼 (mǎzéi)
- 鬧賊 / 闹贼 (nàozéi)
Japanese
[edit]| Shinjitai | 賊 | 
|
| Kyūjitai [1][2] |
賊󠄁 賊+ 󠄁?(Adobe-Japan1) |
|
| 賊󠄄 賊+ 󠄄?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. | ||
Kanji
[edit]賊
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ぞく (zoku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: そく (soku)
- Kun: あだ (ada, 賊)、そこなう (sokonau, 賊なう)←そこなふ (sokonafu, 賊なふ, historical)、にしもの (nishimono, 賊)、ぬすむ (nusumu, 賊む)
Compounds
[edit]Compounds
- 賊魁 (zokukai)
- 賊害 (zokugai)
- 賊虐 (zokugyaku)
- 賊軍 (zokugun)
- 賊塞 (zokusai)
- 賊砦 (zokusai)
- 賊殺 (zokusatsu)
- 賊子 (zokushi)
- 賊首 (zokushu)
- 賊衆 (zokushū)
- 賊将 (zokushō)
- 賊情 (zokujō)
- 賊心 (zokushin)
- 賊臣 (zokushin)
- 賊勢 (zokusei)
- 賊巣 (zokusō)
- 賊地 (zokuchi)
- 賊徒 (zokuto)
- 賊盗 (zokutō)
- 賊党 (zokutō)
- 賊難 (zokunan)
- 賊匪 (zokuhi)
- 賊氛 (zokufun)
- 賊兵 (zokuhei)
- 賊民 (zokumin)
- 賊名 (zokumei)
- 賊塁 (zokurui)
- 賊姦 (zokkan)
- 烏賊 (ika): squid, cuttlefish
- 陰賊 (inzoku)
- 烏賊 (uzoku)
- 怨賊 (onzoku)
- 海賊 (kaizoku): pirate
- 猾賊 (katsuzoku)
- 姦賊 (kanzoku)
- 義賊 (gizoku)
- 逆賊 (gyakuzoku)
- 劫賊 (kyōzoku)
- 劇賊 (gekizoku)
- 険賊 (kenzoku)
- 寇賊 (kōzoku)
- 国賊 (kokuzoku)
- 山賊 (sanzoku)
- 残賊 (zanzoku)
- 夙賊 (shukuzoku)
- 小賊 (shōzoku)
- 戕賊 (shōzoku)
- 草賊 (sōzoku)
- 鼠賊 (sozoku)
- 盗賊 (tōzoku)
- 討賊 (tōzoku)
- 馬賊 (bazoku)
- 髪賊 (hatsuzoku)
- 匪賊 (hizoku)
- 詖賊 (hizoku)
- 蝥賊 (bōzoku)
- 民賊 (minzoku)
- 木賊 (mokuzoku)
- 乱賊 (ranzoku)
- 流賊 (ryūzoku)
- 倭賊 (wazoku)
Etymology
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 賊 |
| ぞく Grade: S |
| goon |
From Middle Chinese 賊 (MC dzok).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914), 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, , page 2026 (paper), page 1065 (digital)
- ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, , page 1160 (paper), page 593 (digital)
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 賊 (MC dzok). Recorded as Middle Korean 적〮 (cék) (Yale: cek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
[edit]
Compounds
[edit]Compounds
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]賊: Hán Việt readings: tặc[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
賊: Nôm readings: giặc[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- chữ Hán form of tặc (“suffix for exploitative criminals”)
- chữ Nôm form of giặc (“(collective) enemy, invader, aggressor”)
References
[edit]Categories:
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- Middle Chinese adjectives
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- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 賊
- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
- Classical Chinese terms with quotations
- Chinese nouns classified by 個/个
- Cantonese terms with usage examples
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- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Chinese adverbs
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- Northeastern Mandarin
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- Japanese kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading ぞく
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading そく
- Japanese kanji with kun reading あだ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading そこ・なう
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading そこ・なふ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading にしもの
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ぬす・む
- Japanese terms spelled with 賊 read as ぞく
- Japanese terms read with goon
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese terms with Heiban pitch accent (Tōkyō)
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