爾
Translingual
Han character
爾 (Kangxi radical 89, 爻+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一火月大 (MFBK), four-corner 10227)
Descendants
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 691, character 4
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19750
- Dae Jaweon: page 1104, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 27, character 1
- Unihan data for U+723E
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 爾 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
|
|
|
|
Pictogram (象形) – cloth on a loom, with threads crossing – original form of 檷 (OC *niːlʔ, “loom”). Used phonetically.
Etymology 1
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
| alternative forms | 尒 𡭗 尓 𠇍 尔 | |
- “you; your”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
- "that"
- Cognate with 那 (nà, “that”), 若 (OC *njaɡ, “that”) (Schuessler, 2007). See 那 (nà) for more.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ji5
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngì
- Eastern Min (BUC): ī
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄦˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ěr
- Wade–Giles: êrh3
- Yale: ěr
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eel
- Palladius: эр (er)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ˀɤɻ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ji5
- Yale: yíh
- Cantonese Pinyin: ji5
- Guangdong Romanization: yi5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jiː¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngì
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngi2
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ī
- Sinological IPA (key): /i³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 爾 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /əɻ²¹⁴/ |
| Harbin | /ɚ²¹³/ | |
| Tianjin | /ə¹³/ | |
| Jinan | /əɻ⁵⁵/ | |
| Qingdao | /əɻ⁵⁵/ /ɭə⁵⁵/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ɭ⁵³/ | |
| Xi'an | /əɻ⁵³/ | |
| Xining | /ɛ⁵³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /əɻ⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ɯ⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ɚ⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /ɯ⁴²/ | |
| Chengdu | /əɻ⁵³/ | |
| Guiyang | /ɚ⁴²/ | |
| Kunming | /ə⁵³/ | |
| Nanjing | /əɻ²¹²/ | |
| Hefei | /a²⁴/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /əɻ⁵³/ |
| Pingyao | /əɻ³⁵/ | |
| Hohhot | /aɻ⁵³/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /əl²³/ |
| Suzhou | /əl⁵⁵/ | |
| Hangzhou | /əl⁵³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /zz̩³⁵/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɛ⁴⁴/ /n̩³⁵/ |
| Tunxi | ||
| Xiang | Changsha | /ə⁴¹/ |
| Xiangtan | /e⁴²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɵ²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ni⁴⁴/ /ni³¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /ni¹¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ji²³/ |
| Nanning | /ji²⁴/ | |
| Hong Kong | /ji²³/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ni⁵³/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /i³²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /œ²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /zɯ⁵³/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /le³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: nyeX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤ[ə][r]ʔ/, /*n[ə][r]ʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njelʔ/
Definitions
- (literary or dialectal) you; your
- 誰謂爾無羊，三百維群。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Shéi wèi ěr wú yáng, sānbǎi wéi qún. [Pinyin]
- Who can say that you have no sheep? There are three hundred in [each] herd.
谁谓尔无羊，三百维群。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) so; this way
- (literary) this; that
- † (of flowers) exuberant
- final particle
- a surname
Synonyms
Compounds
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Etymology 2
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
| alternative forms | 尼 呢 | |
Pronunciation
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): nî / nī
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nî
- Tâi-lô: nî
- Phofsit Daibuun: nii
- IPA (Xiamen): /nĩ²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /nĩ¹³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nī
- Tâi-lô: nī
- Phofsit Daibuun: ni
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /nĩ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
Definitions
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Compounds
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Etymology 3
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
| alternative forms | 耳 | |
Pronunciation
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niā
- Tâi-lô: niā
- Phofsit Daibuun: nia
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /niã³³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /niã²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liǎ
- Tâi-lô: liǎ
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lia²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǐ
- Tâi-lô: nǐ
- IPA (Quanzhou): /nĩ²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niâ
- Tâi-lô: niâ
- Phofsit Daibuun: niaa
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /niã²³/
- IPA (Taipei): /niã²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
Definitions
Compounds
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Etymology 4
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
Pronunciation
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): nǎ / nā
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǎ
- Tâi-lô: nǎ
- IPA (Quanzhou): /nã²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nā
- Tâi-lô: nā
- Phofsit Daibuun: na
- IPA (Xiamen): /nã²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
Definitions
Japanese
Kanji
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)
Readings
- Go-on: に (ni)
- Kan-on: じ (ji)←ぢ (di, historical)
- Kun: おれ (ore, 爾); しか (shika, 爾); なんじ (nanji, 爾)←なんぢ (nandi, 爾, historical); しかり (shikari); その (sono, 爾の); のみ (nomi, 爾)
- Nanori: あきら (akira); ちか (chika); み (mi); みつる (mitsuru)
Compounds
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| おれ Jinmeiyō |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Found in use mostly from ancient times until roughly the Heian period,[1] used to refer in the second person to social inferiors or to insult.[1][2][3]
The second person sense of you appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.
Not to be confused with the modern term 俺 (ore) with the first person sense of I, me. See 俺 for that sense.
Pronunciation
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Alternative forms
Pronoun
Usage notes
Often used to insult. Compare modern Japanese お前 (omae), English you son of a bitch.
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| なんじ Jinmeiyō |
| kun’yomi |
/namuti/ → */nandi/ → /nand͡ʑi/
From Old Japanese. Originally derived as a compound of 汝 (na, “you”) + 貴 (muchi, honorific suffix).[1][2][3]
Originally used to refer honorifically to the second person. From around the Nara period, the honorific sense lessened, and the term was used to refer to social equals or occasionally social inferiors. By the Muromachi period, this term was the most common second person pronoun for social inferiors.[1]
Pronunciation
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Alternative forms
- 汝 (more common)
Pronoun
Usage notes
No longer in use in modern Japanese outside of contexts where the speaker is deliberately invoking archaic usage. Compare use of English thou.
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| しか Jinmeiyō |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.[1][2] Compound of し (shi, “that”, demonstrative, likely related to さ (sa), modern そう (sō)) + か (ka, suffix indicating state).[1][3]
The interjection sense appears to have developed from the adverb sense.
Pronunciation
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Alternative forms
- 然 (more common)
Adverb
- (obsolete) like that, as such
- (obsolete) certainly, definitely
Derived terms
Interjection
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
爾 • (i) (hangeul 이, revised i, McCune–Reischauer i, Yale i)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
Han character
(deprecated template usage) 爾 (nhãi, nhĩ)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han script characters
- Han pictograms
- Chinese terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Chinese terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Chinese pronouns
- Mandarin pronouns
- Cantonese pronouns
- Hakka pronouns
- Eastern Min pronouns
- Hokkien pronouns
- Teochew pronouns
- Chinese determiners
- Mandarin determiners
- Cantonese determiners
- Hakka determiners
- Eastern Min determiners
- Hokkien determiners
- Teochew determiners
- Chinese particles
- Mandarin particles
- Cantonese particles
- Hakka particles
- Eastern Min particles
- Hokkien particles
- Teochew particles
- Chinese proper nouns
- Mandarin proper nouns
- Cantonese proper nouns
- Hakka proper nouns
- Eastern Min proper nouns
- Hokkien proper nouns
- Teochew proper nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese Han characters
- Chinese literary terms
- Chinese dialectal terms
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
- Chinese surnames
- Hokkien Chinese
- Chinese adverbs
- Hokkien adverbs
- Japanese Han characters
- Kanji used for names
- Japanese kanji with goon reading に
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading じ
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading ぢ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading おれ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しか
- Japanese kanji with kun reading なんじ
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading なんぢ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しかり
- Japanese kanji with kun reading そ-の
- Japanese kanji with kun reading のみ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading あきら
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ちか
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading み
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading みつる
- Japanese terms spelled with 爾 read as おれ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese pronouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with jinmeiyō kanji
- Japanese terms written with one Han script character
- Japanese terms spelled with 爾
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese terms with archaic senses
- Japanese vulgarities
- Japanese terms spelled with 爾 read as なんじ
- Japanese compound ancient terms
- Japanese terms spelled with 爾 read as しか
- Japanese compound terms
- Japanese adverbs
- Japanese terms with obsolete senses
- Japanese interjections
- Korean lemmas
- Korean Han characters
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters