Appendix:Kapampangan–Tagalog relations
This appendix contains the relations between the languages Kapampangan and Tagalog.
Kapampangan and Tagalog are two Austronesian languages of the Philippines. Kapampangan is spoken in Pampanga, southern Tarlac and parts of northern Bulacan. Tagalog is spoken in Manila, as well as Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, Marinduque, Mindoro island, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal and Zambales, and serves as the basis of the national language Filipino, one of the Philippines' official languages alongside English. Kapampangan sometimes looks like a divergent Central Luzon Tagalog dialect to the unfamiliar, but the two are distantly related, and Kapampangan is much closer to the Sambalic languages than to Tagalog, which is closer to the Bikol and Bisayan languages. Kapampangan is also one major source of early loanwords in Tagalog, being one of the two major languages spoken in the pre-Hispanic polity of Tondo, alongside Tagalog, which originated from an area possibly located in the Eastern Visayas and/or Northern Mindanao.
Cognates[edit]
Kapampangan and Tagalog share many cognates, especially in core vocabulary. Most Kapampangan-Tagalog cognates descend from Proto-Philippine, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Austronesian; some are loanwords from Malay or Spanish. Some Kapampangan words resemble those in Indonesian and Malay, except they are stressed differently.:
- abias - bigás (PPh *bəʀas)
- abu - abó (PPh *qabu)
- aku - akó (PPh *aku)
- aldo - araw (PPh *qaljaw)
- alun - alon (PPh *qalun)
- anam - anim (PPh *ənəm, *a-ənəm)
- api - apóy (PPh *hapuy)
- apu - apó (PPh *apu)
- asang - hasang (PPh *hasaŋ)
- aslam - asim (PPh *qalsəm)
- asu - aso (PPh *asu)
- ate - atáy (PPh *qatay)
- ayup - hayop (PPh: *hayup)
- babai - babae (PPh *babahi)
- bage - bagay (borrowed from Malay bagai)
- babi - baboy (PPh *babuy)
- balai - balae (PPh *balaqih)
- bale - bahay (PPh *balay)
- balen - bayan (PPh *balayan)
- bangke - bangkáy (PPh *baŋkay)
- batu - bató (PPh *batu)
- batuin - bituín (PPh *bituqən)
- bayat - bigát (PPh *bəʀqat)
- bayu - bago (PPh *baqʀu)
- bau - bahò (PPh *bahu, *bahuq)
- bebe - baybáy (PPh *baybay)
- biabas - bayabas (Spanish guayaba)
- bibi - bibe (PPh *bibi)
- bini - binhî (PPh *binhiq)
- buak - buhok (PPh *buhək)
- buat - buhat (PPh *buhat)
- bukbuk - bukbók (PPh *bukbuk)
- bukul - bukol (PPh *bukul)
- bulung - bulóng (PPh *buluŋ)
- bunsu - bunsô (borrowed from Malay bongsu)
- bunduk - bundók (PPh *bunduk)
- bunut - bunót (PPh *bunut)
- dalan - dáan (PPh *dalan)
- datang - datíng (PPh *datəŋ)
- ilug - ilog
- inum - inóm (PPh *inum)
- kepal - kapál (PPh *kapal)
- kuku - kukó (PPh *kuhkuh)
- kulug - kulog (PPh *kudug)
- kutu - kuto (PPh *kutu)
- labung - labóng (borrowed from Malay rebung)
- lua - luhà (PPh *luhəq)
- lumut - lumot (PPh *lumut)
- mabayat - mabigat (PPh *mabəʀqat)
- magkanu - magkano (borrowed from Tagalog)
- manuyang - manugang
- manuk - manók (PPh *manuk)
- mate - patáy (PPh *matay, *patay)
- obakit - bakit (borrowed from Kapampangan)
- pale - palay (PPh *pajay)
- palung - palong
- pande - pandáy (borrowed from Malay pandai)
- payung - payong (PPh *payuŋ)
- pepe - paypáy (PPh *paypay)
- pitu - pito (PPh *pitu)
- pulut - pulót (PPh *pudut)
- pusad - pusod (PPh *pusəj)
- sabung - sabong (PPh *sabuŋ)
- sake - sakáy (PPh *sakay)
- saken - sasakyán (PPh *sakayan)
- salut - salot (PPh *sarut)
- siam - siyám (PPh *siam)
- sua - suha (PPh *suhaq)
- subuk - subok (PPh *subuk)
- susu - suso (PPh *susu)
- takap - takíp (PPh *takəp)
- takut - takot (PPh *takut)
- tanam - taním (PPh *tanəm)
- tau - tao (PPh *tau)
- tete - taytay (PPh *taytay)
- ualu - waló (PPh *walu)
- uran - ulan (PPh *qudan)
Reflexes for Proto-Philippine sounds in Kapampangan and Tagalog respectively are as follows:
- PPh *ə → Kapampangan /a/, Tagalog /i/. The resulting form in Kapampangan often involves metathesis (e.g. PPh *bəʀas > Kapampangan abias and Tagalog bigas; PPh *bituqən > Kapampangan batuin and Tagalog bituin, but PPh *bəʀqat > Kapampangan bayat). [ə] is an allophone of /a/ in unstressed syllables.
- PPh *h → disappears in Kapampangan, but kept in Tagalog. Ilocano, a nearby language spoken in northern Luzon, also shares the loss of PPh *h.
- PPh *ʀ → Kapampangan ⟨y⟩ /j/, Tagalog ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/. This reflex is also shared with other Central Luzon languages such as the Sambalic languages, the Northern Mindoro languages, and the Batanic languages.
- PPh *u (in final syllables [not only limited to the word-final positions]) → Kapampangan keeps the vowel, but is often pronounced in free variation as /o ~ u/. Tagalog standardized with /o/ in syllable-final positions.
- PPh *i (in final syllables) → Both Kapampangan and Tagalog keeps the vowel, but is often pronounced in free variation as /e ~ i/.
- PPh *ay → Kapampangan ⟨e⟩ /ɛ ~ e/, except in the cases where a suffix is added to the root. The diphthong is preserved in Tagalog.
- PPh *aw → Kapampangan ⟨o⟩, except in most suffixed terms. The diphthong is also preserved in Tagalog.
Loanwords[edit]
Kapampangan borrowings in Tagalog[edit]
Kapampangan served as one major source of pre-modern loanwords in Tagalog after its migration from an area possibly located in the Eastern Visayas and/or Northern Mindanao, which relates to Kapampangan being the predominant language in the pre-Hispanic polity of Tondo. This is especially true for words with the reflex of y for Proto-Philippine *ʀ (which generally turns to g in Tagalog as well as most Central Philippine languages) and the reflex of a for Proto-Philippine *ə. Due to heavy borrowing from Kapampangan, Tagalog and Kapampangan were previously thought as closely related languages, although the former is more closely related to Bikol and Bisayan languages, while the latter is more closely related to Sambalic. In addition, Kapampangan may sometimes be perceived as a divergent Central Luzon dialect of Tagalog due to similarities in basic vocabulary. Kapampangan loaned words to Bulacan Tagalog (spoken in Bulacan & Nueva Ecija) & Bataan Tagalog, spoken in Bataan & Zambales.
- bayani - hero (Kapampangan bayani < PPh *baʀani; also borrowed into Pangasinan and Ilocano)
- dayami - rice straw; hay (Kapampangan dayami < PPh *daʀami)
- ibon - bird (Kapampangan ébun (“egg”) < PCL *əybun)
- ingay - noise (Kapampangan inge < PPh *iŋəʀ)
- karayom - needle (Kapampangan karayum < PPh *daʀum)
- tayom – indigo plant (Kapampangan tayum < PPh *taʀum; also borrowed into Ilocano)
- mabantot - stagnant (Kapampangan mabantut < PPh *mabəntut)
Tagalog borrowings in Kapampangan[edit]
Tagalog has also served as another major source of loanwords in Kapampangan due to intense contact with Tagalog speakers. Modern forms of Kapampangan tend to have more Tagalog loanwords.
- bulung - whisper (Tagalog bulong)
- ilug - river (Tagalog ilog)
- ipu-ipu - whirlwind; tornado (Tagalog ipuipo)
- kabaung - casket; coffin (Tagalog kabaong)
False friends[edit]
| Kapampangan word | Kapampangan word's English translation | Tagalog translation | Tagalog word | Tagalog word's English translation | Kapampangan translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kamau | hand | kamay | kamao | fist | gamgam |
Orthography[edit]
Some words similarly pronounced in Kapampangan and Tagalog and/or mean the same are spelled differently according to their respective spelling standards. For Kapampangan, the de facto standard is the Tagalog-influenced Guagua orthography (Súlat Wáwâ), including the revised Batiauan orthography of the Akademiang Kapampangan that does not have a W. Other competing norms are the Bacolor spelling (Súlat Bacúlud) and the Samson spelling (Ámung Sámson). For Tagalog, the standard spelling is based on rules in the Ortograpiyang Pambansa of the Commission of the Filipino Language (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino of KWF).
Some differences between Kapampangan and Tagalog orthography (following their respective prevailing norms) are:
- E/I and O/U: Kapampangan prefers I or U for what is spelled E or O in Tagalog, usually at final positions. This appears in the spelling of cognates and shared loanwords. Such are due to the use of E and O for what were the diphthongs /ai/ and /au/ in old Kapampangan (which is explained below).
- Semivowels after a consonant and before a vowel: Kapampangan prefers I or U for the semivowels /j/ and /w/ after a consonant and before any vowel, where Tagalog writes them with Y or W (with an additional I or U before each letter respectively where applicable due to consonant clusters). Use of Y or W for those sounds in such locations in Kapampangan is accepted but with lower prestige and perceived to be Tagalog orthographical influence. Tagalog also previously used those letters for those semivowels before the codification of modern Tagalog orthography. Such letter usage are still retained in proper nouns in Tagalog.
- Diacritics: Kapampangan and Tagalog also uses different sets of (optional) diacritics, and usage of each may differ significantly.
- The acute accent (Kapampangan sakurut, Tagalog pahilis) both indicates stress in locations other than those implied in each language's prevailing orthographic norms (which is at the last syllable in Kapampangan, and the second-to-last syllable in Tagalog).
- The circumflex accent (Kapampangan telaturung, Tagalog pakupya) are used differently in each language. In Kapampangan, it indicates a final glottal stop (and additionally final stress in the Batiauan orthography). in Tagalog, it indicates a final glottal stop and stress.
- The grave accent (Kapampangan manene, Tagalog paiwa) are used differently in each language. In Kapampangan, it indicates a final glottal stop and final stress, while in Tagalog, it indicates a final glottal stop. The grave is not used in the Batiauan norm of Kapampangan, where a final glottal stop with second-to-last stress is indicated by a circumfix on the vowel of the final syllable and an acute on the vowel of the second-to-last syllable.
- the letter H: Kapampangan usually do not use the letter H in native vocabulary and some loanwords due to its sound being dropped in Proto-Central Luzon. H may appear in loanwords (e.g. bihira, Huniu) and proper nouns (e.g. Hermosa, Hizon), but these are silent. The precolonial Kulitan script also does not have a separate letter for H.
- E and O: Kapampangan uses E or O at final position where Tagalog or old Kapampangan may have an AY or AW, due to the merger of such diphthongs during the transition to modern Kapampangan (the diphthongs are revealed when a suffix is added). This appears in the spelling of cognates. E and O may appear in Kapampangan loanwords in most positions except final syllables where they are written I or U and pronounced as such.
Vocabulary and spelling differences[edit]
Despite similarities in vocabulary, Kapampangan and Tagalog have divergent vocabularies and belong to different branches of the Philippine languages. There are also spelling differences, and some Kapampangan terms bear similarities to those in Malay.
There are also major differences in grammatical items. Kapampangan and Tagalog conjugate have similar basic conjugations (perfective/complete, progressive, future tense/contemplative), but there are also major differences in verb conjugations, with Kapampangan having many irregular conjugations involving words containing certain vowels.
| Gloss | Kapampangan | Tagalog | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| absolutive marker (also "the") | ing | ang | |
| ergative marker (also "of") | ning, -ng | ng | Tagalog ng is from a contraction of earlier nang. |
| oblique marker (also "in, on, to, etc.") | king | sa | |
| plural absolutive marker | ding | ang mga | |
| plural ergative marker | ring | ng mga | |
| plural oblique marker | karing | sa mga | |
| absolutive personal marker | i | si | |
| ergative personal marker | -ng | ni | |
| oblique personal marker | kang | kay | |
| plural absolutive personal marker | di | sina | |
| plural ergative personal marker | ri | nina | |
| plural oblique personal marker | kari | kina |
| Gloss | Kapampangan | Tagalog | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| enclitic linker | a, -ng (after words ending with vowel), -g (after words ending with N) | na, -ng (after words ending with vowel), -g (after words ending with N) | |
| existential particle | ati | may | |
| politeness particle | pu | po |