賊

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See also: 戝 and 贼
賊 U+8CCA, 賊
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CCA
← 賉
[U+8CC9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 賋 →
[U+8CCB]

Translingual

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Han character

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賊 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+6, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月金戈十 (BCIJ), four-corner 63850, composition ⿰貝戎)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1208, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36759
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1672, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3637, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8CCA

Chinese

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trad. 賊
simp. 贼
alternative forms 𧵪
戝

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 賊
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (則) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
廁 *sʰrɯɡs, *sʰrɯɡ
則 *ʔsɯːɡ
賊 *zɯːɡ
鰂 *zɯːɡ
鱡 *zɯːɡ
蠈 *zɯːɡ
側 *ʔsrɯɡ
萴 *ʔsrɯɡ, *zrɯɡ
測 *sʰrɯɡ
惻 *sʰrɯɡ
崱 *zrɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zɯːɡ) : phonetic 則 (OC *ʔsɯːɡ) + semantic 戈 (“weapon”).

This was later reinterpreted as a compound of 貝 (“money”) and 戎 (“weapon”) to produce the modern form.

Etymology 1

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Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan ཇག (jag, “robbery”) (Coblin, 1986). Schuessler (2007) points out that a palatalized consonant in Tibetan does not usually correspond to an unpalatalized one in Chinese; instead, he compares it to Khmer ឆក់ (chɑk, “to snatch; to steal”).

Possibly cognate with 災 (OC *ʔslɯː, “natural disaster”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Based on evidence from early loans from Chinese, e.g. Lakkia kjak⁸ (“bandit”) and Rục kəcʌ́ːk (“bandit”), Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese with a *k preinitial.

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • zui2 - vernacular;
  • ze2 - literary.
Note:
  • chha̍t - vernacular (“thief; villain; evil”);
  • cha̍t - vernacular (limited to 墨賊);
  • che̍k/chia̍k/che̍rk - literary.
Note:
  • ce4 - vernacular;
  • zei6 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 賊
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡sei³⁵/
    Harbin /t͡sei²⁴/
    Tianjin /t͡sei⁴⁵/
    /t͡sɤ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /t͡sei⁴²/
    Qingdao /t͡se⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡suei⁴²/
    /t͡sei⁴²/
    Xi'an /t͡sei²⁴/
    Xining /t͡sɨ²⁴/
    Yinchuan /t͡sei⁵³/
    Lanzhou /t͡sei⁵³/
    Ürümqi /t͡sei⁵¹/
    Wuhan /t͡sɤ²¹³/
    Chengdu /t͡suei³¹/
    /t͡se³¹/
    Guiyang /t͡suei²¹/
    Kunming /t͡sei³¹/
    Nanjing /t͡suəi²⁴/
    /t͡səʔ⁵/
    Hefei /t͡se⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡sei¹¹/
    Pingyao /t͡sʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /t͡sɛ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
    Suzhou /zəʔ³/
    Hangzhou /d͡zəʔ²/
    Wenzhou /ze²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /t͡sʰe²²/
    Tunxi /t͡sʰə¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡sei²⁴/
    /t͡sʰə⁵⁵/
    Xiangtan /t͡sʰæ²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɛʔ²/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰet̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /t͡sʰet̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰak̚²/
    Nanning /t͡sʰɐk̚²²/
    Hong Kong /t͡sʰak̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sik̚⁵/
    /t͡sʰat̚⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sʰɛiʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sʰɛ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sʰak̚⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /sak̚³/
    Rime
    Character 賊
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 從 (15)
    Final (韻) 德 (131)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 昨則切
    Baxter dzok
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡zək̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡zək̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡zək̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡zək̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/d͡zək̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/d͡zək̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/d͡zʱək̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zé
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zak6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 賊
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zéi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzok ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*k.dzˁək/
    English injure; murderer, bandit

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 賊
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 16596
    Phonetic
    component         		則
    Rime
    group         		職
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		賊
    Old
    Chinese         		/*zɯːɡ/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    賊

    1. † to damage; to corrupt; to ruin; to destroy
    2. † to harm; to injure
    3. † to slander
    4. † to murder
    5. † murderer
    6. † harm; disaster
    7. thief; bandit; robber (Classifier: 個／个 m c)
      琴日有賊入咗屋，偷走咗我部電腦。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      琴日有贼入咗屋，偷走咗我部电脑。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      kam4 jat6 jau5 caak6-2 jap6 zo2 uk1, tau1 zau2 zo2 ngo5 bou6 din6 nou5. [Jyutping]
      Yesterday, a thief came into my house and stole my computer.
    8. villain; traitor
    9. † to steal
    10. evil; wicked; treacherous
    11. † to restrain
    12. † ruthless; vicious
    13. (colloquial, dialectal) cunning; wily; sly
    14. † a kind of pest that eats the joints of a seedling
      蟊賊／蟊贼  ―  máozéi  ―  insects that eat the roots and the joints

    Usage notes

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    Synonyms

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    Dialectal synonyms of 小偷 (“(petty) thief”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 賊, 盜
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 賊, 小偷, 竊賊, 盜
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 小偷兒, 賊
    Taiwan 小偷, 賊
    Harbin 小偷兒, 賊
    Shenyang 小偷兒
    Singapore 小偷, 賊
    Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 小偷兒, 賊
    Jinan 小偷兒, 小偷, 毛賊, 毛賊子, 賊
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 小偷兒, 賊
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 小偷兒, 賊
    Wanrong 毛賊, 賊娃子, 賊
    Zhengzhou 小偷兒, 賊
    Xi'an 賊娃子, 賊
    Xining 小偷兒, 賊娃子
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 賊娃子, 賊
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 賊娃子, 賊
    Lanzhou 賊娃子
    Ürümqi 賊娃子, 賊
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 賊娃子, 賊, 偷跟兒, 偷兒
    Wuhan 強徒, 小偷
    Guiyang 小偷
    Kunming 小偷, 小毛賊, 毛賊, 小賊
    Guilin 小偷
    Guanyang 拐子
    Liuzhou 小偷
    Dagudi (Maliba) 賊
    Reshuitang (Longling) 賊
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 小偷, 賊
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 賊
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 小偷, 賊
    Yangzhou 小偷, 賊, 強盜
    Nantong 賊坯
    Hefei 小偷, 賊, 小賊
    Huanggang 三隻手
    Cantonese Guangzhou 賊仔, 賊, 賊佬, 鼠摸
    Hong Kong 賊仔, 賊, 賊佬, 鼠摸
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 賊仔
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 賊
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 賊佬
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 賊佬
    Macau 偷仔
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 賊仔
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 夜摸
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 賊仔
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 偷雞佬, 賊佬
    Foshan 鼠摸
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 鼠摸仔
    Foshan (Shunde) 偷仔
    Foshan (Sanshui) 鼠摸
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 鼠摸仔
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 偷仔
    Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 偷仔
    Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 三隻手
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 小摸
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 小摸
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 小摸
    Taishan 賊仔, 鼠摸
    Kaiping (Chikan) 小摸
    Enping (Niujiang) 小摸仔
    Heshan (Yayao) 鼠摸仔
    Dongguan 賊仔, 鼠摸 dated
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 賊仔
    Shaoguan 賊佬
    Yunfu 雪仔
    Yangjiang 鼠賊, 賊
    Xinyi 賊佬
    Lianjiang 賊佬, 賊仔
    Nanning 賊, 賊佬
    Wuzhou 賊佬
    Yulin 賊
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 賊, 夜摸
    Beihai 賊仔
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 白捏, 小偷
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 賊手
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 賊佬
    Danzhou 賊
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 小賊
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 賊仔
    Móng Cái 賊, 夜摸, 白捏
    Gan Nanchang 賊
    Lichuan 賊
    Pingxiang 賊牯
    Hakka Meixian 賊牯, 賊仔
    Xingning 賊牯佬
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 賊仔
    Huidong (Daling) 賊牯佬
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 賊佬
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 賊佬
    Zengcheng (Zhengguo) 賊佬
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 賊仔
    Wuhua (Shuizhai) 賊哩
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 賊哩
    Wuhua (Changbu) 賊牯佬
    Wuhua (Mianyang) 賊牯佬
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 賊
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 賊佬
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 賊佬
    Liannan 賊佬
    Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 小偷
    Jiexi 賊
    Changting 賊牯
    Wuping 賊牯
    Wuping (Pingyu) 賊牯
    Liancheng 賊牯
    Ninghua 賊牯
    Yudu 賊牯
    Ruijin 賊牯
    Shicheng 賊牯
    Shangyou (Shexi) 賊佬, 強盜
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 賊仔
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 賊仔
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 賊仔
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 賊
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 賊仔, 賊
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 賊
    Hong Kong 賊佬
    Luchuan 賊
    Luchuan (Daqiao) 賊佬
    Sabah (Longchuan) 賊佬
    Senai (Huiyang) 扒手
    Singkawang 賊
    Huizhou Jixi 賊骨頭, 賊, 銃手
    Jin Taiyuan 小偷兒, 賊
    Pingyao 小綹兒
    Xinzhou 賊
    Hohhot 小偷, 賊, 賊小子
    Northern Min Jian'ou 賊
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 賊囝, 賊
    Fuqing 賊, 賊囝
    Matsu 賊囝
    Southern Min Xiamen 賊仔, 鼠賊
    Quanzhou 賊仔, 鼠賊
    Jinjiang 鼠賊仔
    Yongchun 賊
    Zhangzhou 賊仔, 鼠賊, 佬賊仔
    Dongshan 賊仔
    Taipei 賊仔
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 賊仔
    Kaohsiung 勍仔
    Yilan 勍仔
    Changhua (Lukang) 賊仔
    Taichung 賊仔
    Tainan 賊仔
    Hsinchu 賊仔
    Kinmen 鼠賊仔
    Penghu (Magong) 賊
    Penang (Hokkien) 賊
    Singapore (Hokkien) 賊
    Manila (Hokkien) 賊, 賊仔
    Zhangping (Yongfu) 賊
    Pingnan (Shangdu) 賊
    Guilin (Biyange) 賊
    Chaozhou 鼠賊囝
    Shantou 賊, 賊囝, 鼠賊, 鼠賊囝
    Jieyang 鼠賊, 鼠賊囝
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 鼠賊囝
    Wenchang 賊囝
    Haikou 賊囝, 賊
    Puxian Min Putian 賊囝
    Xianyou 賊囝
    Central Min Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) 賊
    Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 賊囝
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 賊, 小偷
    Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 賊, 小偷
    Guilin (Dongbianzhou) 賊
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 賊頭
    Wu Shanghai 賊骨頭, 賊, 小偷, 賊伯伯 humorous
    Shanghai (Chongming) 小偷, 賊
    Suzhou 賊骨頭, 賊, 賊伯伯 humorous, 小賊
    Wuxi 賊骨頭, 小偷
    Danyang 小偷, 賊, 賊老官, 做賊佬
    Hangzhou 賊骨頭, 賊
    Ningbo 賊骨頭, 小偷
    Wenzhou 小偷兒, 小偷, 賊
    Jinhua 賊骨頭, 賊, 小偷
    Xiang Changsha 賊老倌, 賊牯子, 賊
    Xiangtan 夜摸子
    Loudi 賊牯子
    Shuangfeng 賊牯子
    Quanzhou 賊

    Descendants

    [edit]
    Sino-Xenic (賊):
    • → Japanese: 賊(ぞく) (zoku)
    • → Vietnamese: tặc (賊)

    Others:

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Clipping of 賊拉／贼拉 (zéilā), borrowed from Korean 第一 (jeil, “first; most, -est”).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    賊

    1. (formerly dialectal, including Northeastern Mandarin, increasingly informal) very; particularly; immensely; extremely
      賊好看／贼好看  ―  zéi hǎokàn  ―  remarkably beautiful

    Synonyms

    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 很 (“very”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 甚, 孔
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 很, 非常, 十分
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪
    Taiwan 很, 好, 非常, 超, 蠻, 超級
    Malaysia 很
    Singapore 很, 蠻, 非常
    Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒
    Jinan 挺, 楞
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 很
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 很, 好
    Chongqing 很
    Wuhan 蠻, 很
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 蠻, 稀, 很
    Hefei 很
    Cantonese Guangzhou 好, 非常之
    Hong Kong 好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 好
    Taishan 好, 十分之
    Yangjiang 好
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 好
    Singapore (Guangfu) 好, 非常之, 非常
    Gan Nanchang 蠻
    Hakka Meixian 好, 刮, 已, 還, 異, 還 exclamation
    Huidong (Daling) 好
    Wuhua (Meilin) 好
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 頂
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 好
    Changting 野
    Wuping (Pingyu) 已, 刮
    Liancheng 樣
    Ninghua 好
    Ruijin 蠻
    Shicheng 蠻
    Shangyou (Shexi) 蠻
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 當, 已, 還
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 蓋, 盡, 還
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 當, 盡, 已, 還
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 當, 已, 還
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 當, 已, 還
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 足, 真, 實在
    Hong Kong 好
    Sabah (Bao'an) 好
    Kuching (Hepo) 很
    Singapore (Dabu) 好
    Jin Taiyuan 很, 挺
    Northern Min Jian'ou 盡
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 野, 真
    Singapore (Fuqing) 真
    Sitiawan (Gutian) 真
    Southern Min Xiamen 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 真
    Quanzhou 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰
    Jinjiang 野
    Zhangzhou 盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔
    Zhao'an 很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常
    Dongshan 真, 非常
    Taipei 真, 誠
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 真, 誠
    Kaohsiung 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
    Yilan 有夠, 足, 誠, 盡
    Changhua (Lukang) 真, 誠
    Taichung 誠, 蓋, 足
    Tainan 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
    Hsinchu 真, 誠
    Kinmen 足, 誠
    Penghu (Magong) 真, 誠
    Penang (Hokkien) 真, 誠, 真正
    Singapore (Hokkien) 真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠
    Manila (Hokkien) 野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠
    Chaozhou 過, 好, 非常, 死爸
    Shantou 過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕
    Shantou (Chenghai) 好, 死絕
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 好, 非常
    Jieyang 過, 好, 死爸, 死絕
    Bangkok (Teochew) 好
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 好
    Singapore (Teochew) 真, 死爸, 非常
    Wenchang 極, 但顧, 真
    Haikou 但顧
    Qionghai 但顧, 真
    Singapore (Hainanese) 但顧, 真
    Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 好, 蠻
    Wu Shanghai 蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated
    Suzhou 蠻, 窮
    Hangzhou 蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒
    Ningbo 交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare
    Zhoushan 交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare
    Wenzhou 蠻, 蒙, 顯
    Xiang Changsha 很, 蠻
    Shuangfeng 蠻

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]
    Shinjitai 賊
    Kyūjitai
    [1][2]
    賊󠄁
    賊+&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    賊󠄄
    賊+&#xE0104;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji

    [edit]
    賊

    (Jōyō kanji)

    Readings

    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    Etymology

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    賊
    ぞく
    Grade: S
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 賊 (MC dzok).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    賊(ぞく) • (zoku) 

    1. thief
    2. rebel

    Derived terms

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    References

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    1. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2026 (paper), page 1065 (digital)
    2. ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1160 (paper), page 593 (digital)
    3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

    Korean

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    Etymology

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    From Middle Chinese 賊 (MC dzok). Recorded as Middle Korean 적〮 (cék) (Yale: cek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja

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    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    賊 (eumhun 도둑 적 (doduk jeok))

    1. hanja form? of 적 (“thief”)

    Compounds

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    Compounds

    References

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    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    賊: Hán Nôm readings: tặc, giặc

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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