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Translingual

Han character

(Kangxi radical 9, +13, 15 strokes, cangjie input 人廿田女 (OTWV), four-corner 25232, composition )

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 118, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1176
  • Dae Jaweon: page 251, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 225, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5102

Chinese

Glyph origin

trad.
simp.
alternative forms Min
𠆧 Min Dong
Wu

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *nuːŋ) : semantic + phonetic (OC *nuːŋ).

Etymology 1

“Person; I; me > suffix for pronouns” in southeastern dialects.

Its senses of “person; human being” and “pronoun suffix” are well-attested in the classical literature, dating back to the Six Dynasties. At the present time, traces of this word are found in regions of Jiangsu (Northern Wu), Anhui (Hui), Shanghai (Northern Wu), Zhejiang (Southern Wu), Jiangxi (Gan), Fujian (Min), Guangdong (Southern Min, Cantonese), Guangxi (Cantonese) and Hainan (Min).

“Person; human”
In coastal Min (Min Dong, Min Nan and Puxian Min), it serves as the vernacular reading of (OC *njin, “person”), by itself or in compounds. It is also used in Jinqu Wu dialects (formerly classified as Wuzhou Wu and Chuqu Wu), usually written as .
“I”
was used to mean “I” in medieval poetry from the Wu region, before it was displaced by the common Chinese (MC ngaX, “I”). Also attested was ancient Wu 阿儂 (MC 'a nowng, “I”), which was abbreviated to (“I”) in certain dialects, such as Jinhua.
Pronoun suffix
This is widely found in Wu and Min dialects. The structure ‹ singular pronoun (“I, you, he/she/it”) +  › is common, with functioning either as a meaningless particle or a pluraliser. The resulting forms were thus used to mean singular or plural pronouns, and were rather prone to elision to become a single syllable. Compare the following plural pronouns in Min:
Original word Meaning Fuding
(Eastern Min)
Longyan
(Southern Min)
Xiamen
(Southern Min)
Xianyou
(Puxian Min)
我儂 we ua neiŋ gua laŋ gun () kuoŋ ~ kŋ ()
儂儂 we (inclusive) - laŋ laŋ lan () -
汝儂 you (plural) ni neiŋ li laŋ lin () tyøŋ ()
伊儂 they i neiŋ i laŋ in (𪜶) yøŋ (𪜶)
A similar chain of changes happened in the Wu dialects to arrive at the modern divergent dialectal forms for “you (singular)”. In Shanghai and some other Wu dialects, the first syllable had become elided, leaving to mean “you (singular)”.
爾儂 (MC nyeX nowng)
Fenghua (Zhejiang) /n̩˧˨˦.noŋˑ/
Yuyao (Zhejiang) /noŋ˩˩˧/
Shanghai (Shanghai) /nʊŋ˨˧/ ()
Ningbo (Zhejiang) /nəu˨˩˧/
Changshu (Jiangsu) /nɛ̃˧˩/
Suzhou (Jiangsu) /ne̞˧˩/
Shengze (Jiangsu) /nə˧˩/

With regard to the etymology of this word, Huang (1980), Norman (1983) and Zhou (1986) hypothesised that this is the same as (OC *nuːŋ, “farmer; peasant”). The use of this word as a pronoun may have originated as a form of personal deprecation and then come to be used as a full-fledged pronoun. Pan and Chen (1995) considered this theory implausible, and proposed that this was originally a Baiyue substrate word, possibly of Kra-Dai origin. The initial meaning of nong was possibly a clan name, later developing to mean “person; I”. Compare Zhuang Nungz (a surname) and name of the 11th century Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao, as well as the name of the Nùng people in Vietnam.

Pronunciation

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Definitions

(deprecated template usage)

  1. (coastal Min, dialectal Wu) person; human being (Classifier: md;  mn)
  2. (coastal Min) a person associated with a particular identity or trait; -er
  3. (coastal Min) physical, psychological or moral quality or condition
  4. (coastal Min) other people
  5. (Wu, coastal Min) I; me
  6. (archaic or Wu) you (singular)
    哪能現在上海閒話 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    哪能现在上海闲话 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    3na-nen 3non 3hhi-ze 3zaan-he 3hhe-hho 2kaan 5leq 2jia 2hau [Wugniu]
    How come you speak Shanghainese so well?
  7. (dialectal Wu) he, him; she, her; it
  8. (Min, Wu) Suffix for pronouns, functioning as a meaningless particle or a pluralising particle.
  9. a surname Nong
Usage notes
  • (I):
    • Archaic in Wu.
    • In coastal Min (Min Dong nè̤ng; Hokkien lāng, lǎng, lâng; Hainanese nang2), it is often used affectionately like Mandarin 人家 (rénjia).
Synonyms

Compounds

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Etymology 2

trad.
simp.

Probably a Kra-Dai substrate word. Compare Proto-Tai *nwoːŋᶜ (younger sibling), Southern Kam nongx (younger sibling).

Pronunciation

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Definitions

(deprecated template usage)

  1. (dialectal Cantonese) child
  2. (dialectal Cantonese) son
  3. (Leizhou Min) infant
  4. (Hainanese) Used as a humble way for someone in the younger generation to refer to oneself.
  5. (Hainanese, endearing) A pronoun used by someone in the older generation to refer to someone in the younger generation.
Synonyms

Compounds

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
わし
Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

Usage notes

This character is seldom used in modern Japanese.

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
わし
Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Contraction of (watashi, I, me).[1][2]

Pronunciation

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Alternative forms

  • (more common)

Pronoun

(わし) or (pronoun) (washi or pronoun[[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|わし]]

  1. (mainly Western Japan) I, me
Usage notes

The term is a regular pronoun in Western Japan, used primarily by men in most regions. Depending on the region, it may be used mainly by the elderly, which is especially true for women using it, and becoming more true as usage of local variants declines in younger generations. Its use is often considered stereotypical of old people in Japanese media and is frequently used in TV shows and comics to emphasize the age of characters. However, it may also simply be used to emphasize the character as hailing from Kansai.

More commonly spelled , or in kana to make the reading explicit.

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
かれ
Hyōgai
kun'yomi

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese. Compound of (ka, that, yon) +‎ (-re, nominalizing suffix for demonstratives). Found in the Man'yōshū compiled around 759.

Pronunciation

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Alternative forms

  • (more common)

Pronoun

(かれ) (kare

  1. (rare) third person pronoun: he, she
    1. particularly, male personal third person pronoun: he
    2. by extension from he: boyfriend
Usage notes

Very rare spelling. See the more common spelling for more details about the term.

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

(eum (nong))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: nông, nùng, noọng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.