食

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Archived revision by 178.120.22.25 (talk) as of 17:21, 13 September 2022.
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See also: 飠, 饣, and 良
食 U+98DF, 食
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-98DF
← 飞
[U+98DE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 飠 →
[U+98E0]
⾷ U+2FB7, ⾷
KANGXI RADICAL EAT
← ⾶
[U+2FB6] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾸ →
[U+2FB8]
⻝ U+2EDD, ⻝
CJK RADICAL EAT ONE
← ⻜
[U+2EDC] 		CJK Radicals Supplement ⻞ →
[U+2EDE]

Translingual

Stroke order
9 strokes
Stroke order

Alternative forms

  • (when used as a left Chinese radical) 𩙿／飠／饣

Han character

See images of
Radical 184 食

食 (Kangxi radical 184, 食+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人戈日女 (OIAV), four-corner 80732, composition ⿱人良)

  1. Kangxi radical #184, ⾷.

Derived terms

Further reading

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1415, character 29
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44014
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1939, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4440, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+98DF

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 食
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (食) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
飤 *ljɯɡs
食 *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ
蝕 *ɦljɯɡ
飾 *hljɯɡ
飭 *l̥ʰɯɡ

Pictogram (象形) : a mouth over a bowl of rice on a stand. While the current form is 人+良, the lower part (bowl of rice on a stand) is cognate to 皀, not to 良 or 艮. This is more visible in the form 𠊊.

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ) : phonetic 亼 (OC *zub) + semantic 皀; see 𠊊.

Etymology 1

trad. 食
simp. # 食
alternative forms
𠊊
𩚁
𩚀
𩚃
𠋑
𠊊
𩚁
𩚀
𩚃
𠋑
𨢁
 

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s/g-ljak.

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:hsn-pron at line 71: Invalid input "shi6": initial sh cannot go with final i.

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 食

  1. (literary or Cantonese, Hakka) to eat; to have a meal; to take in
    你食咗飯未呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你食咗饭未呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 sik6 zo2 faan6 mei6 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Have you eaten yet?
    中國人係揸筷子食飯嘅。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    中国人系揸筷子食饭嘅。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    zung1 gwok3 jan4 hai6 zaa1 faai3 zi2 sik6 faan6 ge3. [Jyutping]
    Chinese people use chopsticks to eat with.
    上星期日我同啲朋友一齊食晚飯。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    上星期日我同啲朋友一齐食晚饭。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    soeng6 sing1 kei4 jat6 ngo5 tung4 di1 pang4 jau5 jat1 cai4 sik6 maan5 faan6. [Jyutping]
    Last Sunday, I ate dinner together with my friends.
  2. (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka) to drink
  3. (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to smoke
    食煙／食烟 [Cantonese]  ―  sik6 jin1 [Jyutping]  ―  to smoke
  4. (Cantonese, board games) to capture
    玩盲棋嘅時候，車可以食馬、炮、士、象、卒。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    玩盲棋嘅时候，车可以食马、炮、士、象、卒。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    waan2 maang4 kei4 ge3 si4 hau6, geoi1 ho2 ji5 sik6 maa5, baau1, si6, zoeng6, cyut3. [Jyutping]
    When playing blind chess, a rook can capture knights, cannons, advisors, bishops or pawns.
  5. (Cantonese, mahjong) Short for 食糊 (“to win”).
  6. † meal; food
  7. † edible
  8. † (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 蝕／蚀 (shí, “to eat away; to erode”).
  9. † (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 蝕／蚀 (shí, “eclipse (of the Sun or Moon)”).
Usage notes
  • Cantonese and Hakka regularly use 食 to mean “to eat”, whereas Mandarin uses 吃 (chī).
  • When playing mahjong in Cantonese, a player may say this word as a call when winning from another player's discard.
Synonyms

Compounds

Etymology 2

trad. 食
simp. # 食
alternative forms 𠊊

The *s- causative of Etymology 1.

Pronunciation

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 食
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ziH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-m-lək-s/
English feed (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 食

  1. † Original form of 飼／饲 (sì, “to feed; to make ... eat or cause ... to eat”).

Etymology 3

trad. 食
simp. # 食
alternative forms 吃
呷
噍

Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min *tsiaʔ⁸ and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Min *dziak (in Norman's system).

While often considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it is unlikely to be related to etymology 1 (Norman, 1991; Klöter, 2005; Fuehrer and Yang, 2014). Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from 嚼 (OC *zewɢ, “to chew”) (probably based on Norman's unpublished manuscripts).

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 食
Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Harbin /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Tianjin /ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Qingdao /ʃz̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Xi'an /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xining /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Wuhan /sz̩²¹³/
Chengdu /sz̩³¹/
Guiyang /sz̩²¹/
Kunming /ʂʐ̩³¹/
Nanjing /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /səʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /ʂʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /səʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
Suzhou /zəʔ³/
Hangzhou /zəʔ²/
Wenzhou /zei²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ɕi²²/
Tunxi /ɕi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /sɨʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /sət̚⁵/
Taoyuan /ʃït̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sek̚²/
Nanning /sek̚²²/
Hong Kong /sik̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sik̚⁵/
/t͡siaʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /siʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /si⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡siaʔ⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /sek̚⁵/
/t͡sia³³/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 食

  1. (Coastal Min) to eat; to have a meal
    食飯／食饭 [Hokkien]  ―  chia̍h-pn̄g [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to eat rice; to have a meal
    汝食飽未？／汝食饱未？ [Hokkien]  ―  Lí chia̍h pá bōe? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  Have you eaten yet?
  2. (Coastal Min) to drink
    食茶 [Teochew]  ―  ziah8 tê5 [Peng'im]  ―  to drink tea
    食燒酒／食烧酒 [Hokkien]  ―  chia̍h sio-chiú [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to drink rice wine
  3. (Coastal Min) to take in; to inhale
    食薰 [Hokkien]  ―  chia̍h-hun [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to inhale smoke; to smoke
  4. (Malaysia and Singapore Hokkien) to embezzle (money)
    食鐳／食镭 [Hokkien]  ―  chia̍h-lui [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to embezzle money
  5. (Hokkien, mahjong) to chow
  6. (Teochew; Penang Hokkien)[1] cuisine
    Template:zh-syn
    廣東食／广东食 [Teochew]  ―  Guangdong food
Usage notes
  • When playing mahjong in Hokkien, a player may say this word as a call when forming a chowing another player's discard
Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

  • → Indonesian: ciak
  • → Thai: เจี๊ยะ (jía)

Etymology 4

trad. 食
simp. # 食
alternative forms 饁／馌

From Proto-Min *jiap or *jiat (“to eat”). While sometimes considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it may be from 饁 (OC *ɢrab, “to carry food to workers in the field”) (Norman, 1991; Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 食

  1. (Inland Min) to eat

Etymology 5

trad. 食
simp. # 食

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羊吏切
Baxter yiH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/jɨH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/jɨH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ieH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/jɨH/
Li
Rong 		/iəH/
Wang
Li 		/jĭəH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ji6
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 食
Reading # 1/2
No. 11476
Phonetic
component 		食
Rime
group 		代
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		異
Old
Chinese 		/*lɯɡs/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 食

  1. † Used in personal names.
    酈食其／郦食其  ―  Lì Yìjī  ―  Li Yiji (an advisor to Liu Bang)

References

  1. ^ Catherine Churchman (2021) “Chapter 5: Native Lexical Innovation in Penang Hokkien: Thinking beyond Rojak”, in Sinophone Southeast Asia: Sinitic Voices across the Southern Seas‎[1], Brill, →DOI

Japanese

Shinjitai

食

Kyūjitai

⻝

Kanji

食

(Second grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form ⻝)

  1. to eat
  2. a meal

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
食
うか
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Unbound apophonic form 食 (uke).

Pronunciation

This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Noun

食(うか) • (uka) 

  1. food
  2. grain

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
食
うけ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

uka + i → uke2 → uke. Bound apophonic form 食 (uka).

Pronunciation

Noun

食(うけ) • (uke) 

  1. food

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
食
け
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Cognate with 笥 (ke).

Pronunciation

Noun

食(け) • (ke) 

  1. food
    御(み)食(け)つ国(くに)
    mi ke tsu kuni
    the land of foods

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
食
しょく
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 食 (MC zyik).

Pronunciation

Noun

食(しょく) • (shoku) 

  1. a meal
  2. foodstuff
Derived terms

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
食
しょく
Grade: 2
kan'on
Alternative spelling
蝕

From Middle Chinese 蝕 (MC zyik, “to eat away at, to erode; to eclipse”), originally the same word in Old Chinese as 食 (MC yiH|zyik, “to eat”).

First attested in the 延喜式 (Engishiki) of 927.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

食(しょく) • (shoku) 

  1. [from 927] 食, 蝕: (astronomy) eclipse (often, but not exclusively, of the sun or the moon)
    Synonyms: 日食 (nisshoku, “solar eclipse”), 月食 (gesshoku, “lunar eclipse”)
    • 2015, 田原真人, これだけ! 高校物理 波･音･光 波動編, 秀和システム, →ISBN, page 97:
      レーマーが木(もく)星(せい)の衛(えい)星(せい)の１(ひと)つであるイオの食(しょく)の周(しゅう)期(き)を測(そく)定(てい)したところ、一(いっ)定(てい)ではなく、地(ち)球(きゅう)の公(こう)転(てん)に伴(ともな)い変(へん)動(どう)することがわかりました。
      Rēmā ga Mokusei no eisei no hitotsu de aru Io no shoku no shūki o sokutei shita tokoro, ittei de wa naku, Chikyū no kōten ni tomonai hendō suru koto ga wakarimashita.
      When Rømer measured the period of the eclipses of Io, one of Jupiter's satellites, he discovered that it was not constant but fluctuated with the Earth's revolution.

Verb

食(しょく)する • (shoku suru) suru (stem 食(しょく)し (shoku shi), past 食(しょく)した (shoku shita))

  1. [from 927] 食, 蝕: (astronomy) to eclipse (often, but not exclusively, the sun or the moon)
    Synonyms: 日食する (nisshoku suru, “to eclipse the sun”), 月食する (gesshoku suru, “to eclipse the moon”)
Inflection
Conjugation of "食する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 食し しょくし shoku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 食し しょくし shoku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 食する しょくする shoku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 食する しょくする shoku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 食すれ しょくすれ shoku sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 食せよ¹
食しろ² 		しょくせよ¹
しょくしろ² 		shoku seyo¹
shoku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 食される しょくされる shoku sareru
Causative 食させる
食さす 		しょくさせる
しょくさす 		shoku saseru
shoku sasu
Potential 食できる しょくできる shoku dekiru
Volitional 食しよう しょくしよう shoku shiyō
Negative 食しない しょくしない shoku shinai
Negative continuative 食せず しょくせず shoku sezu
Formal 食します しょくします shoku shimasu
Perfective 食した しょくした shoku shita
Conjunctive 食して しょくして shoku shite
Hypothetical conditional 食すれば しょくすれば shoku sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References

  1. ^ “蝕・食”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 食 (MC zyik).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

食 (eumhun 밥 식 (bap sik))
食 (eumhun 먹을 식 (meogeul sik))

  1. (literary) hanja form? of 식 (“to eat”)

Compounds

Etymology 2

Related to Middle Chinese 飼 (MC ziH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

食 (eumhun 먹이 사 (meogi sa))

  1. (literary) hanja form? of 사 (“feed”)

Compounds

Etymology 3

From Middle Chinese 食 (MC yiH).

Historical readings

Hanja

食 (eumhun 사람 이름 이 (saram ireum i))

  1. hanja form? of 이 (“used in personal names”)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Kunigami

Kanji

食

Miyako

Kanji

食

Okinawan

Kanji

食

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Vietnamese

Han character

食: Hán Việt readings: thực (乘(thừa)力(lực)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], tự[3]
食: Nôm readings: thực[2][4][6], xực[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of thực (“food; meal”).

Compounds

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

Yaeyama

Kanji

食

Yonaguni

Kanji

食

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