果

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See also: 杲
果 U+679C, 果
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-679C
← 枛
[U+679B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 枝 →
[U+679D]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

果 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 田木 (WD), four-corner 60904, composition ⿻日木)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 516, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14556
  • Dae Jaweon: page 904, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1168, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+679C

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 果
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (果) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
裸 *ɡ·roːlʔ
躶 *ɡ·roːlʔ
果 *kloːlʔ
菓 *kloːlʔ
猓 *kloːlʔ
輠 *kloːlʔ, *ɡloːlʔ, *ɡroːlʔ, *kʰluːls
裹 *kloːlʔ, *kloːls
蜾 *kloːlʔ
惈 *kloːlʔ
粿 *kloːlʔ
窠 *kʰloːl
稞 *kʰloːl, *ɡroːlʔ
課 *kʰloːl, *kʰloːls
髁 *kʰloːl, *kʰloːls, *kʰroːlʔ
棵 *kʰloːl, *kʰloːnʔ, *ɡloːnʔ
顆 *kʰloːlʔ
堁 *kʰloːlʔ, *kʰloːls, *kloːns
敤 *kʰloːlʔ, *kʰloːls
夥 *qʰloːlʔ, *ɡloːlʔ, *ɡroːlʔ
婐 *qloːlʔ, *kroːl
踝 *ɡroːlʔ
祼 *ɡluːlʔ

Pictogram (象形) – fruit on a tree.

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
 果
alternative forms 菓

Possibly related to 卵 (OC *ɡ·roːlʔ, *ɡ·roːnʔ, “egg”) (Sagart and Ma, 2020).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: gu2 - rare.
Note:
  • guōi - vernacular;
  • guō - literary.
Note:
  • kér/ké/kóe - vernacular;
  • kó͘/kó - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: guê2 / guên2 / guain2 / guan2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kué / kuéⁿ / kuáiⁿ / kuáⁿ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kue⁵²/, /kũẽ⁵²/, /kũãĩ⁵²/, /kũã⁵²/
Note:
Rime
Character 果
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古火切
Baxter kwaX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kuɑX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kuɑX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuɑX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwaX/
Li
Rong 		/kuɑX/
Wang
Li 		/kuɑX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kuɑX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		guǒ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gwo2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 果
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		guǒ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kwaX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ˁo[r]ʔ/
English fruit; result

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 果
Reading # 1/1
No. 4767
Phonetic
component 		果
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		果
Old
Chinese 		/*kloːlʔ/

Definitions[edit]

果

  1. fruit
    水果  ―  shuǐguǒ  ―  fruit
    蘋果／苹果  ―  píngguǒ  ―  apple
  2. result
    結果／结果  ―  jiéguǒ  ―  result
    後果／后果  ―  hòuguǒ  ―  consequence
  3. sure enough; really
    果然  ―  guǒrán  ―  as expected
    果真  ―  guǒzhēn  ―  really
  4. determined
    果敢  ―  guǒgǎn  ―  resolute and courageous
  5. to fill
    果腹  ―  guǒfù  ―  to fill one's stomach
  6. to come true
    不果  ―  bùguǒ  ―  to be unsuccessful
  7. (literary) finally; at last
  8. (literary) actually
    Synonyms: 究竟 (jiūjìng), 終究／终究 (zhōngjiū)
  9. (literary) if indeed; if
  10. a surname
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 水果 (“fruit”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 果
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 水果
Mandarin Beijing 水果兒, 果子
Taiwan 水果
Ulanhot 水果
Tongliao 水果
Chifeng 水果
Bayanhot 水果
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 水果
Harbin 水果兒
Shenyang 水果
Jinan 水果, 鮮果
Luoyang 水果
Zhengzhou 水果
Xi'an 水果
Dingbian 水果, 瓜果
Xining 果子
Ürümqi 水果
Wuhan 水果
Chengdu 水果, 果果
Guiyang 水果
Kunming 水果
Guilin 水果
Liuzhou 水果, 生果
Xuzhou 水果, 鮮果
Yangzhou 水果
Nanjing 水果
Hefei 水果
Singapore 水果
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 青貨
Dagudi (Maliba) 水果
Reshuitang (Longling) 水果
Mae Salong (Lancang) 水果
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 水果
Cantonese Guangzhou 生果, 水果
Hong Kong 生果, 水果
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 生果
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 生果
Macau 生果
Guangzhou (Panyu) 生果
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 生果
Guangzhou (Conghua) 生果
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 生果
Foshan 生果
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 生果
Foshan (Shunde) 生果
Foshan (Sanshui) 生果
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 生果
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 水果
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 水果
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 生果
Zhuhai (Doumen) 生果
Jiangmen (Baisha) 生果
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 生果
Taishan 生果
Taishan (Guanghai) 水果
Kaiping (Chikan) 生果
Enping (Niujiang) 生果
Heshan (Yayao) 生果
Dongguan 生果
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 生果
Shenzhen (Dapeng) 水果
Qingyuan 生果
Fogang 生果
Yingde (Hanguang) 生果
Yangshan 生果
Lianshan (Butian) 果子
Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 果
Shaoguan 生果
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 生果
Renhua 生果
Lechang 水果
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 生果
Sihui 生果, 果仔
Guangning 生果
Deqing 水果
Huaiji 果
Fengkai (Nanfeng) 水果, 生果
Yunfu 水果
Xinxing 水果
Luoding 生果, 水果
Yunan (Pingtai) 生果
Yangjiang 瓜子
Xinyi 果子
Lianjiang 水果
Nanning 水果, 生果
Wuzhou 生果
Yulin 水果
Hepu (Lianzhou) 水果
Baise 水果, 生果
Beihai 生果
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 水果
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 生果, 果
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 水果
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 生果
Singapore (Guangfu) 生果
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 生果
Móng Cái 水果
Mandalay (Taishan) 水果
Gan Nanchang 水果
Pengze 水果
Lichuan 水果
Pingxiang 水果
Hakka Meixian 生果, 青果, 果作
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 生果
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 生果
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 水果
Conghua (Lütian) 生果
Yudu 水果
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 果子, 水果, 果作
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 水果, 果作
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 果子, 水果, 果作
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 果子, 果作
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 果子, 果作
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 果子
Hong Kong 生果, 水果
Luchuan (Daqiao) 水果
Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) 水果
Senai (Huiyang) 生果
Singkawang 水果
Huizhou Jixi 水果
Jin Taiyuan 水果
Datong 水果
Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) 水果
Xinzhou 水果
Taibus (Baochang) 水果
Linhe 水果
Jining 水果
Hohhot 水果
Baotou 水果
Dongsheng 水果
Haibowan 水果
Northern Min Jian'ou 水果
Eastern Min Fuzhou 果子, 水果
Fuqing 生果, 水果
Matsu 水果, 果子
Singapore (Fuqing) 生果
Southern Min Xiamen 果子
Quanzhou 果子
Zhangzhou 果子
Zhangpu 果子
Zhao'an 果子
Taipei 水果, 果子
New Taipei (Sanxia) 水果
Kaohsiung 水果, 果子
Yilan 水果, 果子
Changhua (Lukang) 水果, 果子
Taichung 水果, 果子
Tainan 水果, 果子
Hsinchu 水果, 果子
Kinmen 水果, 果子
Penghu (Magong) 水果, 果子
Penang (Hokkien) 果子, buah
Singapore (Hokkien) 果子, 生果
Manila (Hokkien) 果子
Pingnan (Shangdu) 水果
Pingnan (Pingtian) 果子
Guiping (Xiaowen) 水果, 果子
Guiping (Dongsheng) 水果, 果子
Chaozhou 果子, 生果
Shantou 生果
Jieyang 果子, 生果
Haifeng 生果
Bangkok (Teochew) 生果
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 生果
Pontianak (Teochew) 果子, 生果
Haikou 生果
Puxian Min Putian 果子
Xianyou 果子
Central Min Yanping (Wangtai) 水果
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 生果
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 水果, 果子
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 水果
Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) 水果
Wu Shanghai 水果
Shanghai (Chongming) 水果
Suzhou 水果
Danyang 水果
Hangzhou 水果
Ningbo 水果
Wenzhou 水果
Jinhua 水果
Xiang Changsha 水果
Loudi 果子
Shuangfeng 果子實, 水果
Quanzhou 水果

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 果 – see 裹 (“to wrap; to bind; to encircle; confine; to carry off; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 裹).
Notes:

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

果

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term
果
か
Grade: 4
on’yomi

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 果 (kuɑX).

Pronunciation[edit]

Counter[edit]

果(か) • (-ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

  1. pieces of fruit

Noun[edit]

果(か) • (ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

  1. fruit
  2. (Buddhism) phala, attained state, result
  3. (Buddhism) enlightenment (as the fruits of one's Buddhist practice)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

果 (eumhun 열매 과 (yeolmae gwa))

  1. Hanja form? of 과 (“fruit”).
  2. Hanja form? of 과 (“result”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Old Korean[edit]

Particle[edit]

果 (*-kwa)

  1. and; with (comitative case marker; attached to multiple connected nouns)
    • c. 1250, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Humane King Sutra:
      等果惠果灌頂果叱三品士隱
      *TUNG-kwa HYEY-kwa KWANTYENG-kwa-s SAMPHWUMSO-n
      As for the three gentlemen of Dengguan and Huiguang and Guanding
      (N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms.)

Usage notes[edit]

果 follows the grammatical rules of its Middle Korean descendant, which differ from Modern Korean usage. Thus it may be followed by other case markers, such as 叱. Furthermore, in both Old and Middle Korean, "A and B" is expressed as A-kwa B-kwa, instead of Modern Korean A-kwa B.

Unlike in Middle and Modern Korean, 果 did not take any allomorph following a vowel. The Middle Korean allomorph 와 (Yale: -Gwa) was produced by the lenition of Old Korean *k to /ɣ/ between vowels.

Descendants[edit]

  • Middle Korean: 과 (-kwa)
    • Korean: 과 (-gwa)
  • Middle Korean: 와 (-Gwa) (allomorph following a vowel, produced by intervocalic lenition of *-k)
    • Korean: 와 (-wa)

See also[edit]

  • 利 (*-li, intimate connective particle)

References[edit]

  • 이승재 (Lee Seung-jae) (2000) “차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구 [Chaja pyogi jaryo-ui gyeokjosa yeon'gu, Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo Gukmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

果: Hán Nôm readings: quả, hủ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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