海
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Translingual
Japanese | 海 |
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Simplified | 海 |
Traditional | 海 |
Stroke order | |||
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Alternative forms
In Chinese, the bottom right component is 母 with 2 dots, yielding 海. In Japanese shinjitai, this component is simplified to 毋 (1 cross stroke), yielding 海 (氵+毎). Both forms are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint – see Han unification.
Han character
海 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+7 in Chinese and Korean, 水+6 in Japanese, 10 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水人田卜 (EOWY) or 水人田十 (EOWJ), four-corner 38157, composition ⿰氵每(GHTKV or U+FA45) or ⿰氵毎(J or U+2F901))
Derived characters
Further reading
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 625, character 14
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17450
- Dae Jaweon: page 1023, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1627, character 1
- Unihan data for U+6D77
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
海 |
---|
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 海 | ||
---|---|---|
Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
脢 | *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
挴 | *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ |
海 | *hmlɯːʔ |
毐 | *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ |
呣 | *mɯ |
拇 | *mɯʔ |
母 | *mɯʔ |
胟 | *mɯʔ |
姆 | *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ |
畮 | *mɯʔ |
踇 | *mɯʔ |
苺 | *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs |
莓 | *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
敏 | *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ |
鰵 | *mrɯŋʔ |
慜 | *mrɯŋʔ |
毋 | *ma |
梅 | *mɯː |
酶 | *mɯː |
鋂 | *mɯː |
每 | *mɯːʔ |
毎 | *mɯːs |
痗 | *mɯːs, *hmɯːs |
晦 | *hmɯːs |
誨 | *hmɯːs |
悔 | *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs |
霉 | *mrɯl |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *hmlɯːʔ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).
Etymology
Probably related to 晦 (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”); in numerous Zhou texts 海 is described as 晦 (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the parallelism in Chinese: 溟 (OC *meːŋ, *meːŋʔ, “ocean”) < 冥 (OC *meːŋ, “dark”).
STEDT compares 海 (OC *hmlɯːʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): hai3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): hai2
- Northern Min (KCR): huǒi
- Eastern Min (BUC): hāi
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 5he
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): hai3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hǎi
- Wade–Giles: hai3
- Yale: hǎi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hae
- Palladius: хай (xaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xaɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хэ (he, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xɛ⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hoi2
- Yale: hói
- Cantonese Pinyin: hoi2
- Guangdong Romanization: hoi2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɔːi̯³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: hoi2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hᵘɔi⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: hai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /hai²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hói
- Hakka Romanization System: hoi`
- Hagfa Pinyim: hoi3
- Sinological IPA: /hoi̯³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: hai2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xai⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huǒi
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuɛ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hāi
- Sinological IPA (key): /hai³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: hai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /xai̯⁴¹/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 海 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /xai²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /xai²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /xai¹³/ | |
Jinan | /xɛ⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /xɛ⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /xai⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /xai⁵³/ | |
Xining | /xɛ⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /xɛ⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /xɛ⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /xai⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /xai⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /xai⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /xai⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /xæ⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /xae²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /xe̞²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /xai⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /xæ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /xɛ⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /he³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /he̞⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /he̞⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /he³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /xɛ³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /xuə³¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /xai⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /xai⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /hai²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /hoi³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /hoi³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɔi³⁵/ |
Nanning | /hɔi³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /hɔi³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hai⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hai³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xuɛ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /hai⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /hai²¹³/ |
- Middle Chinese: xojX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤəʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*hmlɯːʔ/
Definitions
- sea; ocean
- big lake
- (Cantonese) wide river
- overseas; abroad
- (figurative) sea; abundance; infiniteness
- (regional) profuse; numerous
- unrestrainedly; randomly; casually
- a surname Hai (mainland China, Taiwan), Hoi (Hong Kong)
Descendants
Others:
Compounds
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Japanese
海 | |
海 |
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: かい (kai, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: かい (kai, Jōyō)
- Kun: うみ (umi, 海, Jōyō); わた (wata, 海); わだ (wada, 海)
- Nanori: あ (a); あま (ama); うな (una); うん (un); え (e); か (ka); た (ta); ひろ (hiro); ひろし (hiroshi); ぶ (bu); まち (machi); まま (mama); み (mi); め (me); わたる (wataru)
Compounds
- 海運 (kaiun, “marine transportation”)
- 海外 (kaigai, “abroad, foreign country”)
- 海岸 (kaigan, “coast, seashore, seacoast”)
- 海峡 (kaikyō, “strait”)
- 海軍 (kaigun, “navy”)
- 海獣 (kaijū, “marine animal”)
- 海嘯 (kaishō, “tidal wave”)
- 海上 (kaijō, “on the sea, marine, maritime”)
- 海王星 (Kaiōsei, “Neptune”)
- 海神 (kaijin, “sea god/spirit”)
- 海図 (kaizu, “sea chart, water map”)
- 海水 (kaisui, “seawater”)
- 海鮮 (kaisen, “seafood”)
- 海戦 (kaisen, “naval battle”)
- 海草 (kaisō, “seagrass”)
- 海藻 (kaisō, “seaweed”)
- 海賊 (kaizoku, “pirate”)
- 海中 (kaichū)
- 海底 (kaitei, “seabed”)
- 海藤 (kaidō)
- 海難 (kainan, “marine”)
- 海馬 (kaiba, “sea lion”)
- 海抜 (kaibatsu, “above sea level”)
- 海錨 (kaibyō, “sea anchor”)
- 海辺 (kaihen, “seaside”)
- 海洋 (kaiyō, “marine”)
- 海流 (kairyū, “sea current, ocean trend”)
- 海豹 (azarashi)
- 海驢 (ashika)
- 熱海 (Atami)
- 海人, 海士, 海女 (ama, “diver”)
- 海参, 煎海鼠 (iriko)
- 海豚 (iruka, “dolphin”)
- 海胆 (uni)
- 海老 (ebi, “shrimp, prawn, lobster”)
- 淡海 (ōmi)
- 海髪 (ogo), 海髪 (ogonori)
- 海月 (kurage, “jellyfish”)
- 海鼠腸 (konowata)
- 海象, 海馬 (seiuchi)
- 海鼠 (namako)
- 海苔 (nori, “nori”)
- 海底 (haitei), 海底摸月 (haitei raoyue)
- 海星, 海盤車 (hitode, “starfish”)
- 海蘿 (funori)
- 海鞘 (hoya, “sea squirt”)
- 海松 (miru)
- 海雲, 海蘊 (mozuku)
- 海人草, 海仁草 (makuri)
- 天空海闊 (tenkū kaikatsu)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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海 |
うみ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
海 (kyūjitai) |
⟨umi1⟩ → */umij/ → /umi/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *omi.
Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:
- Shift from 大 (ō-, “big, great”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form).[1] This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo/ → /oː/ → /o/ → /u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, “flood”).
- From う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form). The u- stem is evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”)
Pronunciation
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Noun
- a sea, an ocean
- a lake
- Synonym: 湖 (mizuumi)
- (figurative) an object covering over a large area, as in 血の海 (chi no umi, “pool of blood”) or 火の海 (hi no umi, “sea of fire”)
- (planetology) a mare (dark surface of a celestial body, thought to appear like a sea)
- (calligraphy) in a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”), a reservoir where water is stored
- Synonym: 池 (ike)
Usage notes
This is the most common general term in modern Japanese for sea or ocean.
Derived terms
- 海上 (unakami), 海上 (unagami)
- 海境, 海界, 海坂 (unasaka)
- 海路 (unaji)
- 海底 (unazoko)
- 海原 (unabara, “wide ocean”)
- 海牛 (umiushi, “sea slug”)
- 海風 (umikaze, “sea breeze”)
- 海亀 (umigame, “sea turtle”)
- 海草 (umigusa, “seaweed”)
- 海幸 (umisachi), 海の幸 (umi no sachi, “seafood”)
- 海沿い (umizoi, “coastlands”)
- 海狸 (umidanuki, “beaver”)
- 海鳥 (umidori, “sea bird”)
- 海鳴り (uminari, “rumbling of the sea”)
- 海の日 (Umi no Hi)
- 海辺 (umibe, “beach, seashore”)
- 海山 (umiyama, “sea and mountains”)
- 海綿 (umiwata, “sea sponge”)
- 海猫 (umineko, “black-tailed gull”)
- 荒海 (araumi, “rough sea”)
- 淡海 (awaumi)
- 入海 (iriumi, “bay, inlet, gulf, creek”)
- 大海 (ōumi, “ocean, large sea”)
- 外海 (sotōmi, “open seas”)
- 血の海 (chi no umi, “pool of blood”)
- 泥海 (dorōmi, “muddy sea”)
- 鳰の海 (Nio-no-umi)
Idioms
- 海を渡る (umi o wataru, “cross over the ocean → go to a foreign country”)
Proper noun
- a female given name
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
海 |
わた Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
海 (kyūjitai) |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *wata.
May be related to Goguryeo 波旦 (padan). Possibly related to Korean 바다 (bada, “ocean, sea”).
Pronunciation
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Noun
Derived terms
- 海神, 綿津見 (wata tsu mi, “sea god”)
- 海中 (watanaka)
- 海主 (watanushi, “sea master, sea god”)
- 海の神 (wata no kami)
- 海の底 (wata no soko, pillow word)
- 海の原 (wata no hara)
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
海 |
み Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
海 (kyūjitai) |
Either cognate with 水 (mi, “water”), or an abbreviation of umi above.
Pronunciation
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Noun
Derived terms
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
---|
海 |
かい Grade: 2 |
on’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
海 (kyūjitai) |
From Middle Chinese 海 (MC xojX).
Pronunciation
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Affix
References
- ^ “海”, in 日本大百科全書:ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)[1] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
- Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
Compounds
- 海軍 (해군,haegun) : navy
- 海女 (해녀,haeneo) : female diver (literally sea woman)
- 海圖 (해도,haedo) : (marine) chart
- 海拔 (해발,haebal) : elevation above sea-level
- 海溢 (해일,haeil) : tsunami
- 海底 (해저,haejeo) : seabed
- 海外 (해외,haeoe) : oversea
Vietnamese
Han character
海: Hán Việt readings: hải (
海: Nôm readings: hẩy[1][2][3][6], hải[1][2][7][4], hái[1], hơi[1], hãi[2], hỏi[2]
Compounds
References
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- Japanese kanji with nanori reading うな
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- Japanese kanji with nanori reading え
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