然
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]然 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 月大火 (BKF), four-corner 23333, composition ⿱⿰𱼀犬灬)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 675, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19149
- Dae Jaweon: page 1086, character 20
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2213, character 5
- Unihan data for U+7136
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 然 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 然 | |
2nd round simp. | ⿱犬一 | |
alternative forms | 𤉷 𤟙 嘫 㸐/𬊾 𤓉 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 然 | ||
---|---|---|
Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *njen) : phonetic 肰 (OC *njen, “dog meat”) + semantic 火 (“fire”) – to burn. Also ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) . The derivative 燃 (OC *njen) stands for the original word in Modern Chinese.
Note that the upper left component is analyzed as 肉 (meat), and in the component 肰 it is drawn as a tilted 月 (“moon”), appearing more like 夕 (“evening”) with an extra stroke (𱼀); compare 祭, 將.
Etymology
[edit]A fusion of 如 (OC *nja, *njas) with an element *-n which has a demonstrative meaning (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ran2
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jin4
- Gan (Wiktionary): len4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ran1
- Northern Min (KCR): ǐng
- Eastern Min (BUC): iòng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6zoe / 2zoe
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yenn2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: rán
- Wade–Giles: jan2
- Yale: rán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ran
- Palladius: жань (žanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐän³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ran2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhan
- Sinological IPA (key): /zan²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jin4
- Yale: yìhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: jin4
- Guangdong Romanization: yin4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jiːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: len4
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɛn³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yèn
- Hakka Romanization System: ienˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yan2
- Sinological IPA: /i̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàn
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)ianˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yan2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ran1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʐæ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǐng
- Sinological IPA (key): /iŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: iòng
- Sinological IPA (key): /yoŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liân
- Tâi-lô: liân
- Phofsit Daibuun: lieen
- IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /liɛn²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiân
- Tâi-lô: jiân
- Phofsit Daibuun: jieen
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziɛn¹³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɛn²³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: riêng5 / riang5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jiêng / jiâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡zieŋ⁵⁵/, /d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
- riêng5 - Chaozhou;
- riang5 - Shantou, Jieyang, Chenghai, Chaoyang.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 然 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ʐan³⁵/ |
Harbin | /ʐan²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /ian⁴⁵/ /ʐan⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /ʐã⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /iã⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ʐan⁵³/ /ʐan⁴²/ ~而 | |
Xi'an | /ʐã²⁴/ | |
Xining | /ʐã²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /ʐan⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ʐɛ̃n⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /ʐan⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /nan²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /zan³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /zan²¹/ | |
Kunming | /ʐã̠³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /ʐaŋ²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /ʐæ̃⁵⁵/ /ʐən⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /zæ̃¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /ʐɑŋ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /ʐæ̃⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /zø²³/ |
Suzhou | /zø¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /zz̩ʷõ²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ji³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /ie⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | /iɛ⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /yẽ¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /iẽ¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /lɛn⁴⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /ian¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /ʒen¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jin²¹/ |
Nanning | /jin²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /jɐn²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lian³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /yoŋ⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /iŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /ziaŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /zin³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: nyen
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[n]a[n]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njen/
Definitions
[edit]然
- † Original form of 燃 (rán, “to burn”).
- 凡有四端於我者,知皆擴而充之矣,若火之始然,泉之始達。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Fán yǒu sìduān yú wǒ zhě, zhī jiē kuò ér chōng zhī yǐ, ruò huǒ zhī shǐ rán, quán zhī shǐ dá. [Pinyin]
- Since all men have these four principles in themselves, let them know to give them all their development and completion, and the issue will be like that of fire which has begun to burn, or that of a spring which has begun to find vent.
凡有四端于我者,知皆扩而充之矣,若火之始然,泉之始达。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † a demonstrative that refers to a previous verbal clause
- Near-synonym: 是 (shì)
- † so; thus; in this manner; like this
- 然後/然后 ― ránhòu ― then (literally, “after things turn out this way”)
- 不然 ― bùrán ― or else, otherwise (literally, “not so”)
- 非然也。 [Classical Chinese] ― Fēi rán yě. [Pinyin] ― It is not so. / That is not how it is.
- 子曰:「何必高宗,古之人皆然。」 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐ yuē: “Hé bì Gāo Zōng, gǔ zhī rén jiē rán.” [Pinyin]
- The Master said, "Why must Gao Zong be referred to as an example of this? The ancients were all like this.
- † Suffix forming adverbs, sometimes also adjectives, with an abstract meaning of “in the manner of, like”.
- † metaphors extracted from fossilizations of sense 2
- † but
- 然而 ― rán'ér ― but (literally, “(having said) that, and/but”)
- 吾不能早用子,今急而求子,是寡人之過也。然鄭亡,子亦有不利焉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Wú bùnéng zǎo yòng zǐ, jīn jí ér qiú zǐ, shì guǎrén zhī guò yě. Rán Zhèng wáng, zǐ yì yǒu bùlì yān. [Pinyin]
- That I was not able to employ you earlier, and now beg your help in my straits, I acknowledge to be my fault. But if Zheng perish, you also will suffer loss.
吾不能早用子,今急而求子,是寡人之过也。然郑亡,子亦有不利焉。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † correct; right
- † to regard as correct; to agree
- † but
- (Teochew) to resemble; to be like
Usage notes
[edit]This word is fossilized and cannot be used to form new expressions in Modern Chinese. In earlier Chinese, it could freely refer to any verb clause.
- 29. 故善用兵譬如率然率然
- (literally, “So [the] good user [of] troops resembles like quickly [...] quickly [doing] that, i.e. using troops”)
- 58. 投之亡地然後存陷之死地然後生
- Alternatively punctuated 投之亡地。然後存。陷之死地。然後生
- (literally, “Throw them (the troops) [into] death land. After doing that [they will] survive. Sink them (the troops) [into] death land. After doing that [they will] live”)
With the alternative punctuation, the quote commands the reader to actually try this, which is somewhat reasonable. However in Classical Chinese, all pronouns, including this, can also used be topicalizers to merely continue the last clause but linguistically unfocus it instead of starting a new sentence. The topicalization interpretation is equal to the following:
- *投之亡地後存。陷之死地後生
Synonyms
[edit]Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Classical Chinese | 似 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 像 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 像 |
Malaysia | 像 | |
Singapore | 像 | |
Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 像 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 像 |
Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 像 |
Wuhan | 像 | |
Guilin | 像 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 似 |
Hong Kong | 似 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 似 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 似 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 像 |
Lichuan | 像 | |
Jin | Taiyuan | 像 |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 像 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 像 |
Taipei | 像 | |
New Taipei (Sanxia) | 像 | |
Kaohsiung | 像 | |
Yilan | 像 | |
Changhua (Lukang) | 像 | |
Taichung | 像 | |
Tainan | 像 | |
Hsinchu | 像 | |
Kinmen | 像 | |
Penghu (Magong) | 像 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 𫝛, macam | |
Chaozhou | 然 | |
Shantou | 然 | |
Jieyang | 然 | |
Puning | 肖 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 然, macam | |
Batam (Teochew) | 然, macam | |
Haikou | 像 | |
Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 像 |
Wu | Danyang | 像 |
Ningbo | 像, 像人家, 像家 |
Compounds
[edit]- 不其然
- 不期然 (bùqīrán)
- 不然 (bùrán)
- 不盡然/不尽然 (bùjìnrán)
- 不自然 (bùzìrán)
- 並然/并然
- 乍然 (zhàrán)
- 了然 (liǎorán)
- 云然
- 井然 (jǐngrán)
- 亦然 (yìrán)
- 仍然 (réngrán)
- 仆然
- 介然
- 佁然
- 依然 (yīrán)
- 使然 (shǐrán)
- 便不然
- 信然
- 俄然 (érán)
- 倓然 (tánrán)
- 倘然 (tǎngrán)
- 倏然
- 偶然 (ǒurán)
- 偶然性 (ǒuránxìng)
- 偶然論/偶然论
- 傀然
- 傲然 (àorán)
- 僩然/𰂎然
- 僻然
- 儼然/俨然 (yǎnrán)
- 儻然/傥然
- 充然
- 全然 (quánrán)
- 公然 (gōngrán)
- 具然
- 再不然 (zàibùrán)
- 冏然
- 冒然
- 冷然 (lěngrán)
- 凜然/凛然 (lǐnrán)
- 凝然
- 剨然
- 劃然/划然
- 劈然
- 勃然 (bórán)
- 匹然
- 卓然 (zhuórán)
- 卒然
- 呀然
- 哄然
- 啞然/哑然
- 喟然 (kuìrán)
- 嗒然 (tàrán)
- 噏然
- 嘸然/呒然
- 嘿然
- 囂然/嚣然
- 囅然/冁然
- 固然 (gùrán)
- 坦然 (tǎnrán)
- 填然
- 塌然
- 塊然/块然 (kuàirán)
- 墳然/坟然
- 大自然 (dàzìrán)
- 天然 (tiānrán)
- 天然林 (tiānránlín)
- 天然橋/天然桥
- 天然氣/天然气 (tiānránqì)
- 天然鈾/天然铀
- 奄然
- 奐然/奂然
- 奮然/奋然 (fènrán)
- 嫣然 (yānrán)
- 孑然 (jiérán)
- 安然 (ānrán)
- 定然 (dìngrán)
- 宛然 (wǎnrán)
- 宜然
- 宴然
- 寂然 (jìrán)
- 寞然
- 尚然
- 尨然
- 居然 (jūrán)
- 屹然 (yìrán)
- 岈然
- 岸然 (ànrán)
- 峨然
- 嶄然/崭然 (zhǎnrán)
- 嶔然/嵚然
- 嶷然
- 巋然/岿然 (kuīrán)
- 巍然 (wēirán)
- 已然 (yǐrán)
- 帖然
- 幡然 (fānrán)
- 幸然
- 廢然/废然
- 龐然/庞然
- 徒然 (túrán)
- 心靜自然涼/心静自然凉 (xīn jìng zìrán liáng)
- 必然 (bìrán)
- 忽然 (hūrán)
- 忻然
- 忿然
- 忡然
- 怦然 (pēngrán)
- 怡然 (yírán)
- 怵然
- 怛然
- 怏然 (yàngrán)
- 怫然
- 恐恐然
- 恧然
- 恍然 (huǎngrán)
- 恬然 (tiánrán)
- 恤然
- 悄然 (qiǎorán)
- 悍然 (hànrán)
- 悠然 (yōurán)
- 悚然
- 悾然
- 悽然/凄然 (qīrán)
- 惙然
- 悵然/怅然 (chàngrán)
- 惠然
- 惆然
- 惘然 (wǎngrán)
- 惛然
- 惝然
- 慨然 (kǎirán)
- 愕然 (èrán)
- 惻然/恻然 (cèrán)
- 惶然
- 愀然
- 想當然/想当然 (xiǎngdāngrán)
- 愴然/怆然 (chuàngrán)
- 慄然/栗然
- 慘然/惨然 (cǎnrán)
- 憖憖然/慭慭然
- 憫然/悯然
- 憤然/愤然 (fènrán)
- 憬然
- 憮然/怃然 (wǔrán)
- 懍然/懔然
- 懣然/懑然
- 懵然 (měngrán)
- 懼然/惧然
- 戄然
- 或然率 (huòránlǜ)
- 戛然
- 戚然
- 截然 (jiérán)
- 所以然 (suǒyǐrán)
- 抖然
- 拂然
- 挺然
- 撇然
- 撲然/扑然
- 撒然
- 斐然 (fěirán)
- 斗然
- 料然
- 斷然/断然 (duànrán)
- 既然 (jìrán)
- 昂然 (ángrán)
- 昭然 (zhāorán)
- 昭然若揭 (zhāoránruòjiē)
- 晏然 (yànrán)
- 暢然/畅然
- 曠然/旷然
- 木木然
- 木然 (mùrán)
- 未然 (wèirán)
- 杳然 (yǎorán)
- 枉然 (wǎngrán)
- 果然 (guǒrán)
- 枵然
- 柔然 (Róurán)
- 栩然
- 森然 (sēnrán)
- 概然律
- 樊然
- 欣然 (xīnrán)
- 殷然
- 毅然 (yìrán)
- 決然/决然 (juérán)
- 汪然
- 沛然 (pèirán)
- 沸然
- 油然 (yóurán)
- 泠然
- 泯然
- 泫然
- 泰然 (tàirán)
- 洗然
- 洒然
- 洞然
- 浩然 (hàorán)
- 浡然
- 浩然巾
- 淡然 (dànrán)
- 淒然/凄然 (qīrán)
- 混然
- 渙然/涣然
- 湛然
- 渾然/浑然 (húnrán)
- 渥然
- 湢然
- 渺然
- 溘然
- 漠然 (mòrán)
- 漂然
- 漫然
- 潸然 (shānrán)
- 澹然 (dànrán)
- 灑然/洒然
- 灕然/漓然
- 灼然 (zhuórán)
- 炳然
- 然則/然则 (ránzé)
- 然否
- 然後/然后 (ránhòu)
- 然疑
- 然而 (rán'ér)
- 然雖/然虽
- 然頃/然顷
- 煥然/焕然
- 燁然/烨然 (yèrán)
- 熾然/炽然
- 燕然山
- 燦然/灿然 (cànrán)
- 爛然/烂然
- 爽然 (shuǎngrán)
- 犁然
- 猛然 (měngrán)
- 猝然 (cùrán)
- 猛然間/猛然间
- 猶然/犹然 (yóurán)
- 率然
- 當然/当然 (dāngrán)
- 的然
- 皆然
- 皓然 (hàorán)
- 皚然/皑然
- 皤然
- 皭然
- 盎然 (àngrán)
- 眇然
- 瞞瞞然/瞒瞒然
- 瞭然/了然 (liǎorán)
- 瞥然
- 瞥瞥然
- 瞿然
- 矍然
- 砉然
- 砰然
- 確然/确然
- 秩然
- 穆然
- 突然 (tūrán)
- 窅然
- 窪然/洼然
- 端然
- 粲然 (cànrán)
- 純然/纯然
- 索然 (suǒrán)
- 紛然/纷然
- 絕然/绝然
- 總然/总然
- 縱然/纵然 (zòngrán)
- 罄然
- 翕然
- 翛然
- 翩然
- 翻然 (fānrán)
- 聳然/耸然
- 肆然
- 肅然/肃然 (sùrán)
- 胥然
- 脫然/脱然
- 腆然
- 自然 (zìrán)
- 自然人 (zìránrén)
- 自然力 (zìránlì)
- 自然堤
- 自然數/自然数 (zìránshù)
- 自然村 (zìráncūn)
- 自然汞
- 自然率
- 自然界 (zìránjiè)
- 自然美
- 自然金
- 自然銀/自然银
- 自然銅/自然铜
- 自然鐵/自然铁
- 色然
- 艴然
- 芒然 (mángrán)
- 芒芒然
- 苟然
- 茫然 (mángrán)
- 茫茫然
- 莽然
- 萃然
- 著然
- 蓋然性/盖然性 (gàiránxìng)
- 蔚然 (wèirán)
- 蓬蓬然
- 蕭然/萧然
- 蕩然/荡然
- 薆然/𫉁然
- 薰然
- 藐然
- 藹然/蔼然 (ǎirán)
- 蘧然
- 衎然
- 衝然/冲然
- 褎然
- 要不然 (yàobùrán)
- 訇然
- 計然/计然
- 訢然/䜣然
- 誠然/诚然 (chéngrán)
- 諛然/谀然
- 謋然/𰵼然
- 譁然/哗然 (huárán)
- 讙然/欢然
- 豁然 (huòrán)
- 貿然/贸然 (màorán)
- 賁然/贲然
- 赧然 (nǎnrán)
- 赫然 (hèrán)
- 超然 (chāorán)
- 超然臺/超然台
- 超自然 (chāozìrán)
- 跫然 (qióngrán)
- 蹙然
- 蹴然
- 蹶然
- 蹴蹴然
- 躍然/跃然 (yuèrán)
- 軋然/轧然
- 軒然/轩然
- 軒然大波/轩然大波 (xuānrándàbō)
- 較然/较然
- 轟然/轰然 (hōngrán)
- 辟然
- 迥然 (jiǒngrán)
- 逌然
- 適然/适然
- 遽然 (jùrán)
- 邈然
- 釋然/释然 (shìrán)
- 重然諾/重然诺 (zhòngránnuò)
- 錚錚然/铮铮然
- 鏗然/铿然 (kēngrán)
- 閔然/闵然
- 閹然/阉然
- 闇然/暗然
- 闃然/阒然 (qùrán)
- 闐然/阗然
- 陌然
- 陡然 (dǒurán)
- 陡然間/陡然间
- 陶然 (táorán)
- 陶然亭 (Táorántíng)
- 隤然/𬯎然
- 隱然/隐然
- 隺然
- 雖然/虽然
- 雜然/杂然
- 霍然 (huòrán)
- 靡然
- 靦然/䩄然
- 竟然 (jìngrán)
- 須然/须然
- 頎然/颀然
- 頓然/顿然 (dùnrán)
- 頹然/颓然
- 顯然/显然 (xiǎnrán)
- 颯然/飒然
- 飀飀然/飗飗然
- 飄然/飘然 (piāorán)
- 飄飄然/飘飘然 (piāopiāorán)
- 駭然/骇然 (hàirán)
- 騞然/𬴃然
- 騷然/骚然
- 驀然/蓦然 (mòrán)
- 驟然/骤然 (zhòurán)
- 鬨然/哄然
- 魏然
- 默然 (mòrán)
- 黯然 (ànrán)
- 黭然
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]- and; and then; and therefore
- so; if so; as it is; in that way
- however; but
- a certain thing; a sort of thing
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ねん (nen, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: ぜん (zen, Jōyō)
- Kun: しか (shika, 然); しかり (shikari, 然り); しかし (shikashi, 然し); しかも (shikamo, 然も); もえる (moeru, 然える); しかれども (shikaredomo, 然れども); しかして (shikashite, 然して); さ (sa, 然)
Compounds
[edit]- 靄然 (aizen, literally “mist-like”): gentle; serene
- 唖然 (azen)
- 一目瞭然 (ichimokuryōzen)
- 愕然 (gakuzen)
- 砉然 (kekizen)
- 毅然 (kizen)
- 偶然 (gūzen): coincidence
- 公然 (kōzen)
- 自然 (shizen): nature; natural; naturally
- 全然 (zenzen)
- 騒然 (sōzen)
- 泰然自若 (taizenjijaku)
- 徒然 (tsurezure)
- 天然 (tennen)
- 当然 (tōzen): naturally, matter of course
- 同然 (dōzen): just like; the same as; as good as
- 突然 (totsuzen)
- 判然 (hanzen): clearness
- 必然 (hitsuzen)
- 呆然 (bōzen)
- 未然 (mizen)
- 慄然, りつ然 (ritsuzen): horrified
Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
然 |
ぜん Grade: 4 |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 然 (nyen, “-like”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]- indicates a state (no specific semantic content)
References
[edit]- Halpern, Jack: New Japanese-English Character Dictionary -Kenkyusha 1990
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]然 (eumhun 그러할 연 (geureohal yeon))
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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