愛

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See also: 爱
愛 U+611B, 愛
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-611B
← 愚
[U+611A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 愜 →
[U+611C]

Translingual

Stroke order
13 strokes

Han character

愛 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月月心水 (BBPE), four-corner 20247, composition ⿳爫冖𢖻)

Derived characters

Descendants

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 395, character 13
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10947
  • Dae Jaweon: page 732, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2323, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+611B

Chinese

FWOTD – 8 April 2020
trad. 愛
simp. 爱
alternative forms
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
𤔤
𢟪
𢖻
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 愛 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 愛 (Cantonese)
  • 愛 (Classical)
  • 愛 (Gan)
  • Oi (Hakka)
  • Ái (Eastern Min)
  • Ài (Southern Min)
  • 爱 (Wu)

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 愛
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (愛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
愛 *qɯːds
曖 *qɯːds, *qaːds
僾 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
靉 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
薆 *qɯːds
璦 *qɯːds
瞹 *qaːds

Originally 㤅, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯːds) : phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (“foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 (from 㥑).

Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 into ⿱爫冖.

Etymology

Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese ငွေ့ (ngwe., “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.

However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “to sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 195: Incorrect tone notation "2" for sh. See WT:AZH/Wu.

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 愛

  1. to love
    愛國／爱国  ―  àiguó  ―  to love one's country; to be patriotic
    我愛你。／我爱你。  ―  Wǒ ài nǐ.  ―  I love you.
  2. to treasure; to value
    愛面子／爱面子  ―  ài miànzi  ―  to be sensitive about one's reputation
  3. to like; to be fond of; to be keen on
    他愛說話。／他爱说话。  ―  Tā ài shuōhuà.  ―  He likes to talk.
    我不愛吃豬肉。／我不爱吃猪肉。  ―  Wǒ bù ài chī zhūròu.  ―  I don't like to eat pork.
  4. to begrudge; to be reluctant
  5. to be prone; to be easy to
    愛發脾氣／爱发脾气  ―  ài fāpíqì  ―  to be short-tempered
    鐵愛生鏽。／铁爱生锈。  ―  Tiě ài shēngxiù.  ―  Iron rusts easily.
  6. love; affection
  7. love; benevolence
    遺愛人間／遗爱人间  ―  yí'àirénjiān  ―  to leave love behind
  8. something one loves; someone whom one loves
    割愛／割爱  ―  gē'ài  ―  to sacrifice something one loves to someone else
  9. Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡／嫒 (ài).
    令愛／令爱  ―  lìng'ài  ―  your precious daughter
  10. beloved
    愛妻／爱妻  ―  àiqī  ―  beloved wife
    愛將／爱将  ―  àijiàng  ―  beloved general
  11. (Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Teochew) to want (an object)
    我唔愛咁多。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我唔爱咁多。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 m4 oi3 gam3 do1. [Jyutping]
    I don't want that much.
  12. (Hakka, Min) to want (to do)
  13. (Hakka, Min) to need to; must
    有一點愛注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
    有一点爱注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
    Ū chi̍t tiám ài chù-ì--ê. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    There's one thing you must bear in mind.
  14. (archaic) (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 薆／𫉁 (ài, “to hide”).
  15. a surname

Usage notes

  • When used for people, 愛／爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (ròumá, “overly romantic; corny; cheesy”). For this reason, the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan, “to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan) literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. Compare Japanese 好き (suki). However, younger Mandarin speakers, especially those who have been in love for some time, seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛／爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past.

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (愛):
  • → Japanese: 愛(あい) (ai)
  • → Korean: 애(愛) (ae)
  • → Vietnamese: ái (愛)

Others:

  • →? Proto-Hlai: *ʔəːp (“to love”)

Further reading

(deprecated template usage)

Japanese

Kanji

愛

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
愛
あい
Grade: 4
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).

Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).

Pronunciation

Noun

愛(あい) • (ai) 

  1. love
    愛(あい)は強(つよ)い。
    Ai wa tsuyoi.
    The love is strong.
    愛(あい)は勝(か)つ。
    Ai wa katsu.
    The love wins.
  2. affection
    Synonym: 愛情 (aijō)
  3. tenderness
  4. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Synonym: 愛想 (aiso)
  5. (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
  6. (Christianity) agape
Synonyms
Derived terms

Proper noun

愛(あい) • (Ai) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Affix

愛(あい) • (ai) 

  1. love
  2. (US) Short for 愛州 (“Idaho (a state of the United States)”).

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
愛
まな
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
真

Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).[3]

The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).

Pronunciation

Prefix

愛(まな) • (mana-) 

  1. before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal
  2. before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved
Derived terms

Noun

愛(まな) • (mana) 

  1. (archaic, derived from prefix sense) something dear or loved

Proper noun

愛(まな) • (Mana) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 3

Used as ateji in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many, many names.

Proper noun

愛(あづみ) or 愛(ああい) or 愛(あいか) or 愛(あいす) or 愛(あき) or 愛(あこ) or 愛(あみか) or 愛(あおい) or 愛(ありさ) or 愛(あや) or 愛(あゆ) or 愛(ちぎり) or 愛(ちか) or 愛(ちかし) or 愛(えりな) or 愛(はあと) or 愛(ひかり) or 愛(いと) or 愛(いとし) or 愛(いつみ) or 愛(いずみ) or 愛(かな) or 愛(かなえ) or 愛(かなさ) or 愛(きずな) or 愛(こころ) or 愛(このむ) or 愛(まどか) or 愛(まなぶ) or 愛(まなみ) or 愛(めづる) or 愛(めご) or 愛(めぐ) or 愛(めぐみ) or 愛(めぐむ) or 愛(めい) or 愛(なる) or 愛(なるこ) or 愛(のぞみ) or 愛(らぶ) or 愛(るい) or 愛(さら) or 愛(さらん) or 愛(つぐみ) or 愛(つくみ) or 愛(うい) or 愛(よし) or 愛(よしき) or 愛(よしみ) • (Azumi or Āi or Aika or Aisu or Aki or Ako or Amika or Aoi or Arisa or Aya or Ayu or Chigiri or Chika or Chikashi or Erina or Hāto or Hikari or Ito or Itoshi or Itsumi or Izumi or Kana or Kanae or Kanasa or Kizuna or Kokoro or Konomu or Madoka or Manabu or Manami or Mezuru or Mego or Megu or Megumi or Megumu or Mei or Naru or Naruko or Nozomi or Rabu or Rui or Sara or Saran or Tsugumi or Tsukumi or Ui or Yoshi or Yoshiki or Yoshimi) 

  1. a female given name

References

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC 'ojH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅙᆡᆼ〮 (Yale: qóy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] ᄃᆞᅀᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: dòzól) ᄋᆡ〯 (Yale: ǒy)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɛ(ː)] ~ [e̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [애(ː)/에(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

愛 (eumhun 사랑 애 (sarang ae))

  1. hanja form? of 애 (“love”)

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Okinawan

Kanji

愛

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Old Japanese

Alternative forms

Etymology

Originally a compound of 眞 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no2)).

Noun

愛 (mana) (kana まな)

  1. something dear or loved
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3462:
      安志比奇乃夜末佐波妣登乃比登佐波爾麻奈登伊布児我安夜爾可奈思佐
      asi-pi1ki2 no2 yamasapabi1to2 no2 pi1to2 sapa ni mana to2 ipu ko1 ga aya ni kanasisa
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Japanese: 愛 (mana-)

Tày

Noun

愛 (ái)

  1. Nôm form of ái (“to love; to want”).

Vietnamese

Han character

愛: Hán Việt readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5], áy[4]
愛: Nôm readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5][6], áy[1][2][3][4][5][6], ải[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of ái (“love”).
  2. Nôm form of áy (“troubled; anxious”).

Compounds

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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