User:ApisAzuli/ED

Etymology Diary

Egyptian kmt (“Egypt”)

> From km (“black”) +‎ -t, ...

• There are two entries for Egy. -t, which one is this?

Dyeus

> {{learned borrowing}}

• LOL, "Learned"
• This usage citable. Can we mark it as {{lb|mistake}} because the asterisk is omited, as in the Mayerfield Bell quote: "The PIE peoples had called their chief god by almost the same name: [*]Dyeus."
• Usage-Mention distinction is important. It is a spelling pronunciation first and foremost of a symbol that is synchronically part of English. All reconstructions would be "learned-borrowing" in that case. The pronunciation is a necessary evil (Do linguists pronounce PIE roots), but it remains a fact that the letters represent hypotheses as to pronunciations. The lines between usage and mention are blurred in these examples: "the original Dyeus was associated with the Sun- and the Moon-myths" (the whole phrase is a mention, inside this phrase there's usage).
• It might be used to refer to the reconstructed entity, which would be usage. I'd call that a neologism, along with neopaganism of sorts. While my view may be too skeptic, the etymology or definitions deserves a note about this particular usage, because the named entity remains pretty much a mystery, and the matter-of-fact representation gives a wrong impression to that effect. In two instances it is clearly a spelling mistake for Indic Dyaus.

pornography

• the ety links two different terms, the entries for which disagree slightly.
• Beekes dictionary disagrees on peira < *per(H)- ... with himself (cf. pg. 1222)

NB: I had the better part of a post to the ES written up but never finished because I noticed too late in the process how the o-vocalism is proved from Epic material. Still not convinced though.

• Parthenopolis (griechisch „Jungfrauenstadt“)

PIE *bar-

• Is Daniel Kölligan et al.'s work on ditopic particles fit for inclusion, e.g. *bringana from PIE *per-?

Schatzkammer

• My writing in the ES (Apr' 21) was highly confused. The spontanious comparison to catacomb shouldn't be missed. Cp. Schachtel ~ Kästchen for the Anlaut.

Humblebee

• see separate user page.

cuneus

• entry says from *h₂ḱū (“sting”), *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) and compares cos ("whetstone"), where the entry disagrees: *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”). Why not both?
• The argument for vowel length in cōs-cōtis is weak, only based on meter. maioris vel sim. show that lengthened grade can stem from intricate sound changes.
• On the risk of BOS, my bird brain is already convinced there must be aconnection to whet and wedge, one way or another. This is no small dime, if socio-lexical analysis of *weǵʰ- should be as important as for the wheel.

The ESD

I represent to you the Etymologia Espectacular Diaria, where ideas that won't age well shall go to die. It begins with a comparison for route, path and Chinese lu. Not to be confused with diarrhea.

Durchfall

• Missing an etymology
• attested only since the 18th century, earlier durchfällig (16c, cf. DWDS) it might be a phono-semantic calque for the family of diarrhea though surprisingly accurate in view of the adverb's etymology.
• colloquially descriptive synonyms are myriad, in many cases building on dünn (“thin”).

PS: compare dung.

Compare this in particular via urge, drive — Druck (auf der Blase) 'bladder preassure', adj. dringend (“urgent, pressing (need)”); ablauting vb. dringen, drang, gedrungen.TODO: Cf. Harðarson, The prehistory and development of Old Norse verbs of the type þrøngva / þręngia ‘to make narrow, press’, Usqe ad Radices, pg. 221.

I spent a good day trying to organize my thoughts about this, but I went off on so many tangents before cheating by means of books so that now I'm not sure where to continue. For example, the (literally) superficial etymology for Dung is poorly motivated, cf. Pfeifer: "... gegen Kälte und zur Tarnung gegen andringende Feinde mit einer Dungschicht bedecken". Scheiße Bernd, dafür gibt es doch passende Memes. Ich empfinde die Beweislage dennoch als zu dünn sowie die verbleibenden Möglichkeiten, so weit ich diese im Blick habe, schier überwältigend.

This complicates the task to a point that it seems rather unnecessary trying to derive Dung from 'durch'.

*pós

> Felt related to Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi ...

• I don't understand, who is the agent doing the feeling? This is absurd.
• *h₂pó links here via redirect through *(*h₂)pó-s, but isn't linked back; *Hepi != *Hepo, Hpo.

Egyptian tꜣ (“land”)

• no etymology
• see above kmt, -t

dis manibus

• See https://latin.stackexchange.com/questions/5565/how-to-parse-dis-manibus-syntactically
• Does it warrant an entry on its own?

• Is the collocation with "~ ... fecit" or "~ sacrum" significant enough to include?
• Alternatively, a usage example might suffice

• Are we sure this is a particle dis?
• I am reminded of Hittite mene, cf. Kloekhorst (2011), The Opening Formula of Lycian Funerary Inscriptions: mẽti vs. mẽne, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 70/1, 13-23. (pdf), of which I understood not one bit.

head over heels

• cp. Ger. Hals über Kopf, heals (“neck; prow of a ship”) (can "prow" be confirmed?)
• cp. keel vel sim., keel over (“capsize”)

• note that keel words present as loans, wanderwords and dubplates all over

• cp. quill, Federkiel

• think collum "spine"?

• Maybe cf. hull, hold... ship, shaft, Verschalung, zerschellen ...
• cp. Haxe (heel, hock), Haxe(r)l, vs. längsAchse, vs. axe; hack; Ahle (“awl”)
• become a shipbuilder a.s.a.p.

*h₂welh₁-

• The Tocharian desc's need work, respective links to the root, citations are awry; script needed?
• This gives alternative reconstructions, but those don't mention this. Are they actually uncertain?
• I would totally compare *vale, valeo* to Fr. salut. Also cp. welcome ... Cp. *Wanax, *welh1-, *wenH-, Basileus, Sieger, volo, oh god.
• Vitelius (calf, cf. Italy) assimilating vocative **(h₂)wel(h₁)(-ter-(h2)-e-?)-os with changes that don' t look Italic.

Synonyms

• *ḱlewH-, *lewh₃-.

Iraqi Arabic سخل‎ (“saχel”)

I don' know about phonology but need to stress just how strong the signal of a loanword trend seems to be. The following characters are nearly identical in form, though etymologically unrelated, very likely

Sumerian: 𒍚 (ÙZ) Chinese: 羊 (yáng) also: 山羊 (shānyáng) Mycenaean: 𐂉 (“he-goat”) also: 𐁒 (*22, “goat”), 𐂈 (“she-goat”) Phoenician: 𐤔 Egyptian: The Hieratic cursive of a word "Ziege", that seems to be either of Gardiner E28-31 (gḥs, mꜣ-ḥḏ, njꜣw, sꜥḥ), or "kid" (E8, jb) and looks a lot like Arabic س. Cf. "au, a, ar, š, šs Ziege" (1, 2, I didn't get the author Carl Faulmann, Schriftzeichen und Alphabete, Augustus Verlag, Augsburg 1995 (Wien 1880); pg. 28) Astrologic: ♈

Each of these' etymologies and different original readings are intractable to me. Alas I'll have to refrain from idle speculation. Especially the three stripes seem to have obviously different explanations.

Hypothesis: A naive assumption for the semiotic value of the cross-strokes is a signifier for wool, be it the wooly yak or the Wollschaf. The Mykenaean symbol does at first sight signify gender in the four sets of animal determiners that we have here. Phoenician shows horns, while Egyptian has horns and wool from a sideview.

1. Sumerian LUM or GUZ represents cloth.
2. Cloth or wool would be my first assumption, so I hope it works in Chinese as well. One remarkable reading for a broad chest genus as well as the likelyhood of Yak being a wanderword, oldest carvings simply show no stroke patterns, though maybe a collar or yoke, is curious.
3. Mycenaean distinguishes gender with two strokes, cp. similar 𐂊, 𐂋, etc. and like in Chinese there is a naked form, but the reading is unknown.
4. A common meaning for wooly as well as ballsy animals could be found in "cutting", cp. shear, scrotum, also Hoden.
5. The Phoenician and Egyptian are erie:

• Hieratic "Ziege" shows a clear development from sideview of a whole animal with horns
• Phoenician Šin is frequently read "tooth", perhaps still compatible with a sense of horns that appear as the most likely intention eg. for the astrological sign.

Compare the following

𒇻𒅆/𒄎 (lulim) syn. "sheep", 𒈝, 𒈞 (LUM) "textile", 𒈟 (TUGGUZ), 𒇻 (udu), 𒉺𒇻 (sipad) "shepherd"; UZ also appears in compounds with Sum. saga [PRIEST]. PS:I cannot confirm these readings, that I had googled from WP, WT and EPSD. I didn't know EPSD 2.

• 𒂍 E "house", e.gal "temple, palace", 𒆭 ku, kur

PS:Leather Tipi?

• 𒄥 gir, 𒄖𒍝 GU.ZA

PS:Gender as in Linear B < A? Suppose the compound could be lative, attribute refering argument to receiver – cp. skirt, kurz; cp. Latzhose, Lederhose, fly, flap, vledder, Buchse, box, Bock – buck "dollar", buff "lethern", ie. cloth, "Fuck the Buff!", like polish to pelt, jmd. filzen "pilver", "abtasten, durchsuchen; f*c*en"

• 𒃲 (gal) "to be big", syn. 𒄖𒌌 (gu-ul /gul/)

山 is remarkably simple if reading mountain goat, otherwise cryptic. The horns are simplified as the Grass radical in CJK. See also 戈, キ (Jp. ヤギ or やぎ yagi "goat"), 工; 生, 屮, 一

• (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢaŋ/ (Zhengzhang): /*laŋ/ 羊, Sino-Tibetan *g-jaŋ (“sheep; yak”).
• (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.[ɢ]aŋ/ (Zhengzhang): /*ljaŋ/ 翔
• (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰaŋ/ (Zhengzhang): /*kʰlaŋ/ 羌, 猐
• 𒆳 KUR; 山 (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ŋrar (Zhengzhang): /*sreːn/, 丘 qiu; Jp. yama; Engl. summit, Ger. Berg, Burg.

• taur "mountain" vel sim. might as well explain tauros "bull", and certain metal words.

The horned frontview in Mykenaean 𐁒 and Phoenician 𐤔 show a clear parallel that should be compared to other linear glyphs in Etruscan, Tartessian, Avar, etc.

• The Avar example of a common north Greckian eyedialect for οmega with a raised middle stroke is basically an upside-down ♈, and it fits approximately that Greek reads ὄϊς "sheep", '"aix "goat".
• Germanic runes as proxy for Etruscan do show F fehu in sideview of two horns.
• A single horned glyph instead would appear similar to San, 7, Mem or forms of Zayin, Taw, T, see above 戈, 工, cp. Dorn, tool, more over X and similar Linear B glyphs.
• Greek doublegamma or sempi might work over a connection to gamma, or vice-versa: Γ as half a digamma-wav (cf. U, V, W, Ypsilon). Cp. aixs, *He'gs-; Μ similar, C, Κ, Λ, maybe; For reference, modern German Vogel (“bird”) is written with Vogel-Vau in part because of the iconographic form, same as for Votze ("cunt"; tschuldigung) and so perhaps for the Linear B female marker.
• in paleographic Iberian see similar signs of uncertain value; cf. John T. Koch.
• The Levantine semantics of religious horn iconography designating god-hood is surely remarkable, all so in Celtic and Vedic deer horn cults.

Egyptian Djed as a symbolic tree of life: Cp. Phoen. ..., Chinese ..., AGr. Ξ, ξ, Cyril. з, 3, Glagolitic.

• Arab س, Cyrilic ш, Greek Σ

Greek ψ psi would parallel certain psa words in Armenian and Persian (cf. fehu)

A final note about Persian Aza is in order. PIE *He'gs- besides Akkadian AZ, Sumerian GUZ, UZ, UR is mighty curious. The semantic connection is or likely can be found everywhere to derive words for goading, so that it can hardly be used to date diagnostic changes.

That is also present in near synonyms from (TODO: IIRC?) PSem *S-H-G and *W-H-L (¿cat:ar:sheep? :goat?). The latter might go towards the rheme of SaXil /sik'l/.

There are twelve results for goat alone in Sumerian (cf. epsd), certainly mass comparison territory. Halp, this is massive.

Sie

• Missing an etymology. The formal honorific is peculiar. It is not exactly obscure insofar as DWDS and other sources do offer an explanation, but I have no basis to believe it, because pronouns are f difficult.
• The functionality where asingle representative is addressed as though in the plural (sie) does feel like addressing the represented, indirectly. But, this is a synchronic observation.
• The similarity to English you in both sg. and pl. seems functionally very similar.
• Wh-what about sir? sehr? Sir, geehrte Damen und Herren, liebe Kinder. Haben Sia noch Wünsche offen? Of course the Sie would have to be in hearing range for the Kinnas. I have indeed heard that in certain parts of the english speaking world boys addressed their fader as Sir. Slavic doesn't even have a direct cognate to father, so I wonder if tabu was at work.

Tocharian B kauṃ (“sun”)

> The combination of the meanings "sun" and "day" also seem to be very unusual in the Indo-European languages, which strongly indicates a borrowing into Tocharian.

• While I appreciate the comparison to Turkic, I disagree with the wording. The syntax is clearly non-native, something I would produce, but that's not the problem.

1. The Hittite pantheon equates Tiwaz with the sun, and Tiwaz is cognate with Latin dies, diem, so the development is not completely unprecedented.

2. Romani kham and other Aryan forms from *gwher- "warm" would be cognate with day, if *dhghwer- is correct and if those roots are relates, which is not guaranteed.

If I cannot immediately pin point an etymology, so I take flight of fancy, but I didn't come here to speculate without end. ApisAzuli (talk) 18:16, 24 July 2021 (UTC)

3. Outside IE there's Shan ဝၼ်း ("day, sun") Proto-Tai *ŋwanᴬ (“daytime”). Guess the comment meant that day/sun is more frequent outside IE and in that view more likely a loan, but it would suffice if semantic drift influenced a native word, maybe affixed synthetically, by light, to day, before dusk.

J'accuse

For Some suffixes in Romanian I went to read about s-aorist where they give for example "ἄκουσον ákouson "Hear!", cognate to hear.

• Clearly this looks like accuse. That some will say is from causa , ety unknown. So it may be from or akin to that Greek word, regardless of conjectural semantic drift. I'm not here to conjure.
• But doesn't this also explain case, casus, which naively explained by cado and analogous with German Fall left many a language learner flabbergested, but teachers and etymologyist alike given to idle speculation or blank stairs. I will need to roll this over in my mind for a bit.

on the s-aorist

• It's notable that the Romanian terms in the respective categories match ruki-law, but that many examples look like Latin loans and thus perhaps too late for ruki-law.

-ing

This is an amazing topic. Have started three times over with it because I tend to get lost in making up examples. For ex.:

• Potential comparisons for Mahagaja's example: something

Suppose stan ~ stand etc. like thing, somethin

• (i) think ~ understand (Ger. Verstand, verstehen, also begreifen like benehmen – Edit:: suppose *beon for benehmen);
• (ii) thing (object) - Gegenstand (formerly Widerstand; cp. gainsay, sake, Sache, Widersacher, Gegner, Gegenstück, Ebenbild, idea, form, Masse, mater, goo – Sticky Icky);
• (iii) thing (traditional jurisdiction assembly) - the last stand (Edit: das letzte Gericht, cp. guerro, Richtung, Hinrichtung, execution, .exe; also Ständchen "choir").

• (a) Zeugenstand, cp. confession, constitution, zugestehen, Geständnis, Zeugnis ablegen (Zeug (“stuff, things”), seine Sachen Ablegen, eine schlechte Angewohnheit ablegen), beistehen, unterstellen [DWB]. Stunde (Gegenwart (“present, presence”), final hour, dein Stündlein hat geschlagen);
• (b) testimony - Stimme (“vox, votum”) (vo[X]tum?), Zustimmung (“approval”), Abstimmung, to find, sich einfinden, sich einstimmen; das muss stimmen (it must be=correct; cp. *Hey- > immer)
• (c) Stammesvater - 'tribe', 'tribute', "tax"; Stamm, trunk - *dempotis "housemaster", Haus-meister (Dr. Jan-Itor), cp. husband, Heirat, kind of iii. 'assembly';
• (d) stumm, tumb, dumb - doom; Ukrainian duma; Dicker Daumen, "thumb", großer Onkel zu Stummel, trunk; hunk, chunk, thunk?

• (iv) Berliner Stunk, En. sting, stint(?), Ger. Zank, Gezeter. Cf. "The concluding point of an epigram or other sarcastic saying." viz. judgement, sentencing, Strafe, "A police operation [...] to catch a criminal.", viz. Vollstreckung, sich für jmd. stark machen.
• (v) Aufstand (“unrest, upheavel; riot”), kind of iii. 'assembly'; cp. Abstand (“distance”), 8Widerstand (“resistance”);
• (vi) Bestand (“stock”) (cp. Stand 'shop, market-stand'), viz. kind of ii. 'object'; cp. System, Zustand.
• (vii) to have an understanding, be in good standing, Ständegesellschaft, (ii + iii); Der verständige Bürger, (++i).
• (vii) thanks - stimmt so, standard, sta.rk von dir, es=dankt ___ (dummy pronoun or Gaulish prefix?)

Cp. stock ~ chuck and suppose that the change went through */ts/, then *tʰ, t:, WT:ES:Werkzeug /ts (with Kluge by ziehen), cp. "(mechanical engineering) A mechanical device that holds an object firmly in place, for example holding a drill bit in a high-speed rotating drill or grinder" (chuck) Observe the "raw material" (stock) coming from steck > stock, cp. Werkstück.

Possibly substrate *kagʰ-

I stumbled across κάνδυς, which is maybe from *kagʰ, or perhaps from *kénǵ-u-s, from *kenǵ-, just after I bespoke Umhang in the ES. I cp. Gehänge ~ yunk (private parts) and eventually Abhang vs yunk (yard) (as if landfill). See PGem *hago- listed in the PIE descendents (NB: descent, depend sv. Abhang respectively abhängig). More over, kan- is analyzed as morphem in Persian, and I think Ger. ' 'hin- (usually paired with her-, cf. here) in Hinrichtung ("execution, hanging") and umkommen (if not from a syllabified *mer-, cp. Cockney murk for the prothesis, note t-glottalization; maybe behindert "disabled", PS: but this seems distateful in hindsight – see umpire (“Schied-s-richter”)). Thats *Ke-n-K-. The prefixes hin und her are often shortened ergative[?] as in zero grade, nei, naus, rein, raus.

If this describes the textile — cloak, cp. toga and textile, therefore see cloth — the distribution of the thing and lexical variation might suggest a loan. If we posit *kʷ and a loan into Iranian, we can predict *kw > tw, as in tweed, which akin to twist (I say) is analogical to thread, Draht, drehen, maybe Tau ("rope", see also tampen; PS: hahaha, wat?). This matches round about with the semantics that revolve around um-, amphi.

In comparison to campagna, Ger. Um-Land means the environs, indeed. ApisAzuli (talk) 05:29, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

силовики (siloviki)

Regardless of the validity of what's to follow, this word is fairly relevant to the Zeitgeist.

I have reviewed my conjecture about *sědlo (cf. Serbo-Croatian sijélo vs Proto-Slavic *sědlo) today shortly before reading an article in the Berliner Zeitung about Vladimir Putin, where I encoutered the word {{w:de:Silowiki}} (viz. силовики (siloviki)).

I feel compeled to substantiate my disagreement about the notion that "the fact that Serbo-Croatian keeps sèlo and s(ij)élo as separate words clearly shows they were not conflated in any way [...]", because doublets. The conclusion as presented by this dictionary in summary as I understand it:

1. Ijekavian and Ekavian are dialects, variaties or whatever of Serbo-Croation.

• That should be the most crucial point, which has been accepted for the length of the entire discussion.

• I am in no place to disagree.

2. sijélo and respectively sélo are formally identical varieties of the same word (ca. "party").

• The meaning is rather broad.

• My uninformed interpretation depends largely on what I might consider a party and what I imagine rural social life should look like.

• The given glosses are at that point a poor substitute for the actualy experience.

• More importantly, if the terms are vague, they aren't very informative for the original meaning, because there is no rigid method for the reconstruction of semantics.

3. The word defined then as "An evening party in the village" (updated since) and the Ekavian false cognate "village", which might have suggested relatedness, are sheer coincident because

a1) the distinct Ijekavian forms sijélo ("party") and respectively sèlo ("village") are distinct and necessarily in need of distinct reconstructions

a2) the Ekavian forms sèlo /sělo/ ("village") and sélo /sěːlo/ ("party") are distinct as well

b) the gloss was poorly thought out.

4. Comparative evidence from distant minority languages like German and Latin are not with standing.

5. Thus it's imperative to derive the words

a) Ije. sèlo and E. sèlo ("village") from *selò < ..? ("Probably akin to [...]", "Proto-Germanic *saliz", q.v. From Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European *sol-, *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”)).

b) Ije. sijélo and respectively E. sélo ("party") from *sědlo < *sed- (“to sit”).

• I wouldn't dare having an opinion on any small Slavic language, seeing how long it took for me to grasp the argument, if Germanic wasn't implied in the argument.

• The Indo-European reconstructions *sol-, *sel- are to date still redlinks. This and the wording "Probably" are reason enough for a closer look.

• The comparisons that I supplied in favour of the one or other etymon are all over the place, and I myself feel barely any incentive to go through that mess, so I am very much afraid that it has not been considered thoroughly, rather rejected off-hand in favour of the preoccupied opinion, as the testemony suggested, "I must admit I’m confused as to what you’re trying to say in much of your response".

• I am still proud about comparing salsa (the dance) to salo (to jump, dance), rejecting derivation from salsa (the sauce), from sal (salt).

• The several turns taken in the survey were unfortunately too complicated to keep in mind at once.

• The tentative comparison with Albanian sjell is particularly quirky (q.v. "[...] from Proto-Indo-European' *kʷél-e-ti, from *kʷel- (“to turn, twist”).") It's funny because collony, a form of village in some sense, is derived from the same root.

• Note the used templates: PGem. *-iz is not exactly a derivational suffix

• It's pretty damning that "the pitch accents simply do not match", that I did not see it coming though the IPA was there, that I forgot it immediately.

The fallacy here is the assumption that those words must be strictly from Proto-Slavic. There are several purely theoretical alternatives to arrive at doublets, though I cannot with any certainty point out how to arrive at that conclusion in practice. One simple solution would be corruption under folk etymology in one branch and loan translation into another. That seems to have been irrelevant to the discussion where it has been accepted that the derivation is fine and that the editor did a good job even if it were possibly formed at a later stage.

As said, I tried considering different kinds of parties, because other than Wörter and Sachen the Indoeuropeanist wants to reconstruct social institutions. I won't recall what I had been thinking there and then, except that I do understand how a cozy evening as well as gathering round the pyre may look like, preferably with music. The difference is often gradual, transitioning from into the other. The attraction right now is nevertheless its function, be it spiritual or legal. In particular, I'm thinking that a village can be associated with village elders, and eventually politics.

That's why силовики (siloviki) has caught my attention. Unfortunately I didn't have wiktionary at hand for the time being, so that the idea grew into a stubborn insistance. The etymology is actually suggesting:

6. Silowiki are the powerful protectors of regalia, industrial tycoons and secret service agents in the Russian society.

• "Dieser Wladimir Putin setzt seit seiner Machtübernahme in der Sylvester-nacht 1999/2000 in seiner Innen- wie Außenpolitik auf bewaffnete Strukturen (die Silowiki), auf seine Geheimdienste, die Polizei und das über Atomwaffen verfü-gende Militär." (Dietmar Schumann, Wie ich Putin traf und er mich das fürchten lehrte, Berliner Zeitung, Nummer 65, Sonnabend, 19. März / Sonntag, 20. März 2022, pg. 23-25)

• "Silowiki [...] ist im russischen Sprachgebrauch die Bezeichnung für Vertreter der Geheimdienste und des Militärs,[1] die in den Regierungen von Boris Jelzin und Wladimir Putin zu bedeutenden politischen und wirtschaftlichen Positionen kamen." (de.wikipedia: Silowiki)

• nominative plural of силови́к (silovík), q.v.

• 1. (politics) silovik, securocrat 2. law enforcement officer, intelligence officer, security service agent, soldier (any employee of a nation's law enforcement, security, or military forces)
• силово́й (silovój, “force-based, using troops”) +‎ -ик (-ik)

• Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sila. Cognates include Lithuanian síela.

• From Proto-Balto-Slavic *séiˀlāˀ.

• The ending, which is presented as suffix -ово́й in the above descent, also recognizable in bolshevik eg., derives adjectiva

• there's no etymology section, yet

Try What links there, especially -ов and овој obtain

• *-ovъ is a specialization of u-stems

• The suffix -ик (-ik), whether from *h1e- ~ ís or not, appears similar to -y, *-(i)kos and therefore possibly the actual adjective forming ending (I imagine that' s similar to stark, die Stärke, die Starke).

That's where I paused, because it's probably nothing, and if there were any ration I would likely miss it. My preliminary association is Kraftbrühe vis-a-vis Soljanka. Although I have surely mentioned soljanka in the party thread, it did not emerge before the German word. Apparently I lexicalized the Slavic brew under a prototype of soup?

The Lithuanian comparand caught my attention, of course, simply because of its form.

• Lithuanian síela (“1. (religion) soul, spirit; ...”) /ˈsi͡ə.lɐ/

Holy smokes, that's unexpected. "No certain cognates outside of Balto-Slavic. Compare Old Icelandic seilask (“endeavour”)." Well, what about Seele (“soul”), as indicated tentatively under *saiwalō. Further more, "Old Prussian seilin (“diligence [acc. sg.]”), nosēilis (“spirit”)" leaves me guessing about the the nasal initial (cp. nose, sneaze, maybe words for 'breath' in the lexical vicinity, or Niere (“kidney”) if that held any spiritual significance not unlike the liver, nephre-, see further phrenology; or nos "us" etc., which would match better with the tentative derivation of soul from *swe- "self"; the comparison to saeculum seems rather relevant, inasmuch as I refered *sědlo to a similar tool suffix as is reconstructed for saeculum).

Proto-Balto-Slavic *séiˀlāˀ indeed prefers the comparison to saeculum, it seems:

• "Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂i-l-eh₂[1], perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂y- (“to bind”)."

• Recall my conjecture rather early in the thread that horse-man might unwind in the evening.
• The signification of saeculum is not clear to me, assuming that it must be figurative. Alternativy, quite triviay I think, it could be the name of an annual festivity.

• regardless of the attractive comparison with the tool-suffixes, note as well how it resembles *kwel-, eg. colony (a dependence?).
• Compare Saturn possibly from the same root, and uncertain Bacchus with bacculum (whence bacteria because of it's resembling a staff).

Of course sèlo vel sim. differ from the Serbo-Croation cognate síla (“force (anything that is able to make a big changes in person or thing)”) /sìːla/.

Lt. síela "5. moving spirit, inspiration (person who provides significant impetus or guidance)" explains all of these very well.

In conclusion, I said preferably with music. That's poetic enough for my taste seeing "inspiration". However, no strong evidence for any connection to either 'sitting' or 'housing' appears, in part because I won't ramble on about existential verbs and deictic particles. It seems a lot simpler to deny the PBS root overall and suppose a late loan from the time of convergence, still early enough for all the Slavic sound changes to fall in line, if they be in fact entirely regular. On the contrary, it needs to be considered which u-szem was foundational for the extraction of the suffix.

Event-u-ally (pun not intended) cp. sun set and seat of emotions.

sushi

The question for the initial meaning in the composition of this compound wasn't really answered the last time this was asked. Other words weren't really in question.

Now I see that 水 "sui" appears as left radical 氵 in 湯, which might seem intuitive as far as "water" and "soup" are concerned, even if a watery taste is the opposite of how I would advertise soup. Tastes differ.

It makes less sense with 湯圓 "tangyuan; rice ball", where 水圓 (?) is one of many dialectal synonyms. The dots might as well be steamy water vapour, I thought. 圓 ("round") is comprehensible, though the etymology is sketchy if the phonetic component fits so well into the semantics, not to mention 濎 OC *teːŋʔ ("cauldron") matches rice balls or bowls so well. With regards to the 圓 Yuan, observe a similar development to "ball" from "jade" is a stretch, and both components to 球 can be read "jade". The resemblence of the Rice and Water radicals seems due to rather similar initiall patterns. Same for 球.

scortum

Ho-ly sh... this is tremendous. I have to much on my mind right now, really need to note a few miscellanea soon, and I'm a bit in a rush before the easter fest, so I'll have to see how far I can dive into this before I have to leave it alone.

So, where Varro has "scortari est saepius meretriculam ducere", one can't help but wonder why Italian scòrgere should be from VLat. Vulgar Latin *excorrigere. I mean an escort service is literally a cover-up, at least in the media. *-co- seems meaningless, a little German past-participle like (ge-) as scorta is from p.p. scorto, and it could be mistaken iff haplology, metathesis, exetera is an option. *ex- is meaningful in the Spanish cognate, to escort s/b out, say goodbye, but this may seem too reductive. And they (err, who? what?) don't explain its other senses, "to see", "to hear", "to notice". I guess it's reasonable if something like scout (or to go out, cp. ago, agent, maybe *sekʷ-; Ger. aus-führen of dog-walking or a date) or maybe *h₃ekʷ- (cf. oko (“eye”) eg.) is taken into account. Since ὀφθᾰλμός is uncertainly connected to *h₃ekʷ-, I find ὀπή (“sight; opening, hole”) quite the eye catcher, since Aphrodite, the (exotic?) sex goddess, vs. apperture or so (ie. "opening") was recently discussed regarding April; some OHG word in my browser history might relate, too. Albeit, suppose "hole" is too lowly a pars pro toto. Also, the traditional etymology of Aphrodite from "foam" should not be dismissed out of hand.

On the other hand, seeing that corrigere is eventually cognate with rex, and harem with haram (not to mention hermaphrodite, cp. Hermes), and that escort can as well imply `protection, guardʼ, an analogical argument might just work for save passage as well as armor from leather if you will. Leather harness is a bit ambiguous to me, quasi obsolete; cp. Geschirr (I have something miscellaneous on pots, knives and cutlery wrt. Saugnapf vs. Knopf, which shouldn't distract now).

In synthesis with *excorrigo, cp. thus corridor, currently a hot topic with the save passage of fugitives. See also eg. Caesar in' Bello negotiating save passage through Aquitania. This in turn might imply trade and therefore a pledge, or simply hostages.

As regards leather, a possibly Celtic derivation from *pel- (?) was discussed before. Still inconclusive IMHO it's another massive story in my view. Speaking of which, I misspoke when suggesting in the ES that skirt is unlikely derived from "hide" because it can be derived from "to cut" or "short", somehow. It can so be derived from "hide", seeing that a leathernapron is quite useful in smithing at least (autocorrect is suggesting "leather nappy"? cf. above -Napf; I like to believe the rebracketing of napron was in part motivated by Fr. apres "before"). In fact, one of my tangents for leather is the ambiguity of Latzhose vs. Lederhosen, while I was surprised to find pictures showing that the latter is traditionally held by suspenders that have a breast piece, what I would consider to be the Latz of the typical Blaumann, whereas presents me with a paradox because it can as well mean the typical flap or fly. I have a draft in storage. Luckily I don't remember enough of it to get distracted.

Support for the derivation from "hide" was implied with Swedish fjäll-. I have two remarks. 1. Eventually, I can't figure out if the sense of desease is possibly related to faul, Fäule, because long *u to /au/ is irritating; possibly all low German lowns (hand me downs, sorry) those ones; cf. Gaul? Seeing that there's no such correspondance to Beule ("bubo") like Maul ~ Mäuler doesn't help either. 2. I had wondered first about pelliculae vs. petticoat for teh lulz. Indeed, the outcomes of *peHw- are all over the place, so Paula `li'l oneʼ should be a fair comparison; cp. scorta (“short”), shorty, etc. Trying combinate "cut, short" and "peal, peal off" in a pre-IE setting may be unwarranted. Problematically, as regards methodology, I simply cannot rule out much later cross-talk and the bespoke potential chance coincidently inviting folk etymology that can change the semantics to a point that the original meaning is lost to all but the most precisely callibrated instruments. I'm just spittballing that skin desease do peal off on occasion, and that Pelle if rotten would be not unlike Müll vs. milldew, chaff, trash (if related to thresh, cp. Druss, dreschen), or shard (cp. junk yard above in the ED? That fact from history class with Mrs. Lullyoutosleep or Mr. Schwarz about the Greek polis and voting procedures carried out on shards (ostrakon), wherefore I tend to confuse now Scherbe with Scholle [Zangendeutsch?] and ostracizing with paleo-Hebrew obituary urns [Oriental Institute lectures]).

Now I tire and have to retire quickly. 1. sortir "... , probably influenced by surrectus" (q.v. ut plusculis) could be rellevant in the above *excorrigere. 2. "pledge, hostage" is much more specific than general payment, currency. I mean, Finnish "money", raha <? PGem *(s)kraha supposedly from fur trade re.ains an object of interest. Follow the money, someone wise once said. See eg. porne (also above in the ED) supposedly from *per- "sell".

In the end, I think it will remain obscure because it requires dark magic, that is strictly proscribed. Last but not least, it should be well known that "cow" (I say as I recall the porne topic; Yiddish pore "cow"?) is a metaphor for females in general, like, holy cow.

ius

> The genitive plural iūrum does appear rarely, e.g. in Plautus and in Cato apud Charis.[1]

Why, the illuster easter-bunny has told me that ūsus ~ ūsuum (“usual, tradition”) has to stand in place of "iurum", iff the ‹r› is rhotacized.

Also, Gaius Iu-Ius Cesar would make heaps of sense under the king-of-kings trope. Gaius I think may belong with *keh₂-, the Iranian forms rather than carus, perhaps in a sense of chooser (of law, if -ius is inherent). As Roman naming goes, it's conceivable that Caesar is the common form of the same name (eg. Caligula is commonly accepted to be a nickname, an ekename, a nekkin name, cp. necken "to kid", kin). However, that' s gross speculation and I'm not sure if it was seeing *keh₂- that tripped me or rather another root (eitherway, what word I saw suggested "orphan", which reminds of Augustus, Octavian, the chosen adoptive son).

Conversely, if l ~ *y is a possibility as much as in romance languages, I'd further argue that lumen, luna are not not cognate with "moon". Whatever that may mean w.r.t. lux, it's basicly unclear why should Latin deviate, because of mons, Mt. (cp. hinter'm Mond leben), la monde (see monde and mond switched position in Raetic Tarot)? Syncretism and collocation do seem plausible – Uistorical linguists hate this trick!

More over, I should wonder if latrones ([[Wiktionary:Etymology scriptorium/2022/April|ES Apr '22] ]) might belong here, cp. Lude "pimp, player". If this implies ca. *Hyew-tér, I suggest Ger. Schwadron, Geschwader (“squadron”), **jwad-s, **g'jwad, **ḱm̥tHywdʰ-, thus Ger. Hundertschaft, see indeed *Hyewdʰ- (“to push forward, strife; battle”), Lat. iussus (“commanded; order”). For this to work let (t)sch maybe /j dž/ and squad from haplology as in ask ~ aks, etc. ~ exetera, Italian ‹tc› /tš/, and *-ter as in Patron akin to filius. Since my prior for ekcetera is *eke "and" (Ger. auch, cp. augment "increase"), I'd have to conclude that *ḱm̥t "hundred" betrays "and" similar to four score and ten, and we can probably separate *medʰ- vel sim., "medium, with". As regards Verner *g, see also ganzes ("whole package; 1 kg, 100 g"; *gʷʰen- (“to flourish, be full, swell, abound; to drive, kill, perish”), cp. Fa. āganj (“full, complete; PGem *bãno, also **jagan”)), Grimm Mannschaft (**Hmãtšaft). Latin centurion emendate *centiurion, voiced gentry; similar miles. Now I'm knee deep in a tar pit. I do not at all feel like investigating the history of -schaft; If rooted in the sense "shape, form", it could imaginably mean "formation", or derive simply from analogy to other -schaften, and this could be folk etymology nonetheless. Searching for "cumlat*" I get only Slovak mĺzť, cumľať, cmúľať ("lutschen", Langenscheidt online), where reasonable comparisosn are 1. unkind Gr. malaka (Softy, Milchbubi, Wichser) and especially Schwanzlutscher (viz. *schwad-?), 2. the "suck, suckle, nurse" ~ "baby" trope (as I have alleged for filius (ES '21). Schwadronieren "schwallen", schwatzen, (Kölsch) Schwaden, quatschen, quaddeln, quasseln, quackeln, OE quaed, chat, etc. offer parallel evidence for the change, though rather unreliable.

What drives it all home is the law (“justice”). The drivation from *legʰ- (“to lie”) is sweet. Given Lage "layer, shift; situation" ("wie ist die Lage?") and Lager "camp" the root of lieutenant, lieu, locum "place" is surprisingly *stl-; for latrin'e, "lavatory" vs. locus "id." one might have to think of labeled, segregated stalls ... Tocharian derives "thief" from *legʰ- "to lie (hori.)", matching my prior about Yiddish lign ("tell a lie; lie horizontally"). See also fellow, eventually akin to Olaf, Ole (**Olaw, Olau). Wi-Lu-Sa has "camp" in cuniform, I think (perhaps highly polysemous by the time). Then there's the lego, ligo, logos, lesen problem, and incidently lassy with "unmaried" like German ledig (cp. verletzen, verlieren, verlustig gehen, lustig).

With regard to Lude, if pimp ~ Pimpf holds, see also whimp for a start. Pump (cp. pawn? ie. pumpen (“to loan, borrow”)) might be informative, and I've argued some place else in this view that Pumper and crank show reasonable parallels in Pimpf, though a bit cringy. My understanding of pimping is limited to pop-culture, especially one half dollar music video, and a documentary about one. He did at first work as an enforcer, so that much makes sense. Then he was a lover boy and eventually married one of the girls, what some might understand as cuckolding. The term Zuhälter (-lt-? Or *L'Zuhältaire**? -aire, *haiz) on the other hand is explained as "procurer". Hence, the pimp stands between the whores, the cartel and the johns, so the perception of their characteristics depends on perspective. The flagrant style as portraid in the media is barely exaggerated, and so their expression does per chance resemble that of hookers. The jargon may be variously stratified. With regards to pimp my ride (thus derived aufpimpen) it could mean dressing fashionably; in view of Pumper and assuming that Schrank (cabinet; hunk, bodybuilder) related to crank-schaft, cp. Schranke "turn stile", one might have to think of rackets, and perhaps "Aufpimpen" as an euphemistic threat; don't suppose "Pimpernella" be long here. Anyway, the close association of these concepts shows conclusively, that social contracts about service were involved, similar to mercanaries. In fact, given the infrastructure, there's no reason they'd travel without companionship.

ludum could belong here, if "battle" in a childish sense implies play and competition.

You known, Regina, Ius, regalia, whatever, Spielzeug. ApisAzuli (talk) 01:54, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

ouzo

Type of aqua vitae, wodka, whisky, uisge-beatha, uisce beatha, *udenskyos (*wódr̥) with *d > / ζ regular in Lydian, Lycian or there abouts?

See also Küstennebel (serve chilled), cp. Kost, Rumanian apa; further Sch(*t)näperkę "Schnaps".

Here's why I don't edit much

At first I simply want to comment on a thread about Borrowings from Chinese or Korean and political agendas, which shouldn't be my business to beginn with, except prehaps to moderate the discussion to the point that I feel entitled to an opinion if anyone else in the thread has effectively not answered the question, all the same. But then I get big ideas and want to reference a piece of work, for which I have to edit the respective entry first. Then the work is not fully in agreement with our PIE material, and more importantly it has comparanda that we are missing, or spelling differently (Lithuanian "lygùs" or "lýgus", or both? and how do you spell OCS slizuku in glagolitic?) and they are not glossed in the abstract. I had no time to read the whole thing in the library and there is no e-print from the publisher. In addition, I don't know how to format references, but the reference that is already there looks poorly formated. Next, I set out to complain, here, because it would be simpler to continue that footnote-less style then to visit and digest WT:REF (PS: which says it's okay), and it's still much simpler to open another tab to distract myself with things that look initially simple, until ... except, this time I'll leave a note, at least – Until the next problem creaps up, a few problems will solve themselves in the meantime.

I have updated Λίγυς and in doing so felt need to translate the gloss *(s)lei̯g- 'schmieren, glatt machen' from the source. I missed that the abstract is also given in English ("spread sth., smooth out"), and I'm quite happy that we arrived at basicly the same results. However, I'm not sure if the gloss is canonical, eg. from LIV, and I'm particularly uncertain if the understanding suffers from the translation, to derive "bright" from "smooth". For me it might be the assonance of glänzen ("to shine, sparkle") and glatt, in line with John Lawler's sound symbolism. The author is clearly Italian, so this might be besides the point, but I still wonder if there's a better way to ... Now I'm e-mailing Fritz.

hooks that couple up

hook – perhaps not the entire paradigm of hang to which I'd count hook – is tangential to a strong resemblence with gekoppelt, with prothetic h- for e, a, y < *ga- < *ḱóm "with" (cp. co(m/n)-, *). comeo, Old Frankish ham, *hansō, PSla *sъ(n), etc.) – semantics match exceptionally well: the liason (eg. "Polish ją, z nią (*sъn jejǫ > /zɲɔ̃/)") can be seen in Hänkel, relative to *ḱenk- (s.v. hang, cunctabundus `slow-assʼ, *sǫčьka "stick, peg”, शङ्के śaṅke "to doubt, think", Hittite ...) or the internal derivation *ḱóm- and how it relates to the formation of participles and such (which shall be a different matter¹). See also gag, gig, jig, jerry, jack, jagen, ramp up, shock, choke, chuck, Schock, yoke, cock, check, hash, Häkchen, Strickjacke, metal jacket, racket axe vel sim., J ~ jay).

1. How is that comp-atible with "Contraction of *coapula, from con- (“together”) + apō (“I join”)."?

2. Why would hang and hook differ about palatals in reconstruction?

The idea is, why hook-up or hook up? Superficially, up could be identical to hang up, get hung-up on sth., but that's not exactly what it means. Hang on a second, anhängen has a by-sense of aufhängen, certainly contradistinct to abhängen in either sense; see also aufhalten "to hinder, block, delay, stall; to keep open", abhalten "to deter, block", jmd. abhängen "profit from delays, to get away from the delayed"; Heckmeck, Henkemenkenke (Firlefanz, Hokuspokus). Personally, I am primed by Kuplung or whatever it's called where an Anhänger "wagon" is attached, non "utch", viz. v. kuppeln "to use the clutch, to couple" (not exactly to shift-gears although Kupplung could mean gears; rather we have to think of abkoppeln "decouple", to switch the gearbox into Leerlauf), cf. einen Zahn [viz. notch] zu legen, said originally of the notches in tools that hold the cauldron at variable hights above a fireplace, then also Affenzahn "high speed", cp. top-notch? then key, clavus "peg, crook"). By anology, if look up to confers a sense of size, the antonym could be look on to if rather confused with unto, look unto, not look down on (von etwas absehen only to hold a grudge about it?). Indeed, the general theme is confusion of the prepositions and whatnot (the ~ to, eg.), so it doesn't hinder us too much that *apō rather belongs with of off, not up. Eg. cp. in dieser Hinsicht ~ in (this) hindsight; * to under fore, hinterslich' führen "illude",, unterfordernd (not a challenge), eine Frechheit sondergleichen).

After all, we have idioms like (figurative) to marry (merge, combine, bind), eg. like male and female plugs. Saugnapf "suction cup" belongs with Knob, imho, maybe "cleave", so for the sense of Napf "cup" we can infer an original sense of husk, thresh (cp. hay?), ie. Schale "hull, shell, cup"², OTOH club, clover, Nudelholz; Knoten, Knopfloch (and all about loop, lop, lobe, log "ear", Schlaufe, Schlappe, Scherpe "escarpe").

Maybe relevant: fassen, fangen, fangs (claws, teeth), fasten, *peh2-K-, or fuck and so on and so forth.

NB: Somewhere I read these days that και in particular was used perhaps as a sentence initial discourse particle? That's funny, huh? Consider uhm or am for that matter related to *éǵh₂ ~ *éǵh₂óm, possibly through pro-drop and conversion between deictic preverb ("to the hills"), verb ("Nu mache!", "Mach mir kein ..." ~ "Und dass du mir kein ..."), case-inflection "whom", clitic "*(j)esmь" (*h1e-, h1enos), pronoun "me" – obv. not all at once. As for sentence initial *ga-, suppose an assertive ("The meeting is adjurned"), subjunctive mood: "Genug!" ~ Komm zum Schluss! Es reicht mir!; "Genau!" ~ "So ist richtig"; "Gegen Gewalt – sag nein zu ..."; "Aufgestanden!", "Auf geht's! Auf, auf!", "Kom af stad"; "Bei Gewehr!" ~ zu den Waffen "Alarm!", Gather!; "Gesucht! Gefährlicher Verbrecher auf freiem Fuß ...", "Gefahr!"; vorsgesicht "Vorsicht" (cp. Gesicht, "Sieh nach vorn"; gucken ~ kieken, cp. Auge, thus eye ~ gay "neidisch", "eager", viz. eye-ing, and Au-gewinkel "Augenwinkel"); "Zusammen gefangen zusammen gehangen"; "Wenn alles seinen gewohnten Gang nimmt", "Be gone!"; Wesen, "Besen, Besen, sei's gewesen", cp. away, weg dialectal /wVç/ /wVç/ whereby /ɕ/ (vs. retroflex ô and /ʂ/? woosh) indicates *-sk, maybe *h2ew- "away" vel sim., whereas anyways ~ -wise ~ anywho implies relation to *(k)ʷ in pronoun use, and rhotcisim in -ward(s), and in particular werald, viz. existence, wer "man, being", wifman "wive" ~ *wiðm.n `(mein) Gegenstück, significant other, Mitmensch, companion, copien, Kumpel", like höflich "freundlich", compelling, conflated if originally with *b, Weib, Würmchen. I'm just spitballin. Of course, SVO vs. OV / V2 could also suggest *ga ~ *ek with all the accentuation fun (michefopthatse "Sie hat mich gefopt"; j'reizt issa "Er ist [jeh] gereizt", "He is aggitated"). The -er- of komisch-er-weise is curious, proscribed comparative * komischer-er Weise, conceivably with *z or *g-, *-ig, mia'a-häng wolltⁿse, wollent's, wollends, willens ("volens"), "Die wollten mich aufhängen", jmd. aufknüpfen, quälen ... dunnolol ... besides' 'Henkel see also kink (am Ende eines Geländers abstehender Winkel, der den Skateborder beim grinden stört), Huckel vs. Hügel; the whole business of what the heck ~ Henker (cp. Junker "jung-herr"?, to yank "pull on a line such that a device translate the energy into vertical force, to pull up", hiefen, heavy, to hew "hauen", hau rein "go away", "mach's gut", (sich etw.) rein hauen "to eat with a healthy appetite; sich einver(g)leiben, "gluton"). Pro-trusions and co-onies, culo (except yoni etc.?), Ge-schlecht, vom gleichen Schlag (double reduplicate? s-Cl-C-.l, schlau "genius", etw. aufschnappen vs 'Kniff, gnosis, Schlacht.

2: consider maybe to have from velar, like laugh, cp. Gefühle hegen / haben – reduplicated, labialization from *-u/o or particles, or ...

monkey

From MANUS, Fr. mains + cutesy pootsy diddely-diminutive cp. -ken, -chen, -je, -y, akin to GENUS.

The monkey is one of the few animals with remarkable dexterity, unlike ugulates; granted, some ferrals use their mans as well, b-but ... Monkeys can use tools, rats do not. So, men- would be reasonable as well, I wouldn' t mind.

The suffix is not usually derived from GENUS, but it makes heaps sense in words that actually name living beings, eg. Schwesterchen, Geschwisterchen and Geschwister-kind. Similar Zicken? Other confluences are exceedingly likely, not sure, cp. Ivanka < Ivan.

Why it would be from monk, nobody knows. I am not aware of any slurwords against the holier than thou, because that's how taboo they are. Affe is definitely a slurword, affig I bet is from low German "evil", cp. OHG abig vel sim.

Ape: see عَابِد‎ (ʿābid, “servant, worshipper”).

PS: The Arabic etymon actually says:

> derived from the passive participle verb form I of the root ي م ن‎ (y-m-n). See also يَمِين‎ (yamīn, “right, right-hand”).

Oh shoot.

ohnehin

The synonymy with ohnedies, as far as I have understanding with these words and the formal registers whence the words belong, practicly proves that this -hin is not the preposition hin und her, but from a referential pronoun (akin to him I reckon). Other fused conjunctions(?) with -hin need inspected, if only for my language learning. Further comparison to hence, whence, thence, whatever is failing me all the same, at the moment, because I' m not exactly fluent, and colloquially usage interferes strongly not only in my mind but, I expect, also in the legalese where utmost traditionalist rigor(?) is not supported. This may be inherent if we are looking at clitics and endings that are very difficult to etymologize on the spot. I could go ona an on on on. Not to mention, ohne is ohnehin (viz. anyway, anywho, or not to mention) an interesting word.

schieben

Are Filme schieben, Optik schieben etc. akin to Schiebung and beschubsen ("täuschen, mauscheln, schummeln")?

These idioms become prominent after Kool Savas founds Optic Records, and I'm too far away from Berlin West to have an yopin on this, not to mention Restdeutschland, which he has conquered like a wildfire ("ein wichtiger Vertreter des Battleraps"). Savaş is unlikely the originator of these phrases; I don't remember him using it, but then I stopped listening sometime after the release of Till Ab Joe. Relatedly, he explained the phrase till ab in an interview, ascribed to a certain name that didn't mean anything to me. More likely a word play from tilt up?

At any rate, I noticed schieben and shove the other day in pursuit of Schabefleisch, shave, etc. ex etera: schuppen vs. shuffle, shove, past tense of shave or present tense shove "schieben. See therefore skimming, incidently to card; recently rasieren (" to rule, rock"? entirely meaningless to me), the hair-cut figure of speech, or simply cut sb., to cut into line, equivalently Ger. jmd. schneiden (on the road), and maybe snaken (to interfere with sb. using the half-pipe or so, maybe Schlangenlinien fahren, but cp. -schleichen, to sneak -); scam, sham, cp. Scham, "to conceal".

Relatedly, as regards semantics and corruption, is there a possibly Yiddish word ca. schmu or shmoo for fraud? I could swear I heard it on Seinfeld, found nothing in the English transcripts and I'm still positive that (in German) Kotztänzer says beschubsen. I really hope I'm not blending schmulen (to peak, eg. in cards) in into something it isn't. Words like Beschmiss beside Beschubsen nevertheless appear to be convexilations, cp. beschmutzen, suppose yoda coalescence (toob vs choob "tube") respectively umlautung, *beschmützen, Beschmiss, like nutzen, nützen, Nutznießer, eg. The Vowel length doesn't fit the phonotactics of High German where unstressed vowels predict Scharfes s.

As for schubsen, I think it could easily explain fouls in football. It's fairly obvious to be from Schubser, this maybe rhotacized from -sel, or hypochristic (sarcastic) *Schubseler, schubserle, schubhelseler, cp. hook "with the elbow", Laryngealverhärtung after *wH, cp. above scam and scum like schmutzig, schmudellig from redup. cp, smack, check, whack, egg on. The movement sense could as well be secondary. If it's not I have nothing else in mind except perhaps the fighting where antäuschen is nevertheless meaningful.

Bockbier

Zu Pegel etc., like Bav. Maß, Maßkrug, however doubtful. I be damned if IPA (Indian Pale Ale) should belong there as well. Every Bockbier as if by law is bearing the image of a goat. 1. FC Köln even made it their mascott. Alcoholism ftw.

For the placename we can reckon with coincidence 50:50 (-beck vel sim. is simply common in hydrononymic toponyms) and Murphy's Law §1 ~ what can go wrong will go wrong.

Fake etymology (or plausible deniability) is assumed eg. for the Australian product formerly named coon cheese (discussed repeatedly on becauselanguage.com).

As regards the onset, see also Becher ...

sjóndeildarhringur

0. a) I was saying that past tense (e.g. 1Pl) "*dailidēdū" of *dailijaną looks like the reduplicated perfect *dʰédʰeh₁ti as aorist, and I accidentally a Hauptverb in the Nebensatz. Secondary evidence of doo doo and doodad hopefully matches this root; *-eh₁ti for one matches -ad, or addy if we assume leveling after recinding vocative "What does this thing doo, dad(dy-az/aR/OO)". Albeit, I don't feel qualified to compare the (huge, cryptic) inflection tables, and I don't understand the countercharge of formal equivalence with dealt.

b) My point about hvit- was, to be honest, stemming from the fact that I did operate with strict Early Termination missing that an -s- in -lauka-s- was concerned, perhaps because I parsed to match a participle with -ar, so that I recoursed. The compounding morphosyntax of Adjectives and other PoS may differ, though participles are, by some notion, particularly close to adjectives, so the point is relevant. It does match the PGem participle through rhotazims, perhaps because it is reconstructed on the Basis of ON in the first place? As said, I don't see it in PIE because of missing the forrest for the trees.

1. If the comment in the ES was offensive, somehow, I should be lucky that I didn't post what else I had written and lost to a yet another browser crash.

• "Gesichtskreis" ([1] DWDS: horizont) and the Greek epithet (q.v.) akin to "wheel" are curious in view of -hringr. A better German comparison would be rings-, ringsrum, ringsherum, "all'round" (with -a-, all-a-round, from +
• ga-, cp. allgegenwärtig, adv. allseits, **all-dʰy/dz-eitigaz) see however reihum (s.v. Reihe, cp. Ringelreien vel sim., Reigen, Ringelpietz, Ringelpietz mit Anfassen, peace, pax, -fried)? If any of the laryngealistic reconstructions in the PIE conjugation table could match -deildarhringr, dat wud be ossum. -r-hr- is a curious

... (Himmels)-Thor. Cf. world:

> n. aldrą "Alter"

> ad. aldaz, h₂eltós, "equivalent to the old past participle of *alaną (“to grow”)."

> n. aljaną "zeal, eagerness", "Alternative etymology derives from *h₁elh₂- (“to spur, drive”). If so, then related to *lanō (“lane”)."

> n. aldiz "age, generation", alaną +‎ -þiz, "Accent on the suffix in PIE: *-diz (with Verner's Law applied)", *-tis, "See also *-iþō", -iteh₂ (“-th”), -teh₂, "-ness, -th. Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns." > En. -t

Cp. -ίζω? ἐθίζω "accustom, to be used to" [2]; cf. customs from costume (I always LOL at that because in German Kostüm might imply Batman on Halloween; BTW: cp. country bump-kin, bum-kin? Vs. Al Bundy's hypochoristic pumpkin, German "Dumpfbacke")

• Ouranos, "sky", *wers-, Orion; hence Horizon? i. zona ii. h(w)r-ing, cp. Angeln "fjord", or (weird enough) ingvy <<< *neK-, Angi, Schlange, whatever.

Incidently I looked-up missing AGr τόθεν (tóthen), found a form with pan-, thus "all-sides", and comparison to the Greek reflex of *dʰédʰeh₁ti is very attractive. cp. En. -dom, Ger. -tum?

• Zodiac, Brooklyn Zoo, Bios; see Cat:AGr/Zeta.

• Aromanian horizon#Translations, viz. "dawn"? Reason enough to suspect *Hews-, "aurora, austro", or the father of the dawn.

• Silver Lining on the *Hrizong! Pertaters!!

• θεάομαι (see there), "from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyh₂-. May have been [...] perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₂u-. Forte suggests that *dʰeyh₂- and *dʰeh₂u- are both variants of a more basic Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₂. See θαῦμα (thaûma) for more."

Note that Horizont and Himmel, like ceiling ~ ciel, etc. have meaning in theatre. Cp. decke, Himmelsdach. See WP: Sphärische Astronomie, "Oberfläche einer gedachten Einheitskugel (der „Himmelskugel“, altgriechisch Sphäre), die die Erde umgibt."; WP: Celestial Sphere, "The ancients assumed the literal truth of stars attached to a celestial sphere, revolving about the Earth in one day, and a fixed Earth.[7] The Eudoxan planetary model, on which the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic models were based, was the first geometric explanation for the "wandering" of the classical planets.[8] The outermost of these "crystal spheres" was thought to carry the fixed stars." [bold emphasized]

• Cp. Himmelsrand [3]

Griffolive, Fensterolive, Olive, Olivia

Meaning Griff, Fenstergriff, Öffner -- Window handle, lever.

Obviously, this Griff-/Fenster-Olive has to be akin to lever. Online etymology sites refer it to the shape of a fashion of handles that is now obsolete, still in living memory but obscure to me. "Olive" also appears in fishing jargon as some kind of weight. Anyway, the art of locksmithing is apparently quite traditional; Informal speech cherrishes a good pun (see also Bulleneier "cable retainer, clamps", cp. Bullauge, Bull's-Eye).

The provenience is not clear. If eventually related to Lat. levo (“raise, lift”), it could be quite old in the Roman sphere of influence. Suppose for a second it were so old that "Olive" derived from this root, it would have to have meant a deverbal, participle'ish, oblique backformation "pick, pluck" (cp. pickle?), in that case akin to elect, collect, *leG-. Further relation to *kwel- "colony" (garden culture) would be cute (cp. Meander, swirving river levees being prime estate for grape vines and the like; cp πλάγιος (plágios), playa, plantation).

A later Italian, French, Slavic, whatever trajectory is no less conceivable.

If it's unlikely a bilingual compound: fancy "griff" corrupted from (s)quare, cp. quarry, *kwer-, or quad - in spirit of 4-Kant and Geviert (“square; block, quarters”).

Parallel evidence for "levee" ~ "quarry" may be represented by důl (“mine, dolovat 'excavate'”), cp. Ger. Tal (“dale, valley”), and perhaps:

i. talus "slope, enbankment" (Possibly from Gaulish *talutum, derived from *talos (“peak”)) ii. valli (“embankment; dyke”) iii. dyke vs. dig, ditch (see above yunkyard; becauselanguage podcast mentions the tip, cp. Müllkippe).

• Compare as well En. lug (“handle”), figurative ears; Ger. Löffel, Lauscher, Meister Lampe.

triezen / truc

0. a) See σάρξ, truncus, *twerḱ, cp. i. trench (uncertain), Tränke öuncertain) ii. trinket (uncertain) iii. truc (“thingamajig”) (VL. *trūdicō, "push, shove", PIE *trewd-), but truncus "trunk, shaft, main part", PCel *truxsos "a cut off piece" (PIE *twerḱ) iv. Trotz, trotzdem (uncertain). The onset *tr may be coincidence from prefixation. The German Anlaut (cp. verdrießen < *þreutaną < trewd-) would make the case similar to drati "run" vel sim., traho, etc. (see above).

b) We concure with DWDS insofar as triezen was from Low German and beyond that undertain. The comparand tritze (“winch”) is just a thingamabob, as far as I can tell; "to punish a seaman by pulling him up on a rope" sounds like backed up by an exaggerated claim. Non-sequitur: trutzen it is – the high vowel may be explained by palatization as seen in Polish.

1. Incidently alike shove, shave, shaved lamb (s.v. shawarma) and possibly shuffle vs. schieben (cf. trudico "shove), schaben (cf. *þrawaz, *ter- "to rub, grind", which is linked by "Trotz" without explanation), Schabefleisch (see *twerḱ 'cut (of meat)'), schuppen (the vowel matches; presume a sense of to prepare (meat, card deck, w/e) (thus schoppen?). shave and shape ("carve", ie. landscape, "Landschaft", Schöpfer 'god, creator') is difficult (likewise *twérḱ-tōr > *twárštā "creator; craft god").

2. Catalan truc, Fr. tric-trac, etc. (imit., onom.), trick, trick-taking game (cp. Ger. Stich, thus strike) ...

3. PSla. *strǫkъ (“pod, husk”) (s.v. truncus); Ger. Strunk as regards Stock, Frühstück (ES '21 - '22), "truncus" or "[seed] pod" (as in Haferflocken, corn-flakes) may both be relevant; En. steak (“cut of meat”) (Nakensteak); also Strauch ("shrub", which was cut down, *(s)ker-, grows in line).

4. As regards gyros, see also *terkʷ- "to turn, twist, wind", not to be confused with perversion (*wer- "turn"); En. queer, (or maybe square, *kʷer- "to work, make", Here maybe (Fleisch-, Reiß-) Wolf, *(-z/s-)worf-; Quirl. Ger. zerkleinern, zerquetschen (*dwis-, note how klein- ~ clean matches shave, or shape), En. twist, (t)squish, squeeze, rhotacized squirt; quirk. Also Wurst

ongedierte

Apparently this is connotated in Dutch. Somebody tried explain it to me via anthropomorphising Ungeziefer. This didn't really click for me, because the self deprication should be odd, so I'm assuming rather idiomatic usage - stress on rather "sooner".

(I do get that it may be a slur like Abschaum, "scum", and that amelioration of some slurs is precedented. More obviously, if dier- is a noun stem, the ga-prefix is unexpected. The ending won't make any difference because it too indicates a noun, except that some confusion between this and a past participle ending is very likely in the earlier history, as I will argue for deild, deildu, etc., too.)

So I figure it could well connect to Unke, Egel, Igel or the like, for they properly describe icky animals but the senses developed most likely from transfer of semantics.

Moreover, Yngvi (cp. necro-) deserves comparison. Walward Catkin's seminal work can be taken to suggest that 'ere be dragons, very much.

Derivation from *ga- under the premise that we don't really know how or why it grammaticalized - does of course not carry conviction. Your acquired sense of grammaticality simply sucks, and so do you, big time (ungemein, unzwa nich vong ungefähr).

See also:

• Untier, Getiere, Ungetüm, Unmensch, ...

I'm hopefull that this is significant for Tier, etc. (cp. tierst, ü'elst, urst, suppose for a second that tierisch, tierst ~ extremo', Fr. tres, thus the wild animals may be from the outside; cp. taurus, Stier, possibly Shemitisque).

• Untermensch, (t ~ k: *unkerman? Ungar? This should imply a ... racial slur of old), or maybe English. But also angelion iff writing and chanting (cp. ritzen "einen Schlitz machen", to write) was seen as magic, whether dark or other wise.

Full disclosure, I fancy that the snake slayer myth should pertain to Schlitzaugen, mostly because the word expresses a very deeply seated disdain; cp. Norse "vagina, cunt" very probably akin to Schlitz "id.", Schlitzpisser; ... Schlitzer for Jack the Ripper.

• [[Oger]; part of the etymology actually means "(un)dead", in line with above *neK- "perish", necros. I do wonder if Orkney is significant at that.

wꜥ, wꜥj

Surely somebody must have compared this ("one; alone", "to be(come) alone") to PIE *Hoy- vel sim., *oynos, "one". Could be coincident but work in JIEL shows that a labial feature is likely.

On the other hand, it has immediately reminded me of the *we- which De Vaan rejects (s.v. vesper). Now I don't see any plausible connection.

The sign for 1 won't be much help. Alternative spellings and dating in particular would be helpful. I pressume it goes back to Old Egyptian. The IE DNA found in a second millenium pharao should then have nothing to do with it.

It would be lovely to have a quote from Vennemann, but who he focused on Phoneician as a substrate did probably not care for it.

As regard spelling, I fancy confusion of 0 and 1 as initial, so ... ayin. Funny thing, that's more often compared to eye because that's what it means.

commata

cum "with", και "and"; -que "and". Other etymologies may be equally relevant or even beter, but this one is mine. Cp. maters (lexionis).

na sdorowje, etc.

Several websites confirm that there's a believe (in Germany at least), that na sdorowje (IIRC) is a Russian toast to drink, and that Russian speakers always react confused, and that sa sdorowje may be said of food, but only in thanking for an offer.

In fact, our translation pages (following prost) do show a clean streak of na ... everywhere but East Slavic. I do wonder if the confusion stems from inner Slavic confusion or rather from poor stereotyping in the media (where I must have learned it first).

Annecdotally, I have received confusion as well for cheers in this sense, perhaps where it was predominantly used to mean "thanks" rather than ... Drinking culture is toxic, literally.

On second thought, wonder if "health" had anything to do with drom (sleep) or drati (run), stipulating that sleep is the best remedy for many illness, and thatrunning could literally mean "up; healthy". Indeed, I should mind health a little more, and go home to go to sleep.

schon

• 'schon mal - hast du scho'ma ...

Obviously, I mean *obviously* it has to be scho'ma to be akin to some.

nightmare

Cf. w:de:MARCH_(Fluss), "sehr alten Ursprungs", doch erst 892 als „Maraha“ in Urkunde, "*mori (= Gewässer)", "Mit dem Begriff „mark“ (Grenze) hat die March nichts zu tun, obwohl es sich um einen Grenzfluss handelt."

Aber wie sonst ist das h und zudem die demzufolge als Haplologie zu wertende Assimilation -rch- zu erklären? Die Urkunde wird ja lateinisch sein, das hätte für den Ursprünglichen Lautstand relativ wenig aussagekraft, zumal man bei Cz. -ř- in Konsonanten-Klustern ohne jegliche Vokale geneigt sein möchte einen solchen einzufügen, der rein phonetisch ebenso in De. Mark mit stimmhaftem Reibelaut unterstellt werden kann (vgl. dazu Gertie, Gerrit, Gerardius wie Gerhart, falls ich nicht irre). Im Umkehrschluss dürfte man für die Mark Brandenburg ausweislich der Namen wie Breslau bspw. zu deuten sei ein Hydronym im Ansatz unterstellen? Wikipedia ist ohnehin keine vertrauliche Quelle für Toponomastik. Ferner gibt zB. Markt vel sim. nachhaltig Rätsel auf.¹⁾ Merkwürdig.

Aber darum gingsmi'nich. Eigentlich gaben zwei andere Fragen Anstoss den Namen zu überprüfen. Erstens geistert mir Angesichts der Region Mähren (wohin der Fluss gehört) wiederma die Personfizierung des Albtrums durch den Kopf, s. nightmare. Demzuvor kam mir angesichts Cz. Sv. (“St., sankt, heilig”) wohl eher abwegig die Idee Moskwa in diesem Sinne zu mos bzw. moral zu stellen, was hier keine weitere Beachtung finden wird.

Nun steht bei Meryans sowie Volga-Finns nichts genaues. Das muss ich vorerst ignorieren. Ich bemerke nur, dass meine Großmutter das ingressive ja kennt, dass auch im Finnischen recht gut vertreten ist, aber auch anderswo zu finden sein mag.

Dann wäre *ne- zwar denkbar, würde im Umkehrschluss jedoch Mähr als positiv besetzten Terminus vorraussetzen, wofür (außer der eben angedeuten identifikation) kein Anlass besteht, ebenfalls die demnach erforderliche Geminierung des Auslauts zu Nacht. Merke, un- könnte gegebenenfalls verstärkend wirken; vgl. ferner das zuvor besprochene Untier, dazumal in einer Legende von "Schlangen" die Rede ist, cf. Herodotus IV, 105, Ein Menschenalter vor dem Heereszuge des Darius nöthigten Sie (die Neuren) die Schlangen Ihr ganzes Land zu verlassen. Denn zu den Schlangen, welche Neuris schon im Ueberfluss hervorbringt, kam noch eine weit grössere Menge aus der Wüste, bis sie sich zuletzt gezwungen sahen ihre Wohnsitze aufzugeben, und sich unter den Budinen niederzulassen. Ob folglich die ebenda besprochenen Gelonen der Wurzel *kʷel- anbelangen sei dahingestellt, insoweit schon an der Herleitung des daran angeknüpften Czech zweifelhaft sein mag. Es wäre ein Zirkelschluss, dafür (S)chlange selbst dazu zu stellen, vgl. squeel (sich winden?). Fantastischer Weise möchte ich Sardin. 'tsilingarone quasi als Ringelwurm, Spulwurm oder einfach als Kringelchen auch dort sehen. Das führt eindeutig zu weit.

Drittens, falls dem Hydronym wirklich das erschlossene Hydronym zu MARE zu Grunde liegt, wäre es ein feuchter Traum, dem Albtraum das Bettnässen als Sinnbild zu unterstellen. Das wäre wohl überzeugender, falls keine nominative Basis im Bestimmungswort vorliegt. Mit *mew- (wenn ich mich recht entsinne) wäre das möklich. S.a. in's Bett machen; mau oder auch mauk, vgl. Käsemauken (Schweißfüße, bzw. stinkende Schuhe oder so, ferner mockern 'dolle riechen falls nicht zu dem aromatischen Kaffe; ebenfalls Stinkmorchel, tax. Morchel).

Die entscheidende Frage (für meine mi mi mi Methode) lautet nun, ob Albtraum ähnlich begründet werden kann. Vgl. Ru. droscht idjota "es regnet" (syn. schiffen, es schifft, pissen, es pisst). Also ja. Ferner ungewiss Tränke, das, falls zu trench, doch sehr gut insbild passt (passen würde). Es ist Alben neben Almann weshalb mir der Vergleich zu Mähren erschien, und insoweit ich fest daran glauben möchte auch plausibel erscheint.

Aber wie immer gilt, nichts genaues weiß man nicht.

1) dass Märkte in Grenzregionen vielfach Beliebtheit erfahren ist mit Hohenwutzen und andere. Wochenendausflugszielen hinreichend dargetan, s.A. duty free, so genannte Butterfahrten, Schwarzmarkt neben schwarzfahren (viz. schmuggeln; vgl. En. warez-scene; dies hier nicht writer zu ergründen doch eventuell für Textil, insb. Leder, Lederhaut, vgl. swarty, oder aber im Sinne von Grenze noch entfernt zu erkennen in Schwarte wie Kruste die Epidermis ausmacht, vgl. danach ferner smear vel sim).

Shut the f*@# up

Zu bucca, buche (mouth), itself of uncertain origin. If Sem. pe (idem) is not seen here, I hope that's for a good reason.

Whereas I see bugger off akin to fuget, the origin of the f-word requires multiple convergent motives.

For the mouth region see also Backen, halt die Backen, I believe uncertain.

גאָלדענע יויך (goldene yoykh)

via chicken soup. The first element, גאָלדענע (goldene, “golden”), has to be in reference to hen. Similar words exist in Slavic, as was to be expected, but these explain nothing. Broth is not exactly golden in any sense other than "good", so I don't think this suffices for a wordplay. Nor do I see a reason to assume sound change (because I'm ignorant). Agreed so far? For senses to play a role that can be infered from the PIE root, *ǵʰelh₃- (“to flourish; green, yellow”), the word would have to be old, whether in Yiddish or the donor language. I mean, the way I arrived at "chicken soup" is hillariously convoluted: i. I've noticed a Czech foot item that escaped my grasp, that I want to get back to. ii. meanwhile, I was looking for Latin fractions beginning with half, where Polish połowa caught my attention, as if said food item. iii. poulet vel sim. would (not) be a reasonable donor along with coquīna, kuchyně (whether we expect the labial to affricate, if Old High German mediates the loan, might be a difficult problem, or totally obvious). iv. Anyhow, I can recognize the root for Slavic "half" which I have last seen confered to a word for genitals (which I memorize as equivalent to sex, "from *sek- (“to cut, cut off, sever”), thus meaning "section, division" (into male and female)."). v. thence I followed on to "goldene yoykh" because I'm interested in the second element, generally speaking, where the comparison to Jauche (“liquid manure”) is just distasteful (Brühe can mean either "soup" or "manure", though) and a borrowing from Yiddish into German is maybe more likely. vi. Clipping from Hb. תַּרְנְגוֹל (tarn'gól, “chicken”), on the other hand, would still require some justification.

But wait, there's more -- in no particular order:

a) Vulgar Latin pula (“cock”) is frequently explained as derived from chick (see also cock). Other phallus-words either disagree or are wholly uncertain. Same may be said of womb-words (cf. Adelphos, eg.).

b) Latin fractions are an utter mess and, while *sek- is not obviously making an appearance in the lists that I saw (probably unrelated to semi and sextans; not in the mood for numerology), it's still remarkable that "most of these names are units of currency, which isn't a coincidence" ([4] over at latin.stackexchange). After all, we are still concerned with *ǵʰelh₃- (whether all the cognates that mean "gold" or "silver" are coincidence because of common drift or because of shared innovation is difficult to judge, apparently, as we don't gloss the root as such).

c) German Halbes Hänchen is lexical for me (half a "broiler"); the etymology as dim. from Hahn, from "singer", is a hot mess, whereas derivation from Greek ἥμισυ vel sim. is attractive if Hebrew speakers must be in Greece long before either Yiddish or Old High German is attested (although, Germanic might be a close call). See also Goldbroiler, apparently in reference to the bronce crust (not to be confused with Goldhahn (“golden crest”) :P). The etymology of half might be considered uncertain.

d) The Solid white (chicken plumage) is the only relevant tangent that I can imagine if the whole bunch should inform the name of the bird. Actually, it's derived from "singer" as well, not cognate to, but maybe akin by way of doublettes to hell ("bright"; first of sound, then also of light as per Simek, sv. w:de:Hellweg, not to be confused with the yellow brick road), and yell, jaul, johlen, juggle, ...

pozor

Pass uff Atze!

I visited Prague and brought back nothing but a couple of words that caught my eye. I meant to learn to speak Czech for the trip, which didn't go very far (not even a white belt, if this was language Kung Fu). At first, I was surprised how far passive knowledge could get me. Then I stumbled over rozumět. Listening exercises don't work well in public - that I took as lazy excuse to quit the lessons, also because the gamification with experience points and rewards didn't suit my taste. By the way I took notice of naród, kuchyně, pozor, děkuju, díky, ahoj, u -u, ne-, ... took a couple pictures if I could not associate the word, eg. sem / tam; kouře and šíp, and I forgot a couple words I might have already looked up, eg. chrlič ("gargoyl"). I should see the Slavistic library to find out how the basic sound changes work, eg. děkuju "thanks" from German danke(n). This won't do without a deeper understanding of the populations history (again, an excuse, I meant to do that upfront). Meanwhile, here's a couple priors that may be more or less incorrect.

• rozumět (“understand”) -- you need to understand that I really don't know czech at this point. Seeing it's meaning, I thought immediately of Rus (cf. Русь) and for analogy "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *němьcь (“foreigner; German”, literally “a mute one”), from *němъ (“mute”)" (Niemiec), though I have to look up the exact form. *orz- (whence роз-, раз-) says that the origin (of "dis-") is uncertain. So I stuck to my prior. The etymology of with a laryngeal must rest on it's passive effects. Or the comparanda offer a good match in some morphosyntactic aspects.

• naród (“nation; crowd, people”) -- this word and derivatives appears quite frequently. I think I looked up adj. narodowy to search the suffix na-, and a possible comparand for above rozumět. Whether it matchs phonologically or not, the semantics match very well and the etymology is uncertain. Wouldn't touch it with a nine-foot pole

• kuchyně -- The spelling at least matches German orthography, to a degree. We give it Old High German in origin, I'm fine with that. Except, cook (not cooky, Kuchen, Küchlein), and culīna seem to be uncertain (as far as I remember the ES discussions).

• děkuju -- gracie mile. I read after thinking that it were a phrase for "I", "...", "you" (je-*-je). Apparently we have mispronounced it. Therefore I wondered about kouře -- its semantics don't seem relevant, at all. However, it might match up with "gracias", which, I think, can be found in many more languages than is currently stated. I hoped that Ř is significant. I must have thought of я or Runic *iz, *ir (not at all consciously), the inverted hat of ž as Weichheitszeichen and finaly Polish *(T)rz.

• Speaking of Polish, suppose Kurwa belonged here, like Allerwerteste, meine Teure, Weib, wībą, meine Liebe, Grazie, often cynicallus quod pars pro toto Allerwertester, Weibsbild, leichtes Mädchen, persona non grata, ... neśara, nekmns, ,tekumse-ros
• Also in this semantic space, we settled on pardon having a good chance of understanding. In view of don I wonder if this is similar to (((si, (d')) scu (si si)) mon) dieu, cp. por favor, para, equivalently um(b(i)), um Gottes Willen -- by god, oath, big oath -- um Entschuldigung bitten, anbieten, anbiedern, anbidern, anwidern -- **anbi'aną, **am'janą, **amb-isôn -- umschwärmen.

• should don be relevant for *tenk-? Cp. donare ("give", mb. "bieten"), tenire ("nehmen", in particular to announce an asking price, ein Preis-Angebot machen, and in this sense anpreisen, to praise, advertise, but also abwerben, abwerten) two sides of the same coin, ein-geben und -nehmen.

• pozor -- passupdor ... (what is this, pass auf, hör auf, listen up?) Because of some phonetic similarities in my (apparently Low German'ish) slang, and because we do accept OHG influence, I am quite surprised by the properly Slavic surface analysis. *zьrěti is, again, uncertain (always "Per Derksen"; surely some connection to *sehwaną, if not something entirely different is expected but not proven). By the other notion, a homographic (-phone) reconstruction "to ripen", akin to γραῦς (graûs, “old woman”), might be attractive.

• sem / tam -- *so ~ *to on doors, '"push", "pull", 'Diesseits, Jenseits, implying palatalized *K or, palatalized *s, respectively, surely under influence

• šíp -- Jargon zippie (dingeling) may be it. I know this is from Arabic, but what there is under penis only gives a different etymology. "idi na'hou(i)-se

footpole

The popular phrase, Wuldn't touch it fit a 10 foot pole, is descriptive of its etymology: "disputed", s.v. not touch something with a ten-foot pole. Similar, not touch something with a barge pole suggests "barge poles that bargemen used" only with reservations. Other variants might exist, but I searched for "9-foot", which didn't yield, and then "* foot pole", which has footpole as the third result with a botanical definition that refers to a lanceolate shape.

I wondered, does this actually mean that a long measuring instrument was too small to "touch" a thing that is humongous in any aspect, eg. the hight of the ceiling, or rather MC Hammer?

1. Cp. raise the roof, hit the ceiling, an die Decke gehen; Duh, I would more likely think of not poking a temperamental animal even from a save distance.
   1. The first meaning "to party hard" can be equated to "go wild, go crazy" if the German one should be indicative.
   2. As I understand it, hochgehen is akin to metaphoric "exploding" (Ger. hochgehen). It could be much older, cp. springen (“to splinter; to jump”), acc. sprengen (“to explode (sth.)”) -- a ladge expdosion xDxDxD -- but no seriously, cp. langer Lulatsch (note that the change to an actual plosive conditions invariably a short vowel for me in this arbitrary fake accent, in contrast to large; pd is bimoraic; Latsch might be a shoe, thus similar to Plattfuß, cp. lātus (“wide”), always late, and for an intensive prefix cp. abgewetzt, ablaufen, breit tretten, trodden out, further breit or Low G brete [spell.?], "tired", maybe therefrom "stoned (of dope)", beritten, passive past participle of reiten, also maybe zubereiten, acc. zurichten, cp. to tame, beschlagen, of metal applications, eg. of horse shoes, cp. Hufen, Hufeisen, 🧲, (Nordic? Alpine? Whatever) Kufen, Not here Hof, hoop, Hufeisen-Siedlung, cp. (chicken) coop, *Hahnm̥korb "Hahn im Korb" ...

1. Cp. wake sleeping dogs, raise sleeping dogs, "Let sleeping dogs lie", "risk to wake sleeping dogs", "Man soll keine schlafenden Hunde wecken", "What Are the Risks of Waking a Sleeping Dog?". I have this lexicalized as "schlafende Hunde wecken" because it's often used sarcastically, and because I never understood that it might be an actual advise. As per the previous point, could to raise mean "to anger [sb.]" (cp. Ger. sich über etwas ärgern, Das regt mich auf!; All so? Auf den Geist gehen, cp. spirit, spray , splay, substitute pd, modulo Grimm: stick sth. into the ground, the roof, an die Decke "gehen", thus ... Cor! auf der Meinung beharren, sturr bleiben rather than optative to hang, to tempt a death sentence, cp. sterben, erstarren; more to the point, as much as sterben and starve relate, note how dry soil cracks up - ironically this is quite the opposite of rasensprengen unless rasen was somehow an adjective descriptive of moisture, softness (entropy!) or indeed readyness rather than denominal, maybe unrelated to Gothic "house" [q.v?]) Otherwise, it seems to wake has me raising sleeping dogs because the phrase is well transparent.

The similarity in "raise" might be sheer coincidence, or at least unetymological.

Suppose that nine was accidentally correct (maybe I have read it once in chat? Reading 'ten-foot today it took me a while until I recognized it). The number should be arbitrary. 10 is just a nicely round number in decimal, bigger too, gives a nice meter. A single successful read will be enough to popularize it; if influential enough, print might dictate the "correct" form.

Now I'm thinking nine might stand for new. This makes sense, seeing the Lancelote, if a new tip is sharper than a dull one? It is obviously a word of caution, unless sarcastic (I do repeat sarcastic phrases to caution of the sarcasm, so the undertone might just be secondary). Also considerable, a sharp edge surely causes wounds and thus blood to contaminate the tip and other poked ones with it.

In terms of numerology on the other hand, all bets are off! if the phrase could be so old, that 9 was 10 for a while (considering that, once confusion arises, all most of all non-standard systems may become obsolete and / or people can develop such strong aversions they would rather erase it; happens with entire languages -- sometimes by accident; mb. the aversion is culturally ingrained because conversion did go tits-up before).

As for MC Hammer, cp. Ger. touche (from touché "hit!" in fencing, certainlêh). See also douche bag, literally touche [=tag] back, tu coque, you are it – no_you.jpg; NB: the OED has 20 pages or more from duh to dur'. with slurs on every-freakin' page.

Kimme

Sense "rim" from id.

"notch" from ... Giml: C 🔄 v??? See also haček, Häkchen, not to be confused with Nesthägchen, the Czech mark that is ✔️

flight of fancy

• Ausflüchte

probably not Flucht nach vorn, offence, Angriff ist die beste Verteidigung

rustic

Lexiconvalley reports that Ukrainian in Russian is called "little Russian". Which word is this? Is it close to rustic (*Rus`ica)? Or ... (cf. word, or root)?.

dass

I have considered this one a bigger problem once I tried to avoid overuse. In the view that prevails, the conjunction-dass is from rebracketing: Ich glaube das: ..., as I would type it.

Now it occured to me, that (*uo)dass should square neatly with so dass. *so is not anymore used as article and not even considered as the root of modern so in comparativistic terms, nvm. We are still hearing AP [adj.] als wie du alive and kicking in proscribed sociolects, for example.

So ... I've figured before this that the inquisitive discourse with So? Like so?? Is usually uttered to a performant demonstration and may be understood as pret. "Saw?", "D'y'see?", "Hast'u gesehn?".

blau machen

Bei uns in der Firma heißt es Montags blau machen. Gut, sagt keiner so außer mir vielleicht. Wir arbeiten nicht etwa gemächlich, sondern mit frischen Kräften ans Werk, dass man dafür tatsächlich mal früher in den Feierabend gehen kann, wenn das Pensum stimmt. Immerhin berücksichtigt der Betrieb bei längeren Aufenthalten außerhalb die längere Anfahrt nach dem Wochenende, vergütet diese quasi. Insofern macht die Referenz der gängigesten Hypothese, die den Blauen Montag (gegenüber Gründonnerstag etc.) auf den Osteroktav durchaus sinn. Im puritanischen Sinne kann Durchhängen zwar ausgeschlossen werden. Im mundänen Sinne des Saufgelages steht jedoch bedenken entgegen. Man könnte meinen, die brauchten gleich ne ganze Woche zur Erhohlung. Jedoch weiß der Volksmund:

• Sportler ist, wer raucht und trinkt und trotzdem seine Leistung bringt.
• Wer feiern kann, kann auch arbeiten.

"Die Pause ist kein Gummiband"

Die Pausenzeiten werden eher als Empfehlungen verstanden und gemütlich ausgedehnt, bis der Vorgesetzte an niemanden persönlich gerichtet mit dem Hinweis aufwartet:

• Die Pause ist kein Gummiband.

Soll wohl heißen, man dürfe den Bogen nicht beliebig überspannen. Ich verstand zu erst "Gummiball" und dachte an hippe Kreuzberger irgendwas-mit-Medien-Designer, die den ganzen Tag am Schreibtisch hocken und sich dafür zur Pause etwa auf einem Beachvolleyballfeld zur Übungsstunde einfinden. Weil mich das immer noch irritiert, überlege ich nun, ob der Spruch Tradition hat, vielleicht so weit zurück, dass man gumo (“Mann”) und insofern Männerbund unterstellen darf; solange nicht Neudeutsch Brudi (“Bro, Bru; Digga”) aus brūdigumo (“Bräutigam”) abgelitten wurd, ist alles gut. Conclusion: Ein Liste Synonyme für "Männerbund" wäre hilfreich, sofern es sich dabei wohl um eine Urindoeuropäische Institution handle (citation needed). cf. JIES, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos-Quiles etc. etc.

Schalmei

Fr. chalumeau, AGr. Halm, Rohr, Rohrpfeife (kálamos) [5], cp. German Kawumm, Ka-boom", a type of peace pipe not unlike American types of similar name (calumi?). The kicker is, as in playing the flute, there is a hole to modulate the airflow, so it might sound or rather feel like whoom.

norma

> The nature of the root vowel (nŏrma or nōrma) is not properly known.

I guess so? The moreimportant question should be, where does the r come from if the etymon was Etruscan (?) from AGr. gnṓmōn? Looks so familiar this change.

To take pause

مِصْر

Compare tꜣwj (Egypt, the two lands), tꜣ, reconstructed /taʀ/ → /taʀ/ → /taʔ/, hence /ˈtaʀwVj/, etc. Thus 𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹 (mu-d-r-a-y), PIir. "*Mujrāyah, borrowed from Proto-Semitic *muṣrāy-," Emendate *mu-ṯrāy-, which may have appeared like *ṯawr-. Further origin uncertain. Otherwise, compare Persian سرای (→ Galata Saray), Arabic سُرَادِق‎ (surādiq, “tent”) vis-a-vis مِصْر (miṣr, “Cairo”), "miṣru l-fusṭāṭ, “the Civil Center of Assembly”, literally “of the large camel-hair tents, assembly halls”"? Also see Sarajevo.

Theo, wir fahrn nach Lodz.