累
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See also: 纍
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order (Japan) | |||
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Han character
[edit]累 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 田女戈火 (WVIF), four-corner 60903, composition ⿱田糸)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 919, character 35
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27343
- Dae Jaweon: page 1351, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3381, character 4
- Unihan data for U+7D2F
Chinese
[edit]Glyph origin
[edit]Old Chinese | |
---|---|
摞 | *roːl, *roːls |
騾 | *roːl |
螺 | *roːl |
蔂 | *roːl, *rul |
虆 | *roːl, *rul |
瘰 | *roːlʔ |
礌 | *ruːl, *ruːls |
雷 | *ruːl |
擂 | *ruːl, *ruːls |
攂 | *ruːl, *ruːls |
礧 | *ruːll, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls |
儡 | *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls |
瓃 | *ruːl, *rul, *ruls |
櫑 | *ruːl, *ruːlʔ |
鑘 | *ruːl, *ruːlʔ |
鐳 | *ruːl |
畾 | *ruːl |
轠 | *ruːl, *rulʔ |
罍 | *ruːl |
蕾 | *ruːlʔ |
癗 | *ruːlʔ |
磥 | *ruːlʔ |
累 | *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols |
儽 | *ruːls, *rul |
樏 | *rolʔ, *rul |
鸓 | *rul, *rulʔ |
嫘 | *rul |
纍 | *rul, *ruls |
欙 | *rul |
纝 | *rul |
壘 | *rulʔ |
櫐 | *rulʔ |
蘽 | *rulʔ |
藟 | *rulʔ |
讄 | *rulʔ |
Folk etymology considers this character as an ideographic compound representing the tiredness after work. In ancient China, men were working in the field (田) while women sewed (糸).
Etymology
[edit]Various semantic fields can be distinguished:
- “to add; to accumulate”
- Related to 壘 (OC *rulʔ, “rampart; to build by piling rocks”), 厽 (OC *rolʔ), 絫 (OC *rolʔ) (Wang, 1982).
- “to damage; exhausted; tired”
- Related to 儽 (OC *ruːls, *rul, “tired”), 儡 (OC *ruːl, *ruːlʔ, *ruːls, “to injure”) (Schuessler, 2007). It can be compared with Khmer រួយ (ruəy, “tired; exhausted”), Mizo rawih (“weak; worn out; broken down”), Tibetan རུལ (rul, “to decay; to rot”), འབྲུལ ('brul, “to fall; to come out”), ཧྲུལ་པོ (hrul po, “torn; ragged”), སྲུལ (srul, “(archaic) to rot; to decompose”) (ibid.).
- “to bind; to wind around”
- See 纍 (OC *rul, *ruls).
Pronunciation 1
[edit]trad. | 累/纍* | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 累 |
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): leoi5 / leoi6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lûi
- Northern Min (KCR): lṳ̆
- Eastern Min (BUC): lūi
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lúi
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6le
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lěi
- Wade–Giles: lei3
- Yale: lěi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leei
- Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /leɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: leoi5 / leoi6
- Yale: léuih / leuih
- Cantonese Pinyin: loey5 / loey6
- Guangdong Romanization: lêu5 / lêu6
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɵy̯¹³/, /lɵy̯²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lûi
- Hakka Romanization System: luiˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: lui1
- Sinological IPA: /lu̯i²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lṳ̆
- Sinological IPA (key): /ly²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: lūi
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃ui³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 累 (累積) |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /lei²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /lei²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /lei¹³/ | |
Jinan | /luei⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /le⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /luei⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /luei⁵³/ | |
Xining | /luɨ⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /luei⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /luei⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /luei⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /nei⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /nuei⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /nuei⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /luei⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /luəi²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /le²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /luei⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /luei⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /luei⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /le²³/ |
Suzhou | /le̞⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /lei⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /lai³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /le³⁵/ |
Tunxi | ||
Xiang | Changsha | /lei⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /nəi⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /lui²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /lui⁴⁴/ |
Taoyuan | ||
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /løy²³/ |
Nanning | /lui²⁴/ | |
Hong Kong | /løy²²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lui⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /luɔi²⁴²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ly²⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /lui⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /lui²¹³/ |
- Middle Chinese: ljweX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ojʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*rolʔ/
Definitions
[edit]累
- to pile up; to heap up; to mount up; to accumulate
- repeated; numerous; unremitting; continuous; persistent
- 六藝經傳以千萬數,累世不能殫其學,當年不能究其禮。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Liùyì jīngzhuàn yǐ qiānwàn shǔ, lěishì bùnéng dān qí xué, dāngnián bùnéng jiū qí lǐ. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
六艺经传以千万数,累世不能殚其学,当年不能究其礼。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete) to repeat; to replicate; to overlap
- (obsolete) to add (to); to increase; to grow
- (obsolete) to amount (to); to sum up (to)
- (obsolete) Alternative form of 絫 (lěi, “ancient weight unit”)
- a surname
Compounds
[edit]- 不差累黍 (bùchālěishǔ)
- 事危累卵
- 危如累卵 (wēirúlěiluǎn)
- 危於累卵/危于累卵
- 寸積銖累/寸积铢累
- 成千累萬/成千累万 (chéngqiānlěiwàn)
- 成年累月 (chéngniánlěiyuè)
- 日積月累/日积月累 (rìjīyuèlěi)
- 疵蒙謬累/疵蒙谬累
- 盈千累百
- 盈千累萬/盈千累万
- 盈篇累牘/盈篇累牍
- 積年累月/积年累月
- 積德累仁/积德累仁
- 積德累功/积德累功
- 積累/积累 (jīlěi)
- 積金累玉/积金累玉
- 積銖累寸/积铢累寸
- 窮年累世/穷年累世
- 窮年累月/穷年累月
- 窮年累歲/穷年累岁
- 累七齋/累七斋
- 累世 (lěishì)
- 累世 (lěishì)
- 累丸
- 累代 (lěidài)
- 累加 (lěijiā)
- 累卵 (lěiluǎn)
- 累卵之危
- 累土至山
- 累塊積蘇/累块积苏
- 累增字
- 累年
- 累彰勛效/累彰勋效
- 累德
- 累戰/累战
- 累日 (lěirì)
- 累時/累时
- 累月經年/累月经年
- 累榭
- 累次
- 累次三番
- 累牆/累墙
- 累牘連篇/累牍连篇
- 累犯 (lěifàn)
- 累犯 (lěifàn)
- 累積/累积 (lěijī)
- 累積性傷害症候群/累积性伤害症候群
- 累積盈餘/累积盈余
- 累累 (lěilěi)
- 累計/累计 (lěijì)
- 累足
- 累足成步
- 累進/累进 (lěijìn)
- 累進稅/累进税
- 累進稅率/累进税率
- 累進處遇/累进处遇
- 累遷/累迁 (lěiqiān)
- 累重
- 累黍
- 經年累月/经年累月
- 經旬累月/经旬累月
- 脅肩累足/胁肩累足
- 蕪累/芜累
- 虧累/亏累
- 負債累累/负债累累 (fùzhài lěilěi)
- 連篇累幅/连篇累幅
- 連篇累牘/连篇累牍 (liánpiānlěidú)
- 連階累任/连阶累任
- 連章累牘/连章累牍
- 鄙言累句
- 重光累洽
- 重熙累洽
- 重規累矩/重规累矩
- 銖積寸累/铢积寸累
- 長年累月/长年累月 (chángniánlěiyuè)
- 長篇累牘/长篇累牍
- 食不累味
- 駢肩累足/骈肩累足
- 駢肩累跡/骈肩累迹
- 駢肩累踵/骈肩累踵
Pronunciation 2
[edit]trad. | 累/纍* | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 累 |
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): leoi6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lui
- Northern Min (KCR): lṳ̄
- Eastern Min (BUC): lôi
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lūi
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6le
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lia6 / lei5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lèi
- Wade–Giles: lei4
- Yale: lèi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ley
- Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /leɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lěi
- Wade–Giles: lei3
- Yale: lěi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leei
- Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /leɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Note:
- “To implicate”, “burden” and “to damage”:
- lěi (Mainland standard, Taiwan variant);
- lèi (Taiwan standard).
- All other senses:
- lèi.
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: луй (luy, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /luei⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: leoi6
- Yale: leuih
- Cantonese Pinyin: loey6
- Guangdong Romanization: lêu6
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɵy̯²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lui
- Hakka Romanization System: lui
- Hagfa Pinyim: lui4
- Sinological IPA: /lu̯i⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lṳ̄
- Sinological IPA (key): /ly⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: lôi
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃ui²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: lia6 / lei5
- Sinological IPA (key): /li̯a̠²⁴/, /le̞i̯²¹/
- (Changsha)
Note:
- lia6 - vernacular;
- lei5 - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 累 (連累) |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /lei⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /lei⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /lei⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /luei²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /le⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /luei³¹²/ | |
Xi'an | /luei⁰/ | |
Xining | /luɨ⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /luei¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /luei¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /luei²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /nei³⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /nuei¹³/ | |
Guiyang | /nuei²¹³/ | |
Kunming | /luei²¹²/ | |
Nanjing | /luəi⁴⁴/ | |
Hefei | /le⁵³/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /luei⁴⁵/ |
Pingyao | /luei³⁵/ | |
Hohhot | /luei⁵⁵/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /le²³/ |
Suzhou | /le̞³¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /lei¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /lai³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /le²²/ |
Tunxi | /li¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /lei⁵⁵/ /lei¹¹/ |
Xiangtan | /nəi²¹/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /lui²¹/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /lui⁵³/ |
Taoyuan | /lui⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /løy²²/ |
Nanning | /lui²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /løy²²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lui²²/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /luɔi²⁴²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ly⁴⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /lui³¹/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /lui³³/ |
- Middle Chinese: ljweH
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*rols/
Definitions
[edit]累
- to involve; to implicate; to embroil; to entangle; to hinder
- (obsolete) burden; tribulation; affliction; problem
- (obsolete) to damage; to hurt; to do harm to; to stain; to sully
- (obsolete) to entrust; to delegate; to devolve
- to strain; to wear out; to cause to be tired
- (obsolete) suffering; misery; harm; disaster
- (obsolete) fault; crime; slip; defect
- to work hard; to toil; to overwork
- tired; weary; fatigued; exhausted
- (obsolete) wife and children; one's family
- (Changsha Xiang, polite) please; asking for help
Synonyms
[edit]- (tired):
Dialectal synonyms of 累 (“tired”) [map]
Compounds
[edit]- 俗累
- 倦累
- 勞累/劳累 (láolèi)
- 受累
- 同名之累
- 塵累/尘累
- 多累
- 家累
- 家累千金,坐不垂堂
- 帶累/带累 (dàilěi)
- 干累
- 忝累
- 房累
- 拖累 (tuōlěi)
- 掛累/挂累
- 波累 (bōlěi)
- 滯累/滞累
- 炊累
- 物累
- 牽累/牵累 (qiānlěi)
- 疲累 (pílèi)
- 私累
- 竿累
- 累乏
- 累人 (lèirén)
- 累及 (lěijí)
- 累句
- 累垮 (lèikuǎ)
- 累壞/累坏 (lèihuài)
- 累得慌
- 累德
- 累心
- 累懇/累恳
- 累手
- 累掯
- 累死 (lèi sǐ)
- 累死累活 (lěisǐlěihuó)
- 累活
- 累活兒/累活儿
- 累煩/累烦
- 累贅/累赘
- 累重
- 纏累/缠累 (chánlěi)
- 苦累
- 負累/负累 (fùlěi)
- 賠累/赔累 (péilèi)
- 賤累/贱累
- 連累/连累
- 遲累/迟累
- 鄙累
Pronunciation 3
[edit]trad. | 累/纍* | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 累 |
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): leoi6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lui
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lûi
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6le
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: léi
- Wade–Giles: lei2
- Yale: léi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lei
- Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /leɪ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄟˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lěi
- Wade–Giles: lei3
- Yale: lěi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leei
- Palladius: лэй (lɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /leɪ̯²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: leoi6
- Yale: leuih
- Cantonese Pinyin: loey6
- Guangdong Romanization: lêu6
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɵy̯²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lui
- Hakka Romanization System: lui
- Hagfa Pinyim: lui4
- Sinological IPA: /lu̯i⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: ljweH
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*rols/
Definitions
[edit]累
Pronunciation 4
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of 累 – see 纍 (“rope; to tie; bull in mating season”). (This character is the simplified and variant traditional form of 纍). |
Notes:
|
Pronunciation 5
[edit]simp. and trad. |
累 |
---|
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄩˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lyù
- Wade–Giles: lü4
- Yale: lyù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liuh
- Palladius: люй (ljuj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ly⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]累
Pronunciation 6
[edit]simp. and trad. |
累 |
---|
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄝˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: liè
- Wade–Giles: lieh4
- Yale: lyè
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lieh
- Palladius: ле (le)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li̯ɛ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]累
- Only used in 肥累.
Pronunciation 7
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of 累 – see 裸 (“bare; nude; naked; to undress; to strip”). (This character is recorded in one or more historical dictionaries as an ancient form of 裸). |
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]累
(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 纍)
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: るい (rui, Jōyō)←るゐ (ruwi, historical)
- Kan-on: るい (rui, Jōyō)←るゐ (ruwi, historical)
- Kun: かさね (kasane, 累); かさねる (kasaneru, 累ねる); しばる (shibaru, 累る); わずらわせ (wazurawase, 累わせ)←わづらはせ (wadurafase, 累はせ, historical)
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]累 (eumhun 묶을 루 (mukkeul ru), word-initial (South Korea) 묶을 누 (mukkeul nu))
- hanja form? of 루/누 (“tired”)
- hanja form? of 루/누 (“implicate, involve”)
- hanja form? of 루/누 (“bother”)
Vietnamese
[edit]Chữ Hán
[edit]累: Hán Nôm readings: lụy/luỵ, lủi, lũy/luỹ, mệt, luy, luệ
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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- Hokkien lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin hanzi
- Cantonese hanzi
- Hakka hanzi
- Northern Min hanzi
- Eastern Min hanzi
- Hokkien hanzi
- Wu hanzi
- Middle Chinese hanzi
- Old Chinese hanzi
- Chinese verbs
- Mandarin verbs
- Cantonese verbs
- Hakka verbs
- Northern Min verbs
- Eastern Min verbs
- Hokkien verbs
- Wu verbs
- Middle Chinese verbs
- Old Chinese verbs
- Chinese adjectives
- Mandarin adjectives
- Cantonese adjectives
- Hakka adjectives
- Northern Min adjectives
- Eastern Min adjectives
- Hokkien adjectives
- Wu adjectives
- Middle Chinese adjectives
- Old Chinese adjectives
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Northern Min nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Wu nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Old Chinese nouns
- Chinese proper nouns
- Mandarin proper nouns
- Cantonese proper nouns
- Hakka proper nouns
- Northern Min proper nouns
- Eastern Min proper nouns
- Hokkien proper nouns
- Wu proper nouns
- Middle Chinese proper nouns
- Old Chinese proper nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 累
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
- Chinese surnames
- Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations
- Dungan lemmas
- Xiang lemmas
- Dungan hanzi
- Xiang hanzi
- Dungan verbs
- Xiang verbs
- Dungan nouns
- Xiang nouns
- Dungan adjectives
- Xiang adjectives
- Cantonese terms with usage examples
- Mandarin terms with quotations
- Changsha Xiang
- Chinese polite terms
- Xiang terms with quotations
- Chinese simplified forms
- Chinese variant forms
- Sichuanese lemmas
- Taishanese lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Sichuanese hanzi
- Taishanese hanzi
- Teochew hanzi
- Sichuanese adjectives
- Taishanese adjectives
- Teochew adjectives
- Sichuanese verbs
- Taishanese verbs
- Teochew verbs
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading るい
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading るゐ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading るい
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading るゐ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading かさね
- Japanese kanji with kun reading かさ・ねる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しば・る
- Japanese kanji with kun reading わずら・わせ
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading わづら・はせ
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- CJKV simplified characters which already existed as traditional characters