若
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Translingual
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Japanese
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Han character
若 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+5, 9 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 8 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 廿大口 (TKR), four-corner 44604, composition ⿱艹右)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1023, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30796
- Dae Jaweon: page 1482, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3187, character 7
- Unihan data for U+82E5
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 若 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – a person combing their hair; obedient.
Etymology 1
| trad. | 若 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 若 | |
| alternative forms | 叒 | |
- “you; your”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
- "like this; such; if"
- Derived from 如 (OC *nja, *njas) with distributive suffix *-k (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 諾 (OC *naːɡ, “to agree; to say yes”).
- "that"
- Cognate with 那 (nà, “that”), 爾 (OC *njelʔ, “that”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): joek6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): na / ngiâ / yo̍k
- Eastern Min (BUC): nâ / iŏk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5zaq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ruò
- Wade–Giles: jo4
- Yale: rwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruoh
- Palladius: жо (žo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: joek6
- Yale: yeuhk
- Cantonese Pinyin: joek9
- Guangdong Romanization: yêg6
- Sinological IPA (key): /jœːk̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: na / ngiâ / yo̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: na / ngiaˊ / iog
- Hagfa Pinyim: na4 / ngia1 / yog6
- Sinological IPA: /na⁵⁵/, /ŋi̯a²⁴/, /i̯ok̚⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: na / ngiâ / yo̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: na / ngiaˊ / (r)iog
- Hagfa Pinyim: na4 / ngia1 / yog6
- Sinological IPA: /na⁵⁵/, /ŋi̯a²⁴/, /(j)i̯ok̚⁵/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
Note:
- na - vernacular (“if”);
- ngiâ - vernacular (“your");
- yo̍k - literary.
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nâ / iŏk
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡɑ²⁴²/, /yoʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- nâ - vernacular (“if”);
- iŏk - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nǎ
- Tâi-lô: nǎ
- IPA (Quanzhou): /nã²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍k
- Tâi-lô: lio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: liok
- IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔk̚²⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /liɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jio̍k
- Tâi-lô: jio̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: jiok
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jia̍k
- Tâi-lô: jia̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: jiak
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziak̚¹²¹/
Note:
- ná - vernacular (“like; as if”);
- nā/nǎ - vernacular (“if”);
- lio̍k/jio̍k/jia̍k - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: riag8 / riêh8 / rioh8
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jia̍k / jie̍h / jio̍h
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡ziak̚⁴/, /d͡zieʔ⁴/, /d͡zioʔ⁴/
Note:
- riag8 - literary (“if; like; as if”);
- riêh8/rioh8 - vernacular (dialectal usage - "how much", "so") (riêh8 - Chaozhou).
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: nyak
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*nak/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njaɡ/
Definitions
- † to be obedient to; compliant
- † to trim vegetables
- † to choose
- † you; your
- 既使我與若辯矣，若勝我，我不若勝，若果是也？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Jì shǐ wǒ yǔ ruò biàn yǐ, ruò shèng wǒ, wǒ bù ruò shèng, ruò guǒ shì yě? [Pinyin]
- If you and I debate, you defeat me and I cannot defeat you, are you really correct?
既使我与若辩矣，若胜我，我不若胜，若果是也？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † he; his
- like; as if
- 讀若闌。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Shuowen Jiezi, circa 2nd century CE
- Dú ruò lán. [Pinyin]
- Read as "闌／阑 (lán)".
读若阑。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- if; supposing; assuming
- in this way
- (Chinese mythology) Ruo, mythological divine being of the northern seas
- 於是焉河伯始旋其面目，望洋向若而歎。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Yúshì yān Hé Bó shǐ xuán qí miànmù, wàng yáng xiàng Ruò ér tàn. [Pinyin]
- Then He Bo began to turn his face round, looked across the expanse, as if he were confronting Ruo, and sighed.
于是焉河伯始旋其面目，望洋向若而叹。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 使湘靈鼓瑟兮，令海若舞馮夷。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
- Shǐ Xiāng líng gǔ sè xī, lìng hǎi Ruò wǔ Féng Yí. [Pinyin]
- I invite the Genius of River Xiang to play the se, and the oceanic Ruo to dance with Feng Yi of the Yellow River.
使湘灵鼓瑟兮，令海若舞冯夷。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- Pollia japonica
- a surname
Synonyms
- (like):
- 不啻 (bùchì) (literary)
- 似 (ci5) (Cantonese, Classical Chinese)
- 似乎 (sìhū)
- 似如 (si4 y2) (Xiang)
- 像 (xiàng)
- 像係／像系 (Hakka)
- 像是 (xiàngshì)
- 儼如／俨如 (yǎnrú) (literary)
- 儼然／俨然 (yǎnrán)
- 儼若／俨若 (yǎnruò) (literary)
- 勝如／胜如 (5sen-zy) (Wu)
- 好似 (hǎosì)
- 好像 (hǎoxiàng)
- 如同 (rútóng)
- 好比 (hǎobǐ)
- 宛 (Classical Chinese, or compounds only)
- 宛如 (wǎnrú) (literary)
- 宛然 (wǎnrán) (literary)
- 宛若 (wǎnruò) (literary)
- 就像 (jiùxiàng)
- 彷彿／仿佛 (fǎngfú)
- 忽如 (hūrú) (literary)
- 恍若 (huǎngruò)
- 敢若 (Hokkien)
- 敢若是 (Hokkien)
- 𣍐輸／𫧃输 (bē-su) (Hokkien)
- 有如 (yǒurú) (formal)
- 猶似／犹似 (yóusì) (literary)
- 猶像／犹像 (yóuxiàng) (literary)
- 猶如／犹如 (yóurú) (formal)
- 甲像 (Hokkien)
- 甲像是 (Hokkien)
- 甲親像／甲亲像 (Hokkien)
- 看上去 (kàn shàngqù)
- 看似 (kànsì)
- 看來／看来 (kànlái)
- 看樣子／看样子 (kànyàngzi)
- 看起來／看起来 (kànqilai)
- 若像 (Hokkien)
- 若親像／若亲像 (Hokkien)
- 表面上 (biǎomiànshang)
- 親像／亲像 (Hakka, Hokkien)
- 象 (xiàng)
- 貌似 (màosì)
- 賽可／赛可 (Ningbonese)
- 較像／较像 (Hokkien)
- 較像是／较像是 (Hokkien)
- 較親像／较亲像 (Hokkien)
- 顯得／显得 (xiǎnde)
Compounds
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Etymology 2
| trad. | 若 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 若 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄜˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: rě
- Wade–Giles: jê3
- Yale: rě
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ree
- Palladius: жэ (žɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐɤ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: je5
- Yale: yéh
- Cantonese Pinyin: je5
- Guangdong Romanization: yé5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɛː¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiâ
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiaˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngia1
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯a²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: nyaeX
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*njaʔ/
Definitions
Compounds
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Etymology 3
| trad. | 若 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 若 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄜˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ré
- Wade–Giles: jê2
- Yale: ré
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: re
- Palladius: жэ (žɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐɤ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Middle Chinese: nyae
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*nja/
Definitions
Etymology 4
| trad. | 若 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 若 | |
Pronunciation
- Eastern Min (BUC): niŏh
- Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): riêh8 / rioh8
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: niŏh
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡuoʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: riêh8 / rioh8
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jie̍h / jio̍h
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡zieʔ⁴/, /d͡zioʔ⁴/
- (Teochew)
Definitions
Synonyms
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 何等, 何其, 一何, 何哉, 何等也, 何則 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 多麼, 何等, 何其 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 多麼, 多 |
| Taiwan | 多麼, 多 | |
| Malaysia | 多 | |
| Singapore | 多麼, 多 | |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 多麼, 多 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 多 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 好, 多 |
| Wuhan | 幾, 幾樣, 好 | |
| Guilin | 好 | |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 多 |
| Hefei | 好 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 幾, 幾咁 |
| Hong Kong | 幾, 幾咁 | |
| Yangjiang | 幾 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 幾 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 幾 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 多麼, 多來 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 幾多 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 若夥, 若 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 偌, 偌爾仔, 活, 活欲 |
| Quanzhou | 偌, 活, 活欲 | |
| Zhangzhou | 偌, 偌爾仔, 偌仔爾, 活, 活欲 | |
| Taipei | 偌爾, 偌仔爾 | |
| Kaohsiung | 偌爾, 偌仔爾 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 偌 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 偌 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 偌 | |
| Chaozhou | 若 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 若 | |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 幾 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 多少, 幾化 |
| Suzhou | 幾化 | |
| Wenzhou | 幾倈, 幾恁 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 幾, 幾多, 好 |
| Shuangfeng | 幾, 好 | |
Compounds
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Etymology 5
| trad. | 若 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 若 | |
Pronunciation
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lōa
- Tâi-lô: luā
- Phofsit Daibuun: loa
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lua³³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lua²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lǒa
- Tâi-lô: luǎ
- IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /lua³³/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lua²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa
- Tâi-lô: guā
- Phofsit Daibuun: goa
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡua³³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jōa
- Tâi-lô: juā
- Phofsit Daibuun: joa
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /zua³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
Definitions
- (Hokkien) (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 偌.
Further reading
- “Entry #5469”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
Kanji
若
- young
- if
Readings
- Go-on: にゃく (nyaku, Jōyō †)、にゃ (nya)
- Kan-on: じゃく (jaku, Jōyō)←じやく (zyaku, historical)、じゃ (ja)←じや (zya, historical)
- Kun: わかい (wakai, 若い, Jōyō)、もしくは (moshiku wa, 若しくは)、もし (moshi, 若し)、ごとし (gotoshi, 若し)、したがう (shitagau)
Compounds
Noun
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 若 (MC nyak).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᅀᅣᆨ〮 (Yale: zyák) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 약 (yak)訓 (Yale: yak) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ja̠k̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [약]
Hanja
Compounds
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 若 (MC nyaeX).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᅀᅣᆼ〯 (Yale: zyǎ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ja̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [야]
Hanja
Compounds
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
Han character
若: Hán Nôm readings: nhược, nhã
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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