User:Sobreira/PIE adjectives

bʰidʰtós (#bʰidʰtós) bʰidnós (#bʰidnós) bʰidtós (#bʰidtós) bʰudʰtós (#bʰudʰtós) dʰéwbus (#dʰéwbus) dʰubrós (#dʰubrós) diwyós (#diwyós) dl̥h₁gʰós (#dl̥h₁gʰós) ǵʰutós (#ǵʰutós) ǵʰwer- (#ǵʰwer-) ǵn̥h₁tós (#ǵn̥h₁tós) ǵn̥h₃tós (#ǵn̥h₃tós) gʷih₃wós (#gʷih₃wós) gʷm̥tós (#gʷm̥tós) gʷréh₂us (#gʷréh₂us) h₁énteros (#h₁énteros) h₁itós (#h₁itós) h₁léngʰus (#h₁léngʰus) h₁ln̥gʷʰrós (#h₁ln̥gʷʰrós) h₁wérus (#h₁wérus) h₂éǵr̥yos (#h₂éǵr̥yos) h₂elbʰós (#h₂elbʰós) h₂énǵʰus (#h₂énǵʰus) h₂ḱrós (#h₂ḱrós) h₂wéh₁n̥ts (#h₂wéh₁n̥ts) h₂yuh₁en- (#h₂yuh₁en-) h₂yuh₁n̥ḱós (#h₂yuh₁n̥ḱós) h₃enh₂ostos (#h₃enh₂ostos) h₃reǵtós (#h₃reǵtós) káykos (#káykos) kh₂ptós (#kh₂ptós) kʷóteros (#kʷóteros) médʰyos (#médʰyos) méǵh₂s (#méǵh₂s) mréǵʰus (#mréǵʰus) mr̥tós (#mr̥tós) néwos (#néwos) néwyos (#néwyos) pl̥h₁nós (#pl̥h₁nós) plowtós (#plowtós) priHós (#priHós) sedtós (#sedtós) sénos (#sénos) somHós (#somHós) sth₂tós (#sth₂tós) swéh₂dus (#swéh₂dus) swéh₂dyōs (#swéh₂dyōs) ténh₂us (#ténh₂us) tl̥h₂tós (#tl̥h₂tós) tréystis (#tréystis) udrós (#udrós) widtós (#widtós) wr̥ǵtós (#wr̥ǵtós)

bʰidʰtós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *bʰeydʰ- (“to trust”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. trusted, trustworthy

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*bʰidʰtós	*bʰidʰtéh₂
genitive	*bʰidʰtósyo	*bʰidʰtéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰidʰtós	*bʰidʰtóh₁	*bʰidʰtóes
vocative	*bʰidʰté	*bʰidʰtóh₁	*bʰidʰtóes
accusative	*bʰidʰtóm	*bʰidʰtóh₁	*bʰidʰtóms
genitive	*bʰidʰtósyo	*?	*bʰidʰtóHom
ablative	*bʰidʰtéad	*?	*bʰidʰtómos
dative	*bʰidʰtóey	*?	*bʰidʰtómos
locative	*bʰidʰtéy, *bʰidʰtóy	*?	*bʰidʰtóysu
instrumental	*bʰidʰtóh₁	*?	*bʰidʰtṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰidʰtéh₂	*bʰidʰtéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰidʰtéh₂es
vocative	*bʰidʰtéh₂	*bʰidʰtéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰidʰtéh₂es
accusative	*bʰidʰtā́m	*bʰidʰtéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰidʰtéh₂m̥s
genitive	*bʰidʰtéh₂s	*?	*bʰidʰtéh₂oHom
ablative	*bʰidʰtéh₂s	*?	*bʰidʰtéh₂mos
dative	*bʰidʰtéh₂ey	*?	*bʰidʰtéh₂mos
locative	*bʰidʰtéh₂, *bʰidʰtéh₂i	*?	*bʰidʰtéh₂su
instrumental	*bʰidʰtéh₂h₁	*?	*bʰidʰtéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰidʰtóm	*bʰidʰtóy(h₁)	*bʰidʰtéh₂
vocative	*bʰidʰtóm	*bʰidʰtóy(h₁)	*bʰidʰtéh₂
accusative	*bʰidʰtóm	*bʰidʰtóy(h₁)	*bʰidʰtéh₂
genitive	*bʰidʰtósyo	*?	*bʰidʰtóHom
ablative	*bʰidʰtéad	*?	*bʰidʰtómos
dative	*bʰidʰtóey	*?	*bʰidʰtómos
locative	*bʰidʰtéy, *bʰidʰtóy	*?	*bʰidʰtóysu
instrumental	*bʰidʰtóh₁	*?	*bʰidʰtṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *pitstós
  • Ancient Greek: πιστός (pistós)
    • Greek: πιστός (pistós)
• Proto-Italic: *fissos
  • Latin: fīsus

bʰidnós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) +‎ *-nós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. split, cloven

Declension

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*bʰidnós	*bʰidnéh₂
genitive	*bʰidnósyo	*bʰidnéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰidnós	*bʰidnóh₁	*bʰidnóes
vocative	*bʰidné	*bʰidnóh₁	*bʰidnóes
accusative	*bʰidnóm	*bʰidnóh₁	*bʰidnóms
genitive	*bʰidnósyo	*?	*bʰidnóHom
ablative	*bʰidnéad	*?	*bʰidnómos
dative	*bʰidnóey	*?	*bʰidnómos
locative	*bʰidnéy, *bʰidnóy	*?	*bʰidnóysu
instrumental	*bʰidnóh₁	*?	*bʰidnṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰidnéh₂	*bʰidnéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰidnéh₂es
vocative	*bʰidnéh₂	*bʰidnéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰidnéh₂es
accusative	*bʰidnā́m	*bʰidnéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰidnéh₂m̥s
genitive	*bʰidnéh₂s	*?	*bʰidnéh₂oHom
ablative	*bʰidnéh₂s	*?	*bʰidnéh₂mos
dative	*bʰidnéh₂ey	*?	*bʰidnéh₂mos
locative	*bʰidnéh₂, *bʰidnéh₂i	*?	*bʰidnéh₂su
instrumental	*bʰidnéh₂h₁	*?	*bʰidnéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰidnóm	*bʰidnóy(h₁)	*bʰidnéh₂
vocative	*bʰidnóm	*bʰidnóy(h₁)	*bʰidnéh₂
accusative	*bʰidnóm	*bʰidnóy(h₁)	*bʰidnéh₂
genitive	*bʰidnósyo	*?	*bʰidnóHom
ablative	*bʰidnéad	*?	*bʰidnómos
dative	*bʰidnóey	*?	*bʰidnómos
locative	*bʰidnéy, *bʰidnóy	*?	*bʰidnóysu
instrumental	*bʰidnóh₁	*?	*bʰidnṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *bitanaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰidnás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰidnás
    • Sanskrit: भिन्न (bhinná)

bʰidtós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. split, cloven

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*bʰidtós	*bʰidtéh₂
genitive	*bʰidtósyo	*bʰidtéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰidtós	*bʰidtóh₁	*bʰidtóes
vocative	*bʰidté	*bʰidtóh₁	*bʰidtóes
accusative	*bʰidtóm	*bʰidtóh₁	*bʰidtóms
genitive	*bʰidtósyo	*?	*bʰidtóHom
ablative	*bʰidtéad	*?	*bʰidtómos
dative	*bʰidtóey	*?	*bʰidtómos
locative	*bʰidtéy, *bʰidtóy	*?	*bʰidtóysu
instrumental	*bʰidtóh₁	*?	*bʰidtṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰidtéh₂	*bʰidtéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰidtéh₂es
vocative	*bʰidtéh₂	*bʰidtéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰidtéh₂es
accusative	*bʰidtā́m	*bʰidtéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰidtéh₂m̥s
genitive	*bʰidtéh₂s	*?	*bʰidtéh₂oHom
ablative	*bʰidtéh₂s	*?	*bʰidtéh₂mos
dative	*bʰidtéh₂ey	*?	*bʰidtéh₂mos
locative	*bʰidtéh₂, *bʰidtéh₂i	*?	*bʰidtéh₂su
instrumental	*bʰidtéh₂h₁	*?	*bʰidtéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰidtóm	*bʰidtóy(h₁)	*bʰidtéh₂
vocative	*bʰidtóm	*bʰidtóy(h₁)	*bʰidtéh₂
accusative	*bʰidtóm	*bʰidtóy(h₁)	*bʰidtéh₂
genitive	*bʰidtósyo	*?	*bʰidtóHom
ablative	*bʰidtéad	*?	*bʰidtómos
dative	*bʰidtóey	*?	*bʰidtómos
locative	*bʰidtéy, *bʰidtóy	*?	*bʰidtóysu
instrumental	*bʰidtóh₁	*?	*bʰidtṓys

Derived terms

• Proto-Indo-European: *pró-bʰidtós
  • Proto-Iranian: *frá-baista-
    • Middle Persian:

      Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (prbys- /⁠*frabēs-, parbēs-⁠/, “to be afflicted, suffer”), [Manichaean needed] (prbysyšn /⁠*frabēsišn, parbēsišn⁠/, “suffer”)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰitˢtás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰittás
    • Sanskrit: भित्त (bhittá, “bit”)
  • ⇒ Proto-Nuristani: (“board”)
    • Northern Nuristani:
      • Kamkata-viri:

        Kamviri: bitëlë

        Kativiri: bëtyel

      • Prasuni: vëtlë, vatël
    • Southern Nuristani:
      • Ashkun: bitalë
      • Waigali: bitala
• Proto-Italic: *fissos
  • Latin: fissus

bʰudʰtós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. aware

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*bʰudʰtós	*bʰudʰtéh₂
genitive	*bʰudʰtósyo	*bʰudʰtéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰudʰtós	*bʰudʰtóh₁	*bʰudʰtóes
vocative	*bʰudʰté	*bʰudʰtóh₁	*bʰudʰtóes
accusative	*bʰudʰtóm	*bʰudʰtóh₁	*bʰudʰtóms
genitive	*bʰudʰtósyo	*?	*bʰudʰtóHom
ablative	*bʰudʰtéad	*?	*bʰudʰtómos
dative	*bʰudʰtóey	*?	*bʰudʰtómos
locative	*bʰudʰtéy, *bʰudʰtóy	*?	*bʰudʰtóysu
instrumental	*bʰudʰtóh₁	*?	*bʰudʰtṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰudʰtéh₂	*bʰudʰtéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰudʰtéh₂es
vocative	*bʰudʰtéh₂	*bʰudʰtéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰudʰtéh₂es
accusative	*bʰudʰtā́m	*bʰudʰtéh₂h₁(e)	*bʰudʰtéh₂m̥s
genitive	*bʰudʰtéh₂s	*?	*bʰudʰtéh₂oHom
ablative	*bʰudʰtéh₂s	*?	*bʰudʰtéh₂mos
dative	*bʰudʰtéh₂ey	*?	*bʰudʰtéh₂mos
locative	*bʰudʰtéh₂, *bʰudʰtéh₂i	*?	*bʰudʰtéh₂su
instrumental	*bʰudʰtéh₂h₁	*?	*bʰudʰtéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bʰudʰtóm	*bʰudʰtóy(h₁)	*bʰudʰtéh₂
vocative	*bʰudʰtóm	*bʰudʰtóy(h₁)	*bʰudʰtéh₂
accusative	*bʰudʰtóm	*bʰudʰtóy(h₁)	*bʰudʰtéh₂
genitive	*bʰudʰtósyo	*?	*bʰudʰtóHom
ablative	*bʰudʰtéad	*?	*bʰudʰtómos
dative	*bʰudʰtóey	*?	*bʰudʰtómos
locative	*bʰudʰtéy, *bʰudʰtóy	*?	*bʰudʰtóysu
instrumental	*bʰudʰtóh₁	*?	*bʰudʰtṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *pustós
  • Ancient Greek: πυστός (pustós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰudᶻdʰás (see there for further descendants)

dʰubrós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *dʰewb- (“deep”) +‎ *-rós (Caland system suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. deep

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*dʰubrós	*dʰubréh₂
genitive	*dʰubrósyo	*dʰubréh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dʰubrós	*dʰubróh₁	*dʰubróes
vocative	*dʰubré	*dʰubróh₁	*dʰubróes
accusative	*dʰubróm	*dʰubróh₁	*dʰubróms
genitive	*dʰubrósyo	*?	*dʰubróHom
ablative	*dʰubréad	*?	*dʰubrómos
dative	*dʰubróey	*?	*dʰubrómos
locative	*dʰubréy, *dʰubróy	*?	*dʰubróysu
instrumental	*dʰubróh₁	*?	*dʰubrṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dʰubréh₂	*dʰubréh₂h₁(e)	*dʰubréh₂es
vocative	*dʰubréh₂	*dʰubréh₂h₁(e)	*dʰubréh₂es
accusative	*dʰubrā́m	*dʰubréh₂h₁(e)	*dʰubréh₂m̥s
genitive	*dʰubréh₂s	*?	*dʰubréh₂oHom
ablative	*dʰubréh₂s	*?	*dʰubréh₂mos
dative	*dʰubréh₂ey	*?	*dʰubréh₂mos
locative	*dʰubréh₂, *dʰubréh₂i	*?	*dʰubréh₂su
instrumental	*dʰubréh₂h₁	*?	*dʰubréh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dʰubróm	*dʰubróy(h₁)	*dʰubréh₂
vocative	*dʰubróm	*dʰubróy(h₁)	*dʰubréh₂
accusative	*dʰubróm	*dʰubróy(h₁)	*dʰubréh₂
genitive	*dʰubrósyo	*?	*dʰubróHom
ablative	*dʰubréad	*?	*dʰubrómos
dative	*dʰubróey	*?	*dʰubrómos
locative	*dʰubréy, *dʰubróy	*?	*dʰubróysu
instrumental	*dʰubróh₁	*?	*dʰubrṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dubrás
  • ⇒ Latvian: dubra (“puddle”) (a-stem derivative)
  • ⇒ Lithuanian: Dubrà (a-stem derivative)
  • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *dъbrь (“ravine”) (i-stem derivative, refined in later times into *dьbrь) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *dubraz
  • Old Norse: Dófrar (place name)
    • Norwegian: Dovre (place name)
    • Swedish: Dovra (place name)
• Proto-Celtic: *dubros (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian: *täpre
  • Tocharian A: tpär
  • Tocharian B: tapre

diwyós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *dyew- (“sky, heaven”) +‎ *-yós (denominative adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. heavenly

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *diyyos
  • Ancient Greek: (Homeric) δῖος (dîos)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *diwyás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *diwyás
    • Sanskrit: दिव्य (divyá)
  • Proto-Iranian: *diwyáh
    • Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬀 (daēuuiia, “deavic, related to daeva”)
• Italic:
  • Latin: dīus

dl̥h₁gʰós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From the stem *delh₁gʰ- (“~ to be long; to last, endure”), found in Ancient Greek ἐνδελεχέω (endelekhéō, “to continue”), ἐνδελεχής (endelekhḗs, “continuous”) and probably Latin indulgeō (“to concede”), which appears to be a compound of a marginally attested root *del(h₁)- (“long”) (cf. Russian длина́ (dliná), Old Czech dél (“length”), Proto-Slavic *dьliti (“to last, prolong, delay”) and Old Norse tálma (“to hinder”)) plus an unknown root *h₁egʰ- or suffix *-gʰ-.

Resemblance to the synonym *dlongʰos is conspicuous and probably not by coincidence, but a formal connection is difficult, due to the presence of the laryngeal in one but not the other.

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. long

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*dl̥h₁gʰós	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂
genitive	*dl̥h₁gʰósyo	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dl̥h₁gʰós	*dl̥h₁gʰóh₁	*dl̥h₁gʰóes
vocative	*dl̥h₁gʰé	*dl̥h₁gʰóh₁	*dl̥h₁gʰóes
accusative	*dl̥h₁gʰóm	*dl̥h₁gʰóh₁	*dl̥h₁gʰóms
genitive	*dl̥h₁gʰósyo	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰóHom
ablative	*dl̥h₁gʰéad	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰómos
dative	*dl̥h₁gʰóey	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰómos
locative	*dl̥h₁gʰéy, *dl̥h₁gʰóy	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰóysu
instrumental	*dl̥h₁gʰóh₁	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁(e)	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂es
vocative	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁(e)	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂es
accusative	*dl̥h₁gʰā́m	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁(e)	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂m̥s
genitive	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂s	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂oHom
ablative	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂s	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂mos
dative	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂ey	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂mos
locative	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂, *dl̥h₁gʰéh₂i	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂su
instrumental	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂h₁	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dl̥h₁gʰóm	*dl̥h₁gʰóy(h₁)	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂
vocative	*dl̥h₁gʰóm	*dl̥h₁gʰóy(h₁)	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂
accusative	*dl̥h₁gʰóm	*dl̥h₁gʰóy(h₁)	*dl̥h₁gʰéh₂
genitive	*dl̥h₁gʰósyo	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰóHom
ablative	*dl̥h₁gʰéad	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰómos
dative	*dl̥h₁gʰóey	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰómos
locative	*dl̥h₁gʰéy, *dl̥h₁gʰóy	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰóysu
instrumental	*dl̥h₁gʰóh₁	*?	*dl̥h₁gʰṓys

Related terms

• *dlongʰos

Descendants

• Albanian: gjatë (< *dlata < *dlagta; regular loss of first stop in dental clusters)
• Proto-Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒁍𒁕𒀸 (GÍD.DA-aš)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dílˀgas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *tulguz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: δολιχός (dolikhós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dr̥Hgʰás (see there for further descendants)

Further reading

• Blažek, Václav (2015) “Indoevropský etymon dlouhý ve světle slovanských a tocharských kontinuantů”, in Linguistica Brunensia, volume 63, number 2, page 27

ǵʰutós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ǵʰew- (“pour, libate”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. invoked (one)
2. libated, poured as part of a liquid offering

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*ǵʰutós	*ǵʰutéh₂
genitive	*ǵʰutósyo	*ǵʰutéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵʰutós	*ǵʰutóh₁	*ǵʰutóes
vocative	*ǵʰuté	*ǵʰutóh₁	*ǵʰutóes
accusative	*ǵʰutóm	*ǵʰutóh₁	*ǵʰutóms
genitive	*ǵʰutósyo	*?	*ǵʰutóHom
ablative	*ǵʰutéad	*?	*ǵʰutómos
dative	*ǵʰutóey	*?	*ǵʰutómos
locative	*ǵʰutéy, *ǵʰutóy	*?	*ǵʰutóysu
instrumental	*ǵʰutóh₁	*?	*ǵʰutṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵʰutéh₂	*ǵʰutéh₂h₁(e)	*ǵʰutéh₂es
vocative	*ǵʰutéh₂	*ǵʰutéh₂h₁(e)	*ǵʰutéh₂es
accusative	*ǵʰutā́m	*ǵʰutéh₂h₁(e)	*ǵʰutéh₂m̥s
genitive	*ǵʰutéh₂s	*?	*ǵʰutéh₂oHom
ablative	*ǵʰutéh₂s	*?	*ǵʰutéh₂mos
dative	*ǵʰutéh₂ey	*?	*ǵʰutéh₂mos
locative	*ǵʰutéh₂, *ǵʰutéh₂i	*?	*ǵʰutéh₂su
instrumental	*ǵʰutéh₂h₁	*?	*ǵʰutéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵʰutóm	*ǵʰutóy(h₁)	*ǵʰutéh₂
vocative	*ǵʰutóm	*ǵʰutóy(h₁)	*ǵʰutéh₂
accusative	*ǵʰutóm	*ǵʰutóy(h₁)	*ǵʰutéh₂
genitive	*ǵʰutósyo	*?	*ǵʰutóHom
ablative	*ǵʰutéad	*?	*ǵʰutómos
dative	*ǵʰutóey	*?	*ǵʰutómos
locative	*ǵʰutéy, *ǵʰutóy	*?	*ǵʰutóysu
instrumental	*ǵʰutóh₁	*?	*ǵʰutṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *gudą (“god, deity”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *kʰutós
  • Ancient Greek: χυτός (khutós, “poured”)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰutás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰutás
    • Sanskrit: हुत (hutá, “offered in fire, poured out”)

ǵʰwer-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *ǵʰwḗr- ~ *ǵʰwér-
• *ǵʰweh₁r-

Root

*PIE adjectives

1. wild
2. wild animal

Derived terms

• *ǵʰwḗr (< **ǵʰwér-s)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰḗr
    • Ancient Greek: θήρ (thḗr) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒? Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤𐀫 (qe-ro /⁠Kʷʰērōn⁠/, given name)
      • ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤𐀪𐀍 (qe-ri-jo /⁠Kʷʰēriōn⁠/)
• *ǵʰwér-os
  • Proto-Italic: *feros
    • Latin: ferus (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰwér-ō (< **ǵʰwér-on-s)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰwer-o-h₃kʷs
  • Proto-Italic: *ferōks
    • Latin: ferōx (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰwer-is
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źwēˀrís
    • East Baltic:
      • Latgalian: zviers
      • Latvian: zvêrs
      • Lithuanian: žvėrìs
    • West Baltic:
      • Old Prussian: swīrins
    • Proto-Slavic: *zvě̑rь (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Ancient Greek: θήρα (thḗra, “hunt”), θηράω (thēráō, “to hunt”), θήραμα (thḗrama, “prey, spoil, game”)
  • Tocharian:
    • Tocharian A: śaru
    • Tocharian B: śerwe (“hunter”)

Further reading

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “493”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 493

ǵn̥h₁tós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to give birth”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. begotten, produced

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*ǵn̥h₁tós	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂
genitive	*ǵn̥h₁tósyo	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵn̥h₁tós	*ǵn̥h₁tóh₁	*ǵn̥h₁tóes
vocative	*ǵn̥h₁té	*ǵn̥h₁tóh₁	*ǵn̥h₁tóes
accusative	*ǵn̥h₁tóm	*ǵn̥h₁tóh₁	*ǵn̥h₁tóms
genitive	*ǵn̥h₁tósyo	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tóHom
ablative	*ǵn̥h₁téad	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tómos
dative	*ǵn̥h₁tóey	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tómos
locative	*ǵn̥h₁téy, *ǵn̥h₁tóy	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tóysu
instrumental	*ǵn̥h₁tóh₁	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁(e)	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂es
vocative	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁(e)	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂es
accusative	*ǵn̥h₁tā́m	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁(e)	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂m̥s
genitive	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂s	*?	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂oHom
ablative	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂s	*?	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂mos
dative	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂ey	*?	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂mos
locative	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂, *ǵn̥h₁téh₂i	*?	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂su
instrumental	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂h₁	*?	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵn̥h₁tóm	*ǵn̥h₁tóy(h₁)	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂
vocative	*ǵn̥h₁tóm	*ǵn̥h₁tóy(h₁)	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂
accusative	*ǵn̥h₁tóm	*ǵn̥h₁tóy(h₁)	*ǵn̥h₁téh₂
genitive	*ǵn̥h₁tósyo	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tóHom
ablative	*ǵn̥h₁téad	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tómos
dative	*ǵn̥h₁tóey	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tómos
locative	*ǵn̥h₁téy, *ǵn̥h₁tóy	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tóysu
instrumental	*ǵn̥h₁tóh₁	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *kundaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHtás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *gnētós
  • Ancient Greek: -γνητός (-gnētós)
• Proto-Italic: *gnātos
  • Latin: gnātus, nātus

ǵn̥h₃tós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *ǵneh₃tós (as one exception from its kind)

Etymology

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. known
2. recognisable

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*ǵn̥h₃tós	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂
genitive	*ǵn̥h₃tósyo	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵn̥h₃tós	*ǵn̥h₃tóh₁	*ǵn̥h₃tóes
vocative	*ǵn̥h₃té	*ǵn̥h₃tóh₁	*ǵn̥h₃tóes
accusative	*ǵn̥h₃tóm	*ǵn̥h₃tóh₁	*ǵn̥h₃tóms
genitive	*ǵn̥h₃tósyo	*?	*ǵn̥h₃tóHom
ablative	*ǵn̥h₃téad	*?	*ǵn̥h₃tómos
dative	*ǵn̥h₃tóey	*?	*ǵn̥h₃tómos
locative	*ǵn̥h₃téy, *ǵn̥h₃tóy	*?	*ǵn̥h₃tóysu
instrumental	*ǵn̥h₃tóh₁	*?	*ǵn̥h₃tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁(e)	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂es
vocative	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁(e)	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂es
accusative	*ǵn̥h₃tā́m	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁(e)	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂m̥s
genitive	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂s	*?	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂oHom
ablative	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂s	*?	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂mos
dative	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂ey	*?	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂mos
locative	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂, *ǵn̥h₃téh₂i	*?	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂su
instrumental	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂h₁	*?	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵn̥h₃tóm	*ǵn̥h₃tóy(h₁)	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂
vocative	*ǵn̥h₃tóm	*ǵn̥h₃tóy(h₁)	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂
accusative	*ǵn̥h₃tóm	*ǵn̥h₃tóy(h₁)	*ǵn̥h₃téh₂
genitive	*ǵn̥h₃tósyo	*?	*ǵn̥h₃tóHom
ablative	*ǵn̥h₃téad	*?	*ǵn̥h₃tómos
dative	*ǵn̥h₃tóey	*?	*ǵn̥h₃tómos
locative	*ǵn̥h₃téy, *ǵn̥h₃tóy	*?	*ǵn̥h₃tóysu
instrumental	*ǵn̥h₃tóh₁	*?	*ǵn̥h₃tṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *gnātos (“known, usual”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *gnōtós
  • Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós), γνωστός (gnōstós) (with contamination)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHtás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́naHtás
    • Sanskrit: ज्ञात (jñātá)
  • Proto-Iranian: *jnaHtás
    • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬀 (zanta)
      • → Middle Persian: [script needed] (zand, “Zand, knowledge of Avesta”)

• Proto-Italic: *gnōtos or *gnātos
  • Latin: nōtus
    • Italian: noto
    • Portuguese: noto

gʷih₃wós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”) +‎ *-wós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. alive, living

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*gʷih₃wós	*gʷih₃wéh₂
genitive	*gʷih₃wósyo	*gʷih₃wéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷih₃wós	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*gʷih₃wóes
vocative	*gʷih₃wé	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*gʷih₃wóes
accusative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*gʷih₃wóms
genitive	*gʷih₃wósyo	*?	*gʷih₃wóHom
ablative	*gʷih₃wéad	*?	*gʷih₃wómos
dative	*gʷih₃wóey	*?	*gʷih₃wómos
locative	*gʷih₃wéy, *gʷih₃wóy	*?	*gʷih₃wóysu
instrumental	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*?	*gʷih₃wṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷih₃wéh₂	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁(e)	*gʷih₃wéh₂es
vocative	*gʷih₃wéh₂	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁(e)	*gʷih₃wéh₂es
accusative	*gʷih₃wā́m	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁(e)	*gʷih₃wéh₂m̥s
genitive	*gʷih₃wéh₂s	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂oHom
ablative	*gʷih₃wéh₂s	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂mos
dative	*gʷih₃wéh₂ey	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂mos
locative	*gʷih₃wéh₂, *gʷih₃wéh₂i	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂su
instrumental	*gʷih₃wéh₂h₁	*?	*gʷih₃wéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóy(h₁)	*gʷih₃wéh₂
vocative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóy(h₁)	*gʷih₃wéh₂
accusative	*gʷih₃wóm	*gʷih₃wóy(h₁)	*gʷih₃wéh₂
genitive	*gʷih₃wósyo	*?	*gʷih₃wóHom
ablative	*gʷih₃wéad	*?	*gʷih₃wómos
dative	*gʷih₃wóey	*?	*gʷih₃wómos
locative	*gʷih₃wéy, *gʷih₃wóy	*?	*gʷih₃wóysu
instrumental	*gʷih₃wóh₁	*?	*gʷih₃wṓys

Derived terms

• *gʷíh₃w-e-ti
• *gʷyéh₃w-o-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ďōwós
    • Ancient Greek: ζωός (zōós)
• *gʷyéh₃w-yo-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ďṓyyon (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷih₃wo-to-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwatas
    • Lithuanian: gyvatà
    • Old Prussian: giwato
    • Proto-Slavic: *životъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *biyatom (“food”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷīwotos
    • Ancient Greek: βίοτος (bíotos), βιοτή (biotḗ)
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷītā (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: जीवित (jīvitá) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬊 (gaiio, “life”) (acc. 𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬙𐬎𐬨 (jiiātum))
• *gʷih₃wo-tuh₂t-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *biwotūts (“life, existence”)
    • Proto-Brythonic: *bɨwöd
      • Welsh: bywyd
    • Old Irish: bethu, beothu, bethad
      • Middle Irish: betha
        • Irish: beatha
        • Manx: bea
        • Scottish Gaelic: beatha
• *sēmi-gʷih₃wó-
  • Proto-Germanic: *sēmikwikwaz
    • Old English: sāmcwic
  • Proto-Hellenic: *hēmigʷīwos
    • Ancient Greek: ἡμίβιος (hēmíbios)
  • Proto-Italic: *sēmigʷīwos
    • Latin: sēmivīvus

Antonyms

• *mr̥tós

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīˀwás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *biwos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *kwiwaz, *kwikwaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *gʷīwos
  • Ancient Greek: βίος (bíos) (or possibly a syncope of βίοτος (bíotos))
    • Greek: βίος (víos)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰiHwás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *gʷīwos (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian B: śāw-, śāy-

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 467

gʷm̥tós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *gʷem- (“to step”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. passable

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*gʷm̥tós	*gʷm̥téh₂
genitive	*gʷm̥tósyo	*gʷm̥téh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷm̥tós	*gʷm̥tóh₁	*gʷm̥tóes
vocative	*gʷm̥té	*gʷm̥tóh₁	*gʷm̥tóes
accusative	*gʷm̥tóm	*gʷm̥tóh₁	*gʷm̥tóms
genitive	*gʷm̥tósyo	*?	*gʷm̥tóHom
ablative	*gʷm̥téad	*?	*gʷm̥tómos
dative	*gʷm̥tóey	*?	*gʷm̥tómos
locative	*gʷm̥téy, *gʷm̥tóy	*?	*gʷm̥tóysu
instrumental	*gʷm̥tóh₁	*?	*gʷm̥tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷm̥téh₂	*gʷm̥téh₂h₁(e)	*gʷm̥téh₂es
vocative	*gʷm̥téh₂	*gʷm̥téh₂h₁(e)	*gʷm̥téh₂es
accusative	*gʷm̥tā́m	*gʷm̥téh₂h₁(e)	*gʷm̥téh₂m̥s
genitive	*gʷm̥téh₂s	*?	*gʷm̥téh₂oHom
ablative	*gʷm̥téh₂s	*?	*gʷm̥téh₂mos
dative	*gʷm̥téh₂ey	*?	*gʷm̥téh₂mos
locative	*gʷm̥téh₂, *gʷm̥téh₂i	*?	*gʷm̥téh₂su
instrumental	*gʷm̥téh₂h₁	*?	*gʷm̥téh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷm̥tóm	*gʷm̥tóy(h₁)	*gʷm̥téh₂
vocative	*gʷm̥tóm	*gʷm̥tóy(h₁)	*gʷm̥téh₂
accusative	*gʷm̥tóm	*gʷm̥tóy(h₁)	*gʷm̥téh₂
genitive	*gʷm̥tósyo	*?	*gʷm̥tóHom
ablative	*gʷm̥téad	*?	*gʷm̥tómos
dative	*gʷm̥tóey	*?	*gʷm̥tómos
locative	*gʷm̥téy, *gʷm̥tóy	*?	*gʷm̥tóysu
instrumental	*gʷm̥tóh₁	*?	*gʷm̥tṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gimtás
  • Latvian: dzìmts
  • Lithuanian: gim̃tas
  • Old Prussian: naunagimton
• Proto-Hellenic: *gʷətós
  • Ancient Greek: βατός (batós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gatás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *gʷentos
  • Latin: ventus

gʷréh₂us

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”) +‎ *-us (Caland system suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. heavy

   Antonym: *h₁léngʰus

Inflection

Older proterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, proterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*gʷréh₂us	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂
genitive	*gʷr̥h₂éws	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷréh₂us	*gʷréh₂uh₁(e)	*gʷréh₂ewes
vocative	*gʷréh₂u	*gʷréh₂uh₁(e)	*gʷréh₂ewes
accusative	*gʷréh₂um	*gʷréh₂uh₁(e)	*gʷréh₂ums
genitive	*gʷr̥h₂éws	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwoHom
ablative	*gʷr̥h₂éws	*?	*gʷr̥h₂úmos
dative	*gʷr̥h₂éwey	*?	*gʷr̥h₂úmos
locative	*gʷr̥h₂éw, *gʷr̥h₂éwi	*?	*gʷr̥h₂úsu
instrumental	*gʷr̥h₂úh₁	*?	*gʷr̥h₂úmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e)	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂es
vocative	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e)	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂es
accusative	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂m̥	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e)	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂m̥s
genitive	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s	*?	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂oHom
ablative	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s	*?	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mos
dative	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂ey	*?	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mos
locative	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂, *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂i	*?	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂su
instrumental	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂h₁	*?	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷréh₂u	*gʷréh₂wih₁	*gʷréh₂uh₂
vocative	*gʷréh₂u	*gʷréh₂wih₁	*gʷréh₂uh₂
accusative	*gʷréh₂u	*gʷréh₂wih₁	*gʷréh₂uh₂
genitive	*gʷr̥h₂éws	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwoHom
ablative	*gʷr̥h₂éws	*?	*gʷr̥h₂úmos
dative	*gʷr̥h₂éwey	*?	*gʷr̥h₂úmos
locative	*gʷr̥h₂éw, *gʷr̥h₂éwi	*?	*gʷr̥h₂úsu
instrumental	*gʷr̥h₂úh₁	*?	*gʷr̥h₂úmis

Later hysterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*gʷr̥h₂ús	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂
genitive	*gʷr̥h₂éws	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷr̥h₂ús	*gʷr̥h₂úh₁(e)	*gʷr̥h₂úes
vocative	*gʷr̥h₂ú	*gʷr̥h₂úh₁(e)	*gʷr̥h₂úes
accusative	*gʷr̥h₂úm	*gʷr̥h₂úh₁(e)	*gʷr̥h₂úms
genitive	*gʷr̥h₂éws	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwoHom
ablative	*gʷr̥h₂éws	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwmos
dative	*gʷr̥h₂éwey	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwmos
locative	*gʷr̥h₂éw, *gʷr̥h₂éwi	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwsu
instrumental	*gʷr̥h₂éwh₁	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e)	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂es
vocative	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e)	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂es
accusative	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂m̥	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂h₁(e)	*gʷr̥h₂éwih₂m̥s
genitive	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s	*?	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂oHom
ablative	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂s	*?	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mos
dative	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂ey	*?	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mos
locative	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂, *gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂i	*?	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂su
instrumental	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂h₁	*?	*gʷr̥h₂uyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gʷr̥h₂ú	*gʷr̥h₂úyh₁	*gʷr̥h₂úh₂
vocative	*gʷr̥h₂ú	*gʷr̥h₂úyh₁	*gʷr̥h₂úh₂
accusative	*gʷr̥h₂ú	*gʷr̥h₂úyh₁	*gʷr̥h₂úh₂
genitive	*gʷr̥h₂éws	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwoHom
ablative	*gʷr̥h₂éws	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwmos
dative	*gʷr̥h₂éwey	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwmos
locative	*gʷr̥h₂éw, *gʷr̥h₂éwi	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwsu
instrumental	*gʷr̥h₂éwh₁	*?	*gʷr̥h₂éwmis

Derived terms

• *gʷréh₂w-o-s or *gʷr̥h₂w-ó-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *bruwos (“quantity, multitude”) (perhaps)
    • Middle Welsh: bryw
    • Old Irish: bró

• *gʷréh₂w-ō ~ *gʷr̥h₂w-nés (“quern, mill-stone”)

• *gʷruh₂-tó-s (< earlier via laryngeal metathesis *gʷr̥h₂u-tó-s)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latgalian: gryuts
    • Latvian: grūts
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷrūtos
    • Latin: brūtus (via Sabellic)

• *gʷrih₂-g-
  • >? Proto-Celtic: *brīgos (“importance”)
    • Proto-Brythonic: *briɣ
      • Middle Breton: bry
      • Cornish: bry
      • Middle Welsh: bri
        • Welsh: bri
    • Gaulish: *brīgos
      • → Vulgar Latin: *brīgus
        • Old Occitan: briu
          • Catalan: briu
        • Old Galician-Portuguese: brio
          • Galician: brío
          • Portuguese: brio
        • Spanish: brío
          • → Italian: brio
            • → English: brio
            • → French: brio
        • Sicilian: sbriguni

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *kuruz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *gʷarus (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Húš (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *gʷraus (see there for further descendants)

h₁énteros

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂énteros

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *énteros

Etymology

From *h₁en (“in”) +‎ *-teros (contrastive suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. inside, within

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₁énteros	*h₁éntereh₂
genitive	*h₁énterosyo	*h₁éntereh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁énteros	*h₁énteroh₁	*h₁énteroes
vocative	*h₁éntere	*h₁énteroh₁	*h₁énteroes
accusative	*h₁énterom	*h₁énteroh₁	*h₁énteroms
genitive	*h₁énterosyo	*?	*h₁énteroHom
ablative	*h₁énteread	*?	*h₁énteromos
dative	*h₁énteroey	*?	*h₁énteromos
locative	*h₁énterey, *h₁énteroy	*?	*h₁énteroysu
instrumental	*h₁énteroh₁	*?	*h₁énterōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁éntereh₂	*h₁éntereh₂h₁(e)	*h₁éntereh₂es
vocative	*h₁éntereh₂	*h₁éntereh₂h₁(e)	*h₁éntereh₂es
accusative	*h₁énterām	*h₁éntereh₂h₁(e)	*h₁éntereh₂m̥s
genitive	*h₁éntereh₂s	*?	*h₁éntereh₂oHom
ablative	*h₁éntereh₂s	*?	*h₁éntereh₂mos
dative	*h₁éntereh₂ey	*?	*h₁éntereh₂mos
locative	*h₁éntereh₂, *h₁éntereh₂i	*?	*h₁éntereh₂su
instrumental	*h₁éntereh₂h₁	*?	*h₁éntereh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁énterom	*h₁énteroy(h₁)	*h₁éntereh₂
vocative	*h₁énterom	*h₁énteroy(h₁)	*h₁éntereh₂
accusative	*h₁énterom	*h₁énteroy(h₁)	*h₁éntereh₂
genitive	*h₁énterosyo	*?	*h₁énteroHom
ablative	*h₁énteread	*?	*h₁énteromos
dative	*h₁énteroey	*?	*h₁énteromos
locative	*h₁énterey, *h₁énteroy	*?	*h₁énteroysu
instrumental	*h₁énteroh₁	*?	*h₁énterōys

Descendants

• Proto-Armenian:
  • ⇒ Old Armenian: ընդերք (ənderkʻ), ընտերք (ənterkʻ)
    • Armenian: ընդերք (ənderkʻ)
• Proto-Hellenic: *énteros
  • ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἔντερον (énteron)
    • Greek: έντερο (éntero)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hántaras
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hántaras
    • Sanskrit: अन्तर (ántara) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hántarah
    • Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (aṇtara)
    • Western Iranian:
      • Northern Kurdish: hindirr (“inside”), hindurr, hindurrû, hundur
      • Old Persian: 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”)
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠andar⁠/)

          Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (BYN), 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (ʾndr)

          Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡 (ʾndr)

          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (BY̲N), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾntl)

          Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮁𐮈𐮌 (BY̲N), 𐮀𐮌𐮑𐮊 (ʾntl)

          Pazend script: 𐬀𐬥𐬛𐬀𐬭 (andar)

          • Classical Persian: اندر (andar)

            Dari: اندر (andar), در (dar)

            Iranian Persian: اندر (andar), در (dar)

            Tajik: андар (andar), дар (dar)

            • → Hindi: अंदर (andar)
            • → Urdu: اندر (andar)
        • Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫡 (ʾndr /⁠andar⁠/)
• Proto-Italic: *enteros
  • Latin: *interus
    • ⇒ Latin: intrā (see there for further descendants); intrō (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Latin: interior (see there for further descendants)
  • Venetic: 𐌀𐌕𐌓𐌀 (atra), 𐌀𐌍𐌕𐌓𐌀 (antra, “within”)

Related terms

• *h₁entér (“within; between, among”)
• *h₁éntrom ~ *h₁óntrom (“interior, core; innards, viscera”)

h₁itós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₁ey- (“to go”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. passable

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₁itós	*h₁itéh₂
genitive	*h₁itósyo	*h₁itéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁itós	*h₁itóh₁	*h₁itóes
vocative	*h₁ité	*h₁itóh₁	*h₁itóes
accusative	*h₁itóm	*h₁itóh₁	*h₁itóms
genitive	*h₁itósyo	*?	*h₁itóHom
ablative	*h₁itéad	*?	*h₁itómos
dative	*h₁itóey	*?	*h₁itómos
locative	*h₁itéy, *h₁itóy	*?	*h₁itóysu
instrumental	*h₁itóh₁	*?	*h₁itṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁itéh₂	*h₁itéh₂h₁(e)	*h₁itéh₂es
vocative	*h₁itéh₂	*h₁itéh₂h₁(e)	*h₁itéh₂es
accusative	*h₁itā́m	*h₁itéh₂h₁(e)	*h₁itéh₂m̥s
genitive	*h₁itéh₂s	*?	*h₁itéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₁itéh₂s	*?	*h₁itéh₂mos
dative	*h₁itéh₂ey	*?	*h₁itéh₂mos
locative	*h₁itéh₂, *h₁itéh₂i	*?	*h₁itéh₂su
instrumental	*h₁itéh₂h₁	*?	*h₁itéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁itóm	*h₁itóy(h₁)	*h₁itéh₂
vocative	*h₁itóm	*h₁itóy(h₁)	*h₁itéh₂
accusative	*h₁itóm	*h₁itóy(h₁)	*h₁itéh₂
genitive	*h₁itósyo	*?	*h₁itóHom
ablative	*h₁itéad	*?	*h₁itómos
dative	*h₁itóey	*?	*h₁itómos
locative	*h₁itéy, *h₁itóy	*?	*h₁itóysu
instrumental	*h₁itóh₁	*?	*h₁itṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *itos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *itós
  • Ancient Greek: ἰτός (itós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hitás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hitás
    • Sanskrit: (उद्-)इत) ((ud-)ita)), (अन्-)इत ((an-)ita)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hitáh
    • Avestan: (𐬀𐬌𐬡-)𐬌𐬙𐬀 ((aiβ-)ita), (𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙-)𐬌𐬙𐬀 ((pait-)ita)
• Proto-Italic: *itos
  • Latin: itus

h₁léngʰus

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”) +‎ *-us (Caland system suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. lightweight

   Antonym: *gʷréh₂us

Inflection

Older proterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, proterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₁léngʰus	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁léngʰus	*h₁léngʰuh₁(e)	*h₁léngʰewes
vocative	*h₁léngʰu	*h₁léngʰuh₁(e)	*h₁léngʰewes
accusative	*h₁léngʰum	*h₁léngʰuh₁(e)	*h₁léngʰums
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúsu
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂es
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂es
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂m̥	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂m̥s
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂mos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂ey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂mos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂, *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂i	*?	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂su
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂h₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁léngʰu	*h₁léngʰwih₁	*h₁léngʰuh₂
vocative	*h₁léngʰu	*h₁léngʰwih₁	*h₁léngʰuh₂
accusative	*h₁léngʰu	*h₁léngʰwih₁	*h₁léngʰuh₂
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúsu
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmis

Later hysterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰús	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰús	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúes
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰú	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúes
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúm	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúms
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwsu
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwh₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂es
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂es
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂m̥	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂m̥s
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂mos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂ey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂mos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂, *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂i	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂su
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂h₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰú	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰú	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰú	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwsu
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwh₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmis

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lengus ~ *lingus
  • Latvian: liêgs (“gentle”)
  • Lithuanian: leñgvas, lengvùs
  • Proto-Slavic: *lьgъkъ (< Pre-Slavic *lingu-kos)
• Proto-Celtic: *legus, *lagus
  • Proto-Brythonic:
    • Welsh: llaw (“small, low, sad”) (< *lagwos)
    • Breton: law (“miserable, bad”)
• Proto-Hellenic: *eləkʰús
  • Ancient Greek: ἐλαχύς (elakhús, “small”)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlagʰúš (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *leɣʷis (with possible contamination from *breɣʷis)
  • Latin: levis (see there for further descendants)

h₁ln̥gʷʰrós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”) +‎ *-rós (Caland system suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. lightweight

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrós	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrósyo	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrós	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróes
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰré	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróes
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróm	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróms
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrósyo	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréad	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrómos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrómos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréy, *h₁ln̥gʷʰróy	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróysu
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂es
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂es
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrā́m	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂m̥s
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂s	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂oHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂s	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂mos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂ey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂mos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂, *h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂i	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂su
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂h₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróm	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróy(h₁)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróm	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróy(h₁)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróm	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróy(h₁)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréh₂
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrósyo	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréad	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrómos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrómos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰréy, *h₁ln̥gʷʰróy	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróysu
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰróh₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰrṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *lungraz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *eləpʰrós
  • Ancient Greek: ἐλαφρός (elaphrós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlagʰrás
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hlagráh
    • Old Persian: *lagraʰ
      • Middle Persian: *lāgar
        • Persian: لاغر (lâğar)

h₁wérus

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₁wer- (“broad”) +‎ *-us (Caland system suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. broad

Inflection

Older proterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, proterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₁wérus	*h₁uréwih₂
genitive	*h₁uréws	*h₁uruyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁wérus	*h₁wéruh₁(e)	*h₁wérewes
vocative	*h₁wéru	*h₁wéruh₁(e)	*h₁wérewes
accusative	*h₁wérum	*h₁wéruh₁(e)	*h₁wérums
genitive	*h₁uréws	*?	*h₁uréwoHom
ablative	*h₁uréws	*?	*h₁urúmos
dative	*h₁uréwey	*?	*h₁urúmos
locative	*h₁uréw, *h₁uréwi	*?	*h₁urúsu
instrumental	*h₁urúh₁	*?	*h₁urúmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁uréwih₂	*h₁uréwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁uréwih₂es
vocative	*h₁uréwih₂	*h₁uréwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁uréwih₂es
accusative	*h₁uréwih₂m̥	*h₁uréwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁uréwih₂m̥s
genitive	*h₁uruyéh₂s	*?	*h₁uruyéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₁uruyéh₂s	*?	*h₁uruyéh₂mos
dative	*h₁uruyéh₂ey	*?	*h₁uruyéh₂mos
locative	*h₁uruyéh₂, *h₁uruyéh₂i	*?	*h₁uruyéh₂su
instrumental	*h₁uruyéh₂h₁	*?	*h₁uruyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁wéru	*h₁wérwih₁	*h₁wéruh₂
vocative	*h₁wéru	*h₁wérwih₁	*h₁wéruh₂
accusative	*h₁wéru	*h₁wérwih₁	*h₁wéruh₂
genitive	*h₁uréws	*?	*h₁uréwoHom
ablative	*h₁uréws	*?	*h₁urúmos
dative	*h₁uréwey	*?	*h₁urúmos
locative	*h₁uréw, *h₁uréwi	*?	*h₁urúsu
instrumental	*h₁urúh₁	*?	*h₁urúmis

Later hysterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₁urús	*h₁uréwih₂
genitive	*h₁uréws	*h₁uruyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁urús	*h₁urúh₁(e)	*h₁urúes
vocative	*h₁urú	*h₁urúh₁(e)	*h₁urúes
accusative	*h₁urúm	*h₁urúh₁(e)	*h₁urúms
genitive	*h₁uréws	*?	*h₁uréwoHom
ablative	*h₁uréws	*?	*h₁uréwmos
dative	*h₁uréwey	*?	*h₁uréwmos
locative	*h₁uréw, *h₁uréwi	*?	*h₁uréwsu
instrumental	*h₁uréwh₁	*?	*h₁uréwmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁uréwih₂	*h₁uréwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁uréwih₂es
vocative	*h₁uréwih₂	*h₁uréwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁uréwih₂es
accusative	*h₁uréwih₂m̥	*h₁uréwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁uréwih₂m̥s
genitive	*h₁uruyéh₂s	*?	*h₁uruyéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₁uruyéh₂s	*?	*h₁uruyéh₂mos
dative	*h₁uruyéh₂ey	*?	*h₁uruyéh₂mos
locative	*h₁uruyéh₂, *h₁uruyéh₂i	*?	*h₁uruyéh₂su
instrumental	*h₁uruyéh₂h₁	*?	*h₁uruyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁urú	*h₁urúyh₁	*h₁urúh₂
vocative	*h₁urú	*h₁urúyh₁	*h₁urúh₂
accusative	*h₁urú	*h₁urúyh₁	*h₁urúh₂
genitive	*h₁uréws	*?	*h₁uréwoHom
ablative	*h₁uréws	*?	*h₁uréwmos
dative	*h₁uréwey	*?	*h₁uréwmos
locative	*h₁uréw, *h₁uréwi	*?	*h₁uréwsu
instrumental	*h₁uréwh₁	*?	*h₁uréwmis

Derived terms

• *h₁weru-no-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hwárunas
• *h₁weru-wokʷ-, *h₁uru-wkʷ- (“far-sounding”)
  • Proto-Hellenic::
    • Ancient Greek: εὐρύοπα (eurúopa)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Vedic Sanskrit: उरूची (urūcī́)

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic: *eurús
  • Ancient Greek: εὐρύς (eurús)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hurúš
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hurúṣ
    • Sanskrit: उरु (urú)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hurúš
    • Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎 (vo^uru)

h₂éǵr̥yos

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From the noun *h₂éǵros (“field, pasturage”) +‎ *-yós (denominative adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. campestral, field (attributive), of or relating to fields

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₂éǵr̥yos	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂
genitive	*h₂éǵr̥yosyo	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂éǵr̥yos	*h₂éǵr̥yoh₁	*h₂éǵr̥yoes
vocative	*h₂éǵr̥ye	*h₂éǵr̥yoh₁	*h₂éǵr̥yoes
accusative	*h₂éǵr̥yom	*h₂éǵr̥yoh₁	*h₂éǵr̥yoms
genitive	*h₂éǵr̥yosyo	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yoHom
ablative	*h₂éǵr̥yead	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yomos
dative	*h₂éǵr̥yoey	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yomos
locative	*h₂éǵr̥yey, *h₂éǵr̥yoy	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yoysu
instrumental	*h₂éǵr̥yoh₁	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁(e)	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂es
vocative	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁(e)	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂es
accusative	*h₂éǵr̥yām	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁(e)	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂m̥s
genitive	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂s	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂oHom
ablative	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂s	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂mos
dative	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂ey	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂mos
locative	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂, *h₂éǵr̥yeh₂i	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂su
instrumental	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂h₁	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂éǵr̥yom	*h₂éǵr̥yoy(h₁)	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂
vocative	*h₂éǵr̥yom	*h₂éǵr̥yoy(h₁)	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂
accusative	*h₂éǵr̥yom	*h₂éǵr̥yoy(h₁)	*h₂éǵr̥yeh₂
genitive	*h₂éǵr̥yosyo	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yoHom
ablative	*h₂éǵr̥yead	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yomos
dative	*h₂éǵr̥yoey	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yomos
locative	*h₂éǵr̥yey, *h₂éǵr̥yoy	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yoysu
instrumental	*h₂éǵr̥yoh₁	*?	*h₂éǵr̥yōys

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: արտի (arti)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ἄγριος (ágrios)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ryas
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́ryas
    • Sanskrit: अज्र्य (ajryá)

h₂elbʰós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *h₂elbʰós
• *h₄elbʰós

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. white

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*albʰós	*albʰéh₂
genitive	*albʰósyo	*albʰéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*albʰós	*albʰóh₁	*albʰóes
vocative	*albʰé	*albʰóh₁	*albʰóes
accusative	*albʰóm	*albʰóh₁	*albʰóms
genitive	*albʰósyo	*?	*albʰóHom
ablative	*albʰéad	*?	*albʰómos
dative	*albʰóey	*?	*albʰómos
locative	*albʰéy, *albʰóy	*?	*albʰóysu
instrumental	*albʰóh₁	*?	*albʰṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*albʰéh₂	*albʰéh₂h₁(e)	*albʰéh₂es
vocative	*albʰéh₂	*albʰéh₂h₁(e)	*albʰéh₂es
accusative	*albʰā́m	*albʰéh₂h₁(e)	*albʰéh₂m̥s
genitive	*albʰéh₂s	*?	*albʰéh₂oHom
ablative	*albʰéh₂s	*?	*albʰéh₂mos
dative	*albʰéh₂ey	*?	*albʰéh₂mos
locative	*albʰéh₂, *albʰéh₂i	*?	*albʰéh₂su
instrumental	*albʰéh₂h₁	*?	*albʰéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*albʰóm	*albʰóy(h₁)	*albʰéh₂
vocative	*albʰóm	*albʰóy(h₁)	*albʰéh₂
accusative	*albʰóm	*albʰóy(h₁)	*albʰéh₂
genitive	*albʰósyo	*?	*albʰóHom
ablative	*albʰéad	*?	*albʰómos
dative	*albʰóey	*?	*albʰómos
locative	*albʰéy, *albʰóy	*?	*albʰóysu
instrumental	*albʰóh₁	*?	*albʰṓys

Derived terms

• *(H)albʰ-H-nó-s or *(H)albʰ-eno-s?
  • Proto-Celtic: *albanos
• *(H)albʰ-ih₂
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *albī (“river”) (see there for further descendants)
• *(H)albʰ-i-s
  • ⇒ *(H)albʰ-ⁱy-on-
    • Proto-Celtic: *albiyū (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *albiz (“elf”) (see there for further descendants)
• >? *(H)álbʰ-it (“barley”)
• >? *(H)álbʰ-us ~ *(H)l̥bʰ-éw-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *r̥bʰúš (“skillful”)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *r̥bʰúṣ
      • Sanskrit: ऋभु (ṛbhú)

Unsorted formations:

• >? Proto-Armenian: *aławun
  • Old Armenian: աղաւնի (aławni, “dove, pigeon”) (possibly)
• Proto-Germanic: *albits ~ *albuts (“swan”), now at Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/albut
• Proto-Slavic: *olbǫdь (“swan”) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian: *albós
  • Hittite: 𒀠𒉺𒀸 (alpas)
• Proto-Celtic: *albos
• Proto-Hellenic: *alpʰós
  • Ancient Greek: ἀλφός (alphós)
• Proto-Italic: *alβos (see there for further descendants)
• →? Proto-Finnic: *kalbas
  • Finnish: kalvas, kalpea
  • Karelian: kalpie

h₂énǵʰus

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *h₂émǵʰus

Etymology

From *h₂enǵʰ- (“narrow, tight”) +‎ *-us (Caland system suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. narrow, tight

Inflection

Older proterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, proterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₂énǵʰus	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂
genitive	*h₂n̥ǵʰéws	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂énǵʰus	*h₂énǵʰuh₁(e)	*h₂énǵʰewes
vocative	*h₂énǵʰu	*h₂énǵʰuh₁(e)	*h₂énǵʰewes
accusative	*h₂énǵʰum	*h₂énǵʰuh₁(e)	*h₂énǵʰums
genitive	*h₂n̥ǵʰéws	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéws	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰúmos
dative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwey	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰúmos
locative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéw, *h₂n̥ǵʰéwi	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰúsu
instrumental	*h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰúmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂es
vocative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂es
accusative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s
genitive	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂mos
dative	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂ey	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂mos
locative	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂, *h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂i	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂su
instrumental	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂énǵʰu	*h₂énǵʰwih₁	*h₂énǵʰuh₂
vocative	*h₂énǵʰu	*h₂énǵʰwih₁	*h₂énǵʰuh₂
accusative	*h₂énǵʰu	*h₂énǵʰwih₁	*h₂énǵʰuh₂
genitive	*h₂n̥ǵʰéws	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéws	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰúmos
dative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwey	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰúmos
locative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéw, *h₂n̥ǵʰéwi	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰúsu
instrumental	*h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰúmis

Later hysterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₂n̥ǵʰús	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂
genitive	*h₂n̥ǵʰéws	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂n̥ǵʰús	*h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁(e)	*h₂n̥ǵʰúes
vocative	*h₂n̥ǵʰú	*h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁(e)	*h₂n̥ǵʰúes
accusative	*h₂n̥ǵʰúm	*h₂n̥ǵʰúh₁(e)	*h₂n̥ǵʰúms
genitive	*h₂n̥ǵʰéws	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéws	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwmos
dative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwey	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwmos
locative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéw, *h₂n̥ǵʰéwi	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwsu
instrumental	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwh₁	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂es
vocative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂es
accusative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s
genitive	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂mos
dative	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂ey	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂mos
locative	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂, *h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂i	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂su
instrumental	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰuyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂n̥ǵʰú	*h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁	*h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂
vocative	*h₂n̥ǵʰú	*h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁	*h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂
accusative	*h₂n̥ǵʰú	*h₂n̥ǵʰúyh₁	*h₂n̥ǵʰúh₂
genitive	*h₂n̥ǵʰéws	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéws	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwmos
dative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwey	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwmos
locative	*h₂n̥ǵʰéw, *h₂n̥ǵʰéwi	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwsu
instrumental	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwh₁	*?	*h₂n̥ǵʰéwmis

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: անձուկ (anjuk, “narrow, tight”)
• Balto-Slavic:
  • Lithuanian: ankštas
  • Proto-Slavic: *ǫzъkъ (see there for further descendants)
  • → Finnic: *ahtas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *angus (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *anguz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hánȷ́ʰuš
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hánźʰuṣ
    • Sanskrit: अंहु (áṃhu)

h₂ḱrós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) +‎ *-rós (Caland system suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. sharp

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₂ḱrós	*h₂ḱréh₂
genitive	*h₂ḱrósyo	*h₂ḱréh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂ḱrós	*h₂ḱróh₁	*h₂ḱróes
vocative	*h₂ḱré	*h₂ḱróh₁	*h₂ḱróes
accusative	*h₂ḱróm	*h₂ḱróh₁	*h₂ḱróms
genitive	*h₂ḱrósyo	*?	*h₂ḱróHom
ablative	*h₂ḱréad	*?	*h₂ḱrómos
dative	*h₂ḱróey	*?	*h₂ḱrómos
locative	*h₂ḱréy, *h₂ḱróy	*?	*h₂ḱróysu
instrumental	*h₂ḱróh₁	*?	*h₂ḱrṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂ḱréh₂	*h₂ḱréh₂h₁(e)	*h₂ḱréh₂es
vocative	*h₂ḱréh₂	*h₂ḱréh₂h₁(e)	*h₂ḱréh₂es
accusative	*h₂ḱrā́m	*h₂ḱréh₂h₁(e)	*h₂ḱréh₂m̥s
genitive	*h₂ḱréh₂s	*?	*h₂ḱréh₂oHom
ablative	*h₂ḱréh₂s	*?	*h₂ḱréh₂mos
dative	*h₂ḱréh₂ey	*?	*h₂ḱréh₂mos
locative	*h₂ḱréh₂, *h₂ḱréh₂i	*?	*h₂ḱréh₂su
instrumental	*h₂ḱréh₂h₁	*?	*h₂ḱréh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂ḱróm	*h₂ḱróy(h₁)	*h₂ḱréh₂
vocative	*h₂ḱróm	*h₂ḱróy(h₁)	*h₂ḱréh₂
accusative	*h₂ḱróm	*h₂ḱróy(h₁)	*h₂ḱréh₂
genitive	*h₂ḱrósyo	*?	*h₂ḱróHom
ablative	*h₂ḱréad	*?	*h₂ḱrómos
dative	*h₂ḱróey	*?	*h₂ḱrómos
locative	*h₂ḱréy, *h₂ḱróy	*?	*h₂ḱróysu
instrumental	*h₂ḱróh₁	*?	*h₂ḱrṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *atsara (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśras (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *akros (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ἄκρος (ákros)
    • Ionian Greek: ἄκρος (ákros)
• Proto-Italic: *ā̆kris (with change to i-stem) (see there for further descendants)

h₂wéh₁n̥ts

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Participle of *h₂wḗh₁ti (“to blow”), from the root *h₂weh₁-.

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. blowing
2. (as substantive) that which blows; the wind, air

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₂wéh₁n̥ts	*h₂uh₁éntih₂
genitive	*h₂uh₁n̥tés	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂wéh₁n̥ts	*h₂wéh₁n̥th₁(e)	*h₂wéh₁n̥tes
vocative	*h₂wéh₁n̥t	*h₂wéh₁n̥th₁(e)	*h₂wéh₁n̥tes
accusative	*h₂wéh₁n̥tm̥	*h₂wéh₁n̥th₁(e)	*h₂wéh₁n̥tm̥s
genitive	*h₂uh₁n̥tés	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tóHom
ablative	*h₂uh₁n̥tés	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tmós
dative	*h₂uh₁n̥téy	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tmós
locative	*h₂wéh₁n̥t, *h₂wéh₁n̥ti	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tsú
instrumental	*h₂uh₁n̥téh₁	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tmís
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂uh₁éntih₂	*h₂uh₁éntih₂h₁(e)	*h₂uh₁éntih₂es
vocative	*h₂uh₁éntih₂	*h₂uh₁éntih₂h₁(e)	*h₂uh₁éntih₂es
accusative	*h₂uh₁éntih₂m̥	*h₂uh₁éntih₂h₁(e)	*h₂uh₁éntih₂m̥s
genitive	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂s	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂s	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂mos
dative	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂ey	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂mos
locative	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂, *h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂i	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂su
instrumental	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂h₁	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂wéh₁n̥t	*h₂wéh₁n̥tih₁	*h₂wéh₁n̥th₂
vocative	*h₂wéh₁n̥t	*h₂wéh₁n̥tih₁	*h₂wéh₁n̥th₂
accusative	*h₂wéh₁n̥t	*h₂wéh₁n̥tih₁	*h₂wéh₁n̥th₂
genitive	*h₂uh₁n̥tés	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tóHom
ablative	*h₂uh₁n̥tés	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tmós
dative	*h₂uh₁n̥téy	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tmós
locative	*h₂wéh₁n̥t, *h₂wéh₁n̥ti	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tsú
instrumental	*h₂uh₁n̥téh₁	*?	*h₂uh₁n̥tmís

Descendants

The descendants outside of Hittite and Greek have converted this into a thematic noun, indicating a late PIE reconstruction of *h₂wéh₁n̥tos.

• Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒄷𒉿𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-wa-an-za /⁠huwanza⁠/), 𒄷𒌋𒉿𒀭𒍝 (ḫu-u-wa-an-za /⁠hūwanza⁠/)
• Proto-Celtic: *wintos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *windaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *awḗəts
  • Ancient Greek: ἀείς (aeís), ἀέντα (aénta, acc.s.)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwáHatas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *wentos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian: *wyente (see there for further descendants)

h₂yuh₁en-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₂óyu (“long time, lifetime”) +‎ *-Hō (Hoffman's suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. young

   Antonyms: *sénos, *ǵérh₂onts

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₂yéwHō	*h₂yuHénih₂
genitive	*h₂yuHnés	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂yéwHō	*h₂yéwHonh₁(e)	*h₂yéwHones
vocative	*h₂yéwHon	*h₂yéwHonh₁(e)	*h₂yéwHones
accusative	*h₂yéwHonm̥	*h₂yéwHonh₁(e)	*h₂yéwHonm̥s
genitive	*h₂yuHnés	*?	*h₂yuHnóHom
ablative	*h₂yuHnés	*?	*h₂yuHnmós
dative	*h₂yuHnéy	*?	*h₂yuHnmós
locative	*h₂yéwHon, *h₂yéwHoni	*?	*h₂yuHnsú
instrumental	*h₂yuHnéh₁	*?	*h₂yuHnmís
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂yuHénih₂	*h₂yuHénih₂h₁(e)	*h₂yuHénih₂es
vocative	*h₂yuHénih₂	*h₂yuHénih₂h₁(e)	*h₂yuHénih₂es
accusative	*h₂yuHénih₂m̥	*h₂yuHénih₂h₁(e)	*h₂yuHénih₂m̥s
genitive	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂s	*?	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂s	*?	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂mos
dative	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂ey	*?	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂mos
locative	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂, *h₂yuHn̥yéh₂i	*?	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂su
instrumental	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂h₁	*?	*h₂yuHn̥yéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂yéwHon	*h₂yéwHonih₁	*h₂yéwHō
vocative	*h₂yéwHon	*h₂yéwHonih₁	*h₂yéwHō
accusative	*h₂yéwHon	*h₂yéwHonih₁	*h₂yéwHō
genitive	*h₂yuHnés	*?	*h₂yuHnóHom
ablative	*h₂yuHnés	*?	*h₂yuHnmós
dative	*h₂yuHnéy	*?	*h₂yuHnmós
locative	*h₂yéwHon, *h₂yéwHoni	*?	*h₂yuHnsú
instrumental	*h₂yuHnéh₁	*?	*h₂yuHnmís

Alternative reconstructions

• *h₂yúHō ~ *h₂yuHnés
• *h₂yuh₁en-

Derived terms

• *h₂yéw-Hn-o-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jauˀnás (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂yu-Hn̥-ḱó-s
• *h₂yu-Hn̥-téh₂
• *h₂yú-Hn̥-ti-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *jugunþiz (< earlier *juwundiz) (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂yu-Hón-i-s ~ *h₂yu-Hén-i-s
  • Proto-Italic: *juwenis (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂yu-Hón-ih₂-k-s ~ *h₂yu-Hén-ih₂-k-s
  • Proto-Italic: *juweniks
    • Latin: iuvenix, iūnix

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyúHā (see there for further descendants)

h₂yuh₁n̥ḱós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₂yéwHō. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. young

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱós	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂
genitive	*h₂yuHn̥ḱósyo	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱós	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóh₁	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóes
vocative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱé	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóh₁	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóes
accusative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóm	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóh₁	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóms
genitive	*h₂yuHn̥ḱósyo	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóHom
ablative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéad	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱómos
dative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóey	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱómos
locative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéy, *h₂yuHn̥ḱóy	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóysu
instrumental	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóh₁	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂h₁(e)	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂es
vocative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂h₁(e)	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂es
accusative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱā́m	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂h₁(e)	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂m̥s
genitive	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂s	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂s	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂mos
dative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂ey	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂mos
locative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂, *h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂i	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂su
instrumental	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂h₁	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóm	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóy(h₁)	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂
vocative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóm	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóy(h₁)	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂
accusative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóm	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóy(h₁)	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéh₂
genitive	*h₂yuHn̥ḱósyo	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóHom
ablative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéad	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱómos
dative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóey	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱómos
locative	*h₂yuHn̥ḱéy, *h₂yuHn̥ḱóy	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóysu
instrumental	*h₂yuHn̥ḱóh₁	*?	*h₂yuHn̥ḱṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *yuwankos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *jungaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HyuHaćás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HyuHaśás
    • Sanskrit: युवश (yuvaśá, “young”)
• Proto-Italic: *juwənkos (“young cow”)
  • Latin: iuvencus, iuvenca (see there for further descendants)
  • Umbrian: iuengar (nom. pl. f.), 𐌉𐌅𐌄𐌊𐌀 (iveka), iuenga (acc. pl. f.)

h₃enh₂ostos

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From the noun *h₃énh₂os (“load; burden”).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. loaded; burdened

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₃enh₂ostos	*h₃enh₂osteh₂
genitive	*h₃enh₂ostosyo	*h₃enh₂osteh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃enh₂ostos	*h₃enh₂ostoh₁	*h₃enh₂ostoes
vocative	*h₃enh₂oste	*h₃enh₂ostoh₁	*h₃enh₂ostoes
accusative	*h₃enh₂ostom	*h₃enh₂ostoh₁	*h₃enh₂ostoms
genitive	*h₃enh₂ostosyo	*?	*h₃enh₂ostoHom
ablative	*h₃enh₂ostead	*?	*h₃enh₂ostomos
dative	*h₃enh₂ostoey	*?	*h₃enh₂ostomos
locative	*h₃enh₂ostey, *h₃enh₂ostoy	*?	*h₃enh₂ostoysu
instrumental	*h₃enh₂ostoh₁	*?	*h₃enh₂ostōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃enh₂osteh₂	*h₃enh₂osteh₂h₁(e)	*h₃enh₂osteh₂es
vocative	*h₃enh₂osteh₂	*h₃enh₂osteh₂h₁(e)	*h₃enh₂osteh₂es
accusative	*h₃enh₂ostām	*h₃enh₂osteh₂h₁(e)	*h₃enh₂osteh₂m̥s
genitive	*h₃enh₂osteh₂s	*?	*h₃enh₂osteh₂oHom
ablative	*h₃enh₂osteh₂s	*?	*h₃enh₂osteh₂mos
dative	*h₃enh₂osteh₂ey	*?	*h₃enh₂osteh₂mos
locative	*h₃enh₂osteh₂, *h₃enh₂osteh₂i	*?	*h₃enh₂osteh₂su
instrumental	*h₃enh₂osteh₂h₁	*?	*h₃enh₂osteh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃enh₂ostom	*h₃enh₂ostoy(h₁)	*h₃enh₂osteh₂
vocative	*h₃enh₂ostom	*h₃enh₂ostoy(h₁)	*h₃enh₂osteh₂
accusative	*h₃enh₂ostom	*h₃enh₂ostoy(h₁)	*h₃enh₂osteh₂
genitive	*h₃enh₂ostosyo	*?	*h₃enh₂ostoHom
ablative	*h₃enh₂ostead	*?	*h₃enh₂ostomos
dative	*h₃enh₂ostoey	*?	*h₃enh₂ostomos
locative	*h₃enh₂ostey, *h₃enh₂ostoy	*?	*h₃enh₂ostoysu
instrumental	*h₃enh₂ostoh₁	*?	*h₃enh₂ostōys

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ὀνοστός (onostós)
• Proto-Italic: *onostos
  • Latin: onustus

References

• Clackson, James (2002) Indo-European Word Formation: Proceedings from the International Conference

h₃reǵtós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjectives with this suffix normally have a zero-grade root, showing that this is a late PIE or post-PIE innovation and may not have appeared at all in Proto-Indo-European or in Vedic.

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. straightened, right, upright

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₃reǵtós	*h₃reǵtéh₂
genitive	*h₃reǵtósyo	*h₃reǵtéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃reǵtós	*h₃reǵtóh₁	*h₃reǵtóes
vocative	*h₃reǵté	*h₃reǵtóh₁	*h₃reǵtóes
accusative	*h₃reǵtóm	*h₃reǵtóh₁	*h₃reǵtóms
genitive	*h₃reǵtósyo	*?	*h₃reǵtóHom
ablative	*h₃reǵtéad	*?	*h₃reǵtómos
dative	*h₃reǵtóey	*?	*h₃reǵtómos
locative	*h₃reǵtéy, *h₃reǵtóy	*?	*h₃reǵtóysu
instrumental	*h₃reǵtóh₁	*?	*h₃reǵtṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃reǵtéh₂	*h₃reǵtéh₂h₁(e)	*h₃reǵtéh₂es
vocative	*h₃reǵtéh₂	*h₃reǵtéh₂h₁(e)	*h₃reǵtéh₂es
accusative	*h₃reǵtā́m	*h₃reǵtéh₂h₁(e)	*h₃reǵtéh₂m̥s
genitive	*h₃reǵtéh₂s	*?	*h₃reǵtéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₃reǵtéh₂s	*?	*h₃reǵtéh₂mos
dative	*h₃reǵtéh₂ey	*?	*h₃reǵtéh₂mos
locative	*h₃reǵtéh₂, *h₃reǵtéh₂i	*?	*h₃reǵtéh₂su
instrumental	*h₃reǵtéh₂h₁	*?	*h₃reǵtéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃reǵtóm	*h₃reǵtóy(h₁)	*h₃reǵtéh₂
vocative	*h₃reǵtóm	*h₃reǵtóy(h₁)	*h₃reǵtéh₂
accusative	*h₃reǵtóm	*h₃reǵtóy(h₁)	*h₃reǵtéh₂
genitive	*h₃reǵtósyo	*?	*h₃reǵtóHom
ablative	*h₃reǵtéad	*?	*h₃reǵtómos
dative	*h₃reǵtóey	*?	*h₃reǵtómos
locative	*h₃reǵtéy, *h₃reǵtóy	*?	*h₃reǵtóysu
instrumental	*h₃reǵtóh₁	*?	*h₃reǵtṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *rehtaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *orektós
  • Ancient Greek: ὀρεκτός (orektós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hraštás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *rektos
  • Latin: rēctus

káykos

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *káykos

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. one-eyed, blind

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*kéh₂ikos	*kéh₂ikeh₂
genitive	*kéh₂ikosyo	*kéh₂ikeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kéh₂ikos	*kéh₂ikoh₁	*kéh₂ikoes
vocative	*kéh₂ike	*kéh₂ikoh₁	*kéh₂ikoes
accusative	*kéh₂ikom	*kéh₂ikoh₁	*kéh₂ikoms
genitive	*kéh₂ikosyo	*?	*kéh₂ikoHom
ablative	*kéh₂ikead	*?	*kéh₂ikomos
dative	*kéh₂ikoey	*?	*kéh₂ikomos
locative	*kéh₂ikey, *kéh₂ikoy	*?	*kéh₂ikoysu
instrumental	*kéh₂ikoh₁	*?	*kéh₂ikōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kéh₂ikeh₂	*kéh₂ikeh₂h₁(e)	*kéh₂ikeh₂es
vocative	*kéh₂ikeh₂	*kéh₂ikeh₂h₁(e)	*kéh₂ikeh₂es
accusative	*kéh₂ikām	*kéh₂ikeh₂h₁(e)	*kéh₂ikeh₂m̥s
genitive	*kéh₂ikeh₂s	*?	*kéh₂ikeh₂oHom
ablative	*kéh₂ikeh₂s	*?	*kéh₂ikeh₂mos
dative	*kéh₂ikeh₂ey	*?	*kéh₂ikeh₂mos
locative	*kéh₂ikeh₂, *kéh₂ikeh₂i	*?	*kéh₂ikeh₂su
instrumental	*kéh₂ikeh₂h₁	*?	*kéh₂ikeh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kéh₂ikom	*kéh₂ikoy(h₁)	*kéh₂ikeh₂
vocative	*kéh₂ikom	*kéh₂ikoy(h₁)	*kéh₂ikeh₂
accusative	*kéh₂ikom	*kéh₂ikoy(h₁)	*kéh₂ikeh₂
genitive	*kéh₂ikosyo	*?	*kéh₂ikoHom
ablative	*kéh₂ikead	*?	*kéh₂ikomos
dative	*kéh₂ikoey	*?	*kéh₂ikomos
locative	*kéh₂ikey, *kéh₂ikoy	*?	*kéh₂ikoysu
instrumental	*kéh₂ikoh₁	*?	*kéh₂ikōys

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *kaikos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *haihaz (see there for further descendants)
• ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kaykaras
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kaykaras
    • Sanskrit: केकर (kekara)
• Proto-Italic: *kaikos (see there for further descendants)

kh₂ptós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *kh₂ptós

Etymology

Perfect passive participle of the verb *kapyéti (“to be seized, held”).

Equivalent to *kap- (“to seize, hold”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. seized, held

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*kaptós	*kaptéh₂
genitive	*kaptósyo	*kaptéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaptós	*kaptóh₁	*kaptóes
vocative	*kapté	*kaptóh₁	*kaptóes
accusative	*kaptóm	*kaptóh₁	*kaptóms
genitive	*kaptósyo	*?	*kaptóHom
ablative	*kaptéad	*?	*kaptómos
dative	*kaptóey	*?	*kaptómos
locative	*kaptéy, *kaptóy	*?	*kaptóysu
instrumental	*kaptóh₁	*?	*kaptṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaptéh₂	*kaptéh₂h₁(e)	*kaptéh₂es
vocative	*kaptéh₂	*kaptéh₂h₁(e)	*kaptéh₂es
accusative	*kaptā́m	*kaptéh₂h₁(e)	*kaptéh₂m̥s
genitive	*kaptéh₂s	*?	*kaptéh₂oHom
ablative	*kaptéh₂s	*?	*kaptéh₂mos
dative	*kaptéh₂ey	*?	*kaptéh₂mos
locative	*kaptéh₂, *kaptéh₂i	*?	*kaptéh₂su
instrumental	*kaptéh₂h₁	*?	*kaptéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kaptóm	*kaptóy(h₁)	*kaptéh₂
vocative	*kaptóm	*kaptóy(h₁)	*kaptéh₂
accusative	*kaptóm	*kaptóy(h₁)	*kaptéh₂
genitive	*kaptósyo	*?	*kaptóHom
ablative	*kaptéad	*?	*kaptómos
dative	*kaptóey	*?	*kaptómos
locative	*kaptéy, *kaptóy	*?	*kaptóysu
instrumental	*kaptóh₁	*?	*kaptṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *kaxtos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *haftaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *kaptos
  • Latin: captus (see there for further descendants)

kʷóteros

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From the interrogative determiner *kʷos (“which, what”) +‎ *-teros (contrastive suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. which of two

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*kʷóteros	*kʷótereh₂
genitive	*kʷóterosyo	*kʷótereh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷóteros	*kʷóteroh₁	*kʷóteroes
vocative	*kʷótere	*kʷóteroh₁	*kʷóteroes
accusative	*kʷóterom	*kʷóteroh₁	*kʷóteroms
genitive	*kʷóterosyo	*?	*kʷóteroHom
ablative	*kʷóteread	*?	*kʷóteromos
dative	*kʷóteroey	*?	*kʷóteromos
locative	*kʷóterey, *kʷóteroy	*?	*kʷóteroysu
instrumental	*kʷóteroh₁	*?	*kʷóterōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷótereh₂	*kʷótereh₂h₁(e)	*kʷótereh₂es
vocative	*kʷótereh₂	*kʷótereh₂h₁(e)	*kʷótereh₂es
accusative	*kʷóterām	*kʷótereh₂h₁(e)	*kʷótereh₂m̥s
genitive	*kʷótereh₂s	*?	*kʷótereh₂oHom
ablative	*kʷótereh₂s	*?	*kʷótereh₂mos
dative	*kʷótereh₂ey	*?	*kʷótereh₂mos
locative	*kʷótereh₂, *kʷótereh₂i	*?	*kʷótereh₂su
instrumental	*kʷótereh₂h₁	*?	*kʷótereh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kʷóterom	*kʷóteroy(h₁)	*kʷótereh₂
vocative	*kʷóterom	*kʷóteroy(h₁)	*kʷótereh₂
accusative	*kʷóterom	*kʷóteroy(h₁)	*kʷótereh₂
genitive	*kʷóterosyo	*?	*kʷóteroHom
ablative	*kʷóteread	*?	*kʷóteromos
dative	*kʷóteroey	*?	*kʷóteromos
locative	*kʷóterey, *kʷóteroy	*?	*kʷóteroysu
instrumental	*kʷóteroh₁	*?	*kʷóterōys

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kat(e)ras
  • Latgalian: kotrys
  • Latvian: katrs
  • Lithuanian: katràs, kataràs
  • Proto-Slavic: *koterъjь, *kotorъjь (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *hwaþeraz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *kʷóteros
  • Ancient Greek: πότερος (póteros)
  • Ionic Greek: κότερος (kóteros)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kátaras
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *katarás
    • Sanskrit: कतर (katará)
  • Proto-Iranian: *kátaras
    • Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (katāra, “which of two”)

      Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬌𐬝 (katārascit̰, “each of the two”) < *kʷoteros-kʷid

• Proto-Italic: *kʷoteros
  • Latin: uter
  • Sabellic: *poterospid < *kʷoteros-kʷid
    • Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌋𐌐𐌝𐌃 (púterelpíd, loc.sg.m.), 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌔𐌐𐌝𐌃 (pútúrúspíd, nom.pl.m.), 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌌𐌐𐌝𐌃 (pútúrúmpíd, “both”, gen.pl.m.)
    • Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌐𐌄 (putrespe, “both”, gen.sg.?)

médʰyos

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From the root *me-dʰi- (“with, among”), ultimately from the adverb *me (“near, by, with”) +‎ *-dʰi (locative particle).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. middle

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*médʰyos	*médʰyeh₂
genitive	*médʰyosyo	*médʰyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*médʰyos	*médʰyoh₁	*médʰyoes
vocative	*médʰye	*médʰyoh₁	*médʰyoes
accusative	*médʰyom	*médʰyoh₁	*médʰyoms
genitive	*médʰyosyo	*?	*médʰyoHom
ablative	*médʰyead	*?	*médʰyomos
dative	*médʰyoey	*?	*médʰyomos
locative	*médʰyey, *médʰyoy	*?	*médʰyoysu
instrumental	*médʰyoh₁	*?	*médʰyōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*médʰyeh₂	*médʰyeh₂h₁(e)	*médʰyeh₂es
vocative	*médʰyeh₂	*médʰyeh₂h₁(e)	*médʰyeh₂es
accusative	*médʰyām	*médʰyeh₂h₁(e)	*médʰyeh₂m̥s
genitive	*médʰyeh₂s	*?	*médʰyeh₂oHom
ablative	*médʰyeh₂s	*?	*médʰyeh₂mos
dative	*médʰyeh₂ey	*?	*médʰyeh₂mos
locative	*médʰyeh₂, *médʰyeh₂i	*?	*médʰyeh₂su
instrumental	*médʰyeh₂h₁	*?	*médʰyeh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*médʰyom	*médʰyoy(h₁)	*médʰyeh₂
vocative	*médʰyom	*médʰyoy(h₁)	*médʰyeh₂
accusative	*médʰyom	*médʰyoy(h₁)	*médʰyeh₂
genitive	*médʰyosyo	*?	*médʰyoHom
ablative	*médʰyead	*?	*médʰyomos
dative	*médʰyoey	*?	*médʰyomos
locative	*médʰyey, *médʰyoy	*?	*médʰyoysu
instrumental	*médʰyoh₁	*?	*médʰyōys

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *medza
  • Albanian: mjez
• Proto-Armenian: *meiǰ- < *meidio-
  • Old Armenian: մէջ (mēǰ)
    • Armenian: մեջ (meǰ)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medjas
  • Lithuanian: mẽdis (“tree, wood”)
  • Latvian: mežs (“forest”)
  • Old Prussian: median
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *medjāˀ (from *médʰyeh₂)
  • Proto-Slavic: *meďa (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *medyos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *midjaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *métsos (see there for further descendants)
• Illyrian: *metu
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mádʰyas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *meðjos (see there for further descendants)

Further reading

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

méǵh₂s

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (oblique stem *m̥ǵh₂-)

1. big, great

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*méǵh₂s	*méǵh₂ih₂
genitive	*m̥ǵh₂és	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*méǵh₂s	*méǵh₂h₁(e)	*méǵh₂es
vocative	*méǵh₂	*méǵh₂h₁(e)	*méǵh₂es
accusative	*méǵh₂m̥	*méǵh₂h₁(e)	*méǵh₂m̥s
genitive	*m̥ǵh₂és	*?	*m̥ǵh₂óHom
ablative	*m̥ǵh₂és	*?	*m̥ǵh₂mós
dative	*m̥ǵh₂éy	*?	*m̥ǵh₂mós
locative	*méǵh₂, *méǵh₂i	*?	*m̥ǵh₂sú
instrumental	*m̥ǵh₂éh₁	*?	*m̥ǵh₂mís
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*méǵh₂ih₂	*méǵh₂ih₂h₁(e)	*méǵh₂ih₂es
vocative	*méǵh₂ih₂	*méǵh₂ih₂h₁(e)	*méǵh₂ih₂es
accusative	*méǵh₂ih₂m̥	*méǵh₂ih₂h₁(e)	*méǵh₂ih₂m̥s
genitive	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂s	*?	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂oHom
ablative	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂s	*?	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂mos
dative	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂ey	*?	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂mos
locative	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂, *m̥ǵh₂yéh₂i	*?	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂su
instrumental	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂h₁	*?	*m̥ǵh₂yéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*méǵh₂	*méǵh₂ih₁	*méǵh₂h₂
vocative	*méǵh₂	*méǵh₂ih₁	*méǵh₂h₂
accusative	*méǵh₂	*méǵh₂ih₁	*méǵh₂h₂
genitive	*m̥ǵh₂és	*?	*m̥ǵh₂óHom
ablative	*m̥ǵh₂és	*?	*m̥ǵh₂mós
dative	*m̥ǵh₂éy	*?	*m̥ǵh₂mós
locative	*méǵh₂, *méǵh₂i	*?	*m̥ǵh₂sú
instrumental	*m̥ǵh₂éh₁	*?	*m̥ǵh₂mís

Derived terms

• *méǵh₂-os ~ méǵh₂-es-
  • >? Proto-Celtic: *magos (“plain, field”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *máȷ́ʰas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *máźʰas
      • Sanskrit: महस् (máhas)
    • Proto-Iranian: *májah
      • Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬵 (mazah)
• *méǵh₂-lo-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *maglos (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *mikilaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *megalos
    • Ancient Greek: μεγᾰ́λος (megálos)
• (perhaps) *meǵh₂-r- (since -ար (-ar) and -αίρω (-aírō) were both productive in their respective languages, it may not be necessary to reconstruct an *-r- stem)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: մեծարեմ (mecarem)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *megařřō
    • Ancient Greek: μεγαίρω (megaírō)
• (perhaps) *m̥ǵh₂-ént-s
  • Proto-Italic: *engents (see there for further descendants)
• *méǵh₂-yōs
• *m̥ǵh₂-nós
  • Proto-Italic: *magnos (see there for further descendants)
• *m̥ǵh₂-tós
  • Proto-Italic: *maktos (see there for further descendants)
• *méǵh₂-mn̥-to-m
  • Proto-Italic: *magmentom
    • Latin: magmentum
• *méǵh₂-tlom
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Venetic: 𐌌𐌀𐌙𐌄𐌕𐌋𐌏𐌍 (magetlon)

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *madza
  • Albanian: madh
• Proto-Albanian: *mai
  • Albanian: më (“more”)
• Proto-Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒈨𒂊𒅅𒆠𒅖 (me-e-ek-ki-iš, “numerous”)
• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: մեծ (mec)
    • Armenian: մեծ (mec)
• Proto-Hellenic: *mégas, *əga- (< *m̥ǵh₂-), *əgān (< *m̥ǵéh₂m)
  • Ancient Greek: μέγας (mégas), ἀγα- (aga-), ἄγᾱν (ágān)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *maȷ́ʰā́ (see there for further descendants)
• Phrygian: μεκας (mekas /⁠megas⁠/, “great”, dat.sg./pl.)
• Proto-Tocharian: *mākā (see there for further descendants)

mréǵʰus

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *mr̥ǵʰús (later)

Etymology

From *mreǵʰ- (“short”) +‎ *-us (Caland system suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. short
2. brief

Inflection

Older proterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, proterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*mréǵʰus	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂
genitive	*mr̥ǵʰéws	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mréǵʰus	*mréǵʰuh₁(e)	*mréǵʰewes
vocative	*mréǵʰu	*mréǵʰuh₁(e)	*mréǵʰewes
accusative	*mréǵʰum	*mréǵʰuh₁(e)	*mréǵʰums
genitive	*mr̥ǵʰéws	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwoHom
ablative	*mr̥ǵʰéws	*?	*mr̥ǵʰúmos
dative	*mr̥ǵʰéwey	*?	*mr̥ǵʰúmos
locative	*mr̥ǵʰéw, *mr̥ǵʰéwi	*?	*mr̥ǵʰúsu
instrumental	*mr̥ǵʰúh₁	*?	*mr̥ǵʰúmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂es
vocative	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂es
accusative	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s
genitive	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂s	*?	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂oHom
ablative	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂s	*?	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂mos
dative	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂ey	*?	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂mos
locative	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂, *mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂i	*?	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂su
instrumental	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁	*?	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mréǵʰu	*mréǵʰwih₁	*mréǵʰuh₂
vocative	*mréǵʰu	*mréǵʰwih₁	*mréǵʰuh₂
accusative	*mréǵʰu	*mréǵʰwih₁	*mréǵʰuh₂
genitive	*mr̥ǵʰéws	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwoHom
ablative	*mr̥ǵʰéws	*?	*mr̥ǵʰúmos
dative	*mr̥ǵʰéwey	*?	*mr̥ǵʰúmos
locative	*mr̥ǵʰéw, *mr̥ǵʰéwi	*?	*mr̥ǵʰúsu
instrumental	*mr̥ǵʰúh₁	*?	*mr̥ǵʰúmis

Later hysterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*mr̥ǵʰús	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂
genitive	*mr̥ǵʰéws	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mr̥ǵʰús	*mr̥ǵʰúh₁(e)	*mr̥ǵʰúes
vocative	*mr̥ǵʰú	*mr̥ǵʰúh₁(e)	*mr̥ǵʰúes
accusative	*mr̥ǵʰúm	*mr̥ǵʰúh₁(e)	*mr̥ǵʰúms
genitive	*mr̥ǵʰéws	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwoHom
ablative	*mr̥ǵʰéws	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwmos
dative	*mr̥ǵʰéwey	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwmos
locative	*mr̥ǵʰéw, *mr̥ǵʰéwi	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwsu
instrumental	*mr̥ǵʰéwh₁	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂es
vocative	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂es
accusative	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*mr̥ǵʰéwih₂m̥s
genitive	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂s	*?	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂oHom
ablative	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂s	*?	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂mos
dative	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂ey	*?	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂mos
locative	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂, *mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂i	*?	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂su
instrumental	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂h₁	*?	*mr̥ǵʰuyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mr̥ǵʰú	*mr̥ǵʰúyh₁	*mr̥ǵʰúh₂
vocative	*mr̥ǵʰú	*mr̥ǵʰúyh₁	*mr̥ǵʰúh₂
accusative	*mr̥ǵʰú	*mr̥ǵʰúyh₁	*mr̥ǵʰúh₂
genitive	*mr̥ǵʰéws	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwoHom
ablative	*mr̥ǵʰéws	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwmos
dative	*mr̥ǵʰéwey	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwmos
locative	*mr̥ǵʰéw, *mr̥ǵʰéwi	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwsu
instrumental	*mr̥ǵʰéwh₁	*?	*mr̥ǵʰéwmis

Derived terms

• *mr̥ǵʰu-gʷih₃w-o-s (“short-lived”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *brəkʰugʷīwos
    • Ancient Greek: βρᾰχῠ́βῐος (brakhúbios)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥ȷ́ʰuǰiHwas
    • Proto-Iranian: *mr̥juǰiHwah
      • Avestan: 𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬎𐬘𐬎𐬎𐬀 (mər^əzujuua)

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *murguz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *brəkʰús
  • Ancient Greek: βραχύς (brakhús)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥ȷ́ʰúš (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *breɣʷis (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Slavic: *bъ̑rzъ (likely)

mr̥tós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *mer- (“to die”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. dead
2. mortal

Declension

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*mr̥tós	*mr̥téh₂
genitive	*mr̥tósyo	*mr̥téh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mr̥tós	*mr̥tóh₁	*mr̥tóes
vocative	*mr̥té	*mr̥tóh₁	*mr̥tóes
accusative	*mr̥tóm	*mr̥tóh₁	*mr̥tóms
genitive	*mr̥tósyo	*?	*mr̥tóHom
ablative	*mr̥téad	*?	*mr̥tómos
dative	*mr̥tóey	*?	*mr̥tómos
locative	*mr̥téy, *mr̥tóy	*?	*mr̥tóysu
instrumental	*mr̥tóh₁	*?	*mr̥tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mr̥téh₂	*mr̥téh₂h₁(e)	*mr̥téh₂es
vocative	*mr̥téh₂	*mr̥téh₂h₁(e)	*mr̥téh₂es
accusative	*mr̥tā́m	*mr̥téh₂h₁(e)	*mr̥téh₂m̥s
genitive	*mr̥téh₂s	*?	*mr̥téh₂oHom
ablative	*mr̥téh₂s	*?	*mr̥téh₂mos
dative	*mr̥téh₂ey	*?	*mr̥téh₂mos
locative	*mr̥téh₂, *mr̥téh₂i	*?	*mr̥téh₂su
instrumental	*mr̥téh₂h₁	*?	*mr̥téh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*mr̥tóm	*mr̥tóy(h₁)	*mr̥téh₂
vocative	*mr̥tóm	*mr̥tóy(h₁)	*mr̥téh₂
accusative	*mr̥tóm	*mr̥tóy(h₁)	*mr̥téh₂
genitive	*mr̥tósyo	*?	*mr̥tóHom
ablative	*mr̥téad	*?	*mr̥tómos
dative	*mr̥tóey	*?	*mr̥tómos
locative	*mr̥téy, *mr̥tóy	*?	*mr̥tóysu
instrumental	*mr̥tóh₁	*?	*mr̥tṓys

Synonyms

• *dʰgʷʰitós
• *néḱus

Antonyms

• *gʷih₃wós (“living”)
• *n̥mr̥tós (“immortal”); *ń̥dʰgʷʰitos (“imperishable, everlasting”)

Derived terms

• *n̥mr̥tós

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: մարդ (mard, “man, mortal”)
    • Armenian: մարդ (mard, “man, person”)
• Proto-Hellenic: *mrətós
  • Ancient Greek: βροτός (brotós, “mortal”)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥tás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *murþą (see there for further descendants)

néwos

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

• *néwyos

Etymology

From the hapax root *new-. Ultimately, suggested to be a vṛddhi derivation from *nu (“now”).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. new

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*néwos	*néweh₂
genitive	*néwosyo	*néweh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*néwos	*néwoh₁	*néwoes
vocative	*néwe	*néwoh₁	*néwoes
accusative	*néwom	*néwoh₁	*néwoms
genitive	*néwosyo	*?	*néwoHom
ablative	*néwead	*?	*néwomos
dative	*néwoey	*?	*néwomos
locative	*néwey, *néwoy	*?	*néwoysu
instrumental	*néwoh₁	*?	*néwōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*néweh₂	*néweh₂h₁(e)	*néweh₂es
vocative	*néweh₂	*néweh₂h₁(e)	*néweh₂es
accusative	*néwām	*néweh₂h₁(e)	*néweh₂m̥s
genitive	*néweh₂s	*?	*néweh₂oHom
ablative	*néweh₂s	*?	*néweh₂mos
dative	*néweh₂ey	*?	*néweh₂mos
locative	*néweh₂, *néweh₂i	*?	*néweh₂su
instrumental	*néweh₂h₁	*?	*néweh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*néwom	*néwoy(h₁)	*néweh₂
vocative	*néwom	*néwoy(h₁)	*néweh₂
accusative	*néwom	*néwoy(h₁)	*néweh₂
genitive	*néwosyo	*?	*néwoHom
ablative	*néwead	*?	*néwomos
dative	*néwoey	*?	*néwomos
locative	*néwey, *néwoy	*?	*néwoysu
instrumental	*néwoh₁	*?	*néwōys

Derived terms

• *néweh₂ti

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian: *néwos (see there for further descendants)
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: նոր (nor, from *newr̥ós)
    • Armenian: նոր (nor)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *náwas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *néwos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *nowos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian: *ñäwe (see there for further descendants)

néwyos

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. Alternative form of *néwos

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*néwyos	*néwyeh₂
genitive	*néwyosyo	*néwyeh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*néwyos	*néwyoh₁	*néwyoes
vocative	*néwye	*néwyoh₁	*néwyoes
accusative	*néwyom	*néwyoh₁	*néwyoms
genitive	*néwyosyo	*?	*néwyoHom
ablative	*néwyead	*?	*néwyomos
dative	*néwyoey	*?	*néwyomos
locative	*néwyey, *néwyoy	*?	*néwyoysu
instrumental	*néwyoh₁	*?	*néwyōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*néwyeh₂	*néwyeh₂h₁(e)	*néwyeh₂es
vocative	*néwyeh₂	*néwyeh₂h₁(e)	*néwyeh₂es
accusative	*néwyām	*néwyeh₂h₁(e)	*néwyeh₂m̥s
genitive	*néwyeh₂s	*?	*néwyeh₂oHom
ablative	*néwyeh₂s	*?	*néwyeh₂mos
dative	*néwyeh₂ey	*?	*néwyeh₂mos
locative	*néwyeh₂, *néwyeh₂i	*?	*néwyeh₂su
instrumental	*néwyeh₂h₁	*?	*néwyeh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*néwyom	*néwyoy(h₁)	*néwyeh₂
vocative	*néwyom	*néwyoy(h₁)	*néwyeh₂
accusative	*néwyom	*néwyoy(h₁)	*néwyeh₂
genitive	*néwyosyo	*?	*néwyoHom
ablative	*néwyead	*?	*néwyomos
dative	*néwyoey	*?	*néwyomos
locative	*néwyey, *néwyoy	*?	*néwyoysu
instrumental	*néwyoh₁	*?	*néwyōys

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *náujas
  • Latvian: nàujš
  • Lithuanian: naũjas
• Proto-Celtic: *nouyos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *niwjaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *náwyas
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *náwyas
    • Sanskrit: नव्य (návya) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Nuristani: *nawí
    • Northern Nuristani:
      • Kamkata-viri:

        Kamviri: nuĩ́

        Kativiri: núi

      • Prasuni: unǘ
    • Southern Nuristani:
      • Ashkun: nuṅë́
      • Waigali: nuṅë

pl̥h₁nós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *pleh₁- (“to fill”) +‎ *-nós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. full

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*pl̥h₁nós	*pl̥h₁néh₂
genitive	*pl̥h₁nósyo	*pl̥h₁néh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pl̥h₁nós	*pl̥h₁nóh₁	*pl̥h₁nóes
vocative	*pl̥h₁né	*pl̥h₁nóh₁	*pl̥h₁nóes
accusative	*pl̥h₁nóm	*pl̥h₁nóh₁	*pl̥h₁nóms
genitive	*pl̥h₁nósyo	*?	*pl̥h₁nóHom
ablative	*pl̥h₁néad	*?	*pl̥h₁nómos
dative	*pl̥h₁nóey	*?	*pl̥h₁nómos
locative	*pl̥h₁néy, *pl̥h₁nóy	*?	*pl̥h₁nóysu
instrumental	*pl̥h₁nóh₁	*?	*pl̥h₁nṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pl̥h₁néh₂	*pl̥h₁néh₂h₁(e)	*pl̥h₁néh₂es
vocative	*pl̥h₁néh₂	*pl̥h₁néh₂h₁(e)	*pl̥h₁néh₂es
accusative	*pl̥h₁nā́m	*pl̥h₁néh₂h₁(e)	*pl̥h₁néh₂m̥s
genitive	*pl̥h₁néh₂s	*?	*pl̥h₁néh₂oHom
ablative	*pl̥h₁néh₂s	*?	*pl̥h₁néh₂mos
dative	*pl̥h₁néh₂ey	*?	*pl̥h₁néh₂mos
locative	*pl̥h₁néh₂, *pl̥h₁néh₂i	*?	*pl̥h₁néh₂su
instrumental	*pl̥h₁néh₂h₁	*?	*pl̥h₁néh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pl̥h₁nóm	*pl̥h₁nóy(h₁)	*pl̥h₁néh₂
vocative	*pl̥h₁nóm	*pl̥h₁nóy(h₁)	*pl̥h₁néh₂
accusative	*pl̥h₁nóm	*pl̥h₁nóy(h₁)	*pl̥h₁néh₂
genitive	*pl̥h₁nósyo	*?	*pl̥h₁nóHom
ablative	*pl̥h₁néad	*?	*pl̥h₁nómos
dative	*pl̥h₁nóey	*?	*pl̥h₁nómos
locative	*pl̥h₁néy, *pl̥h₁nóy	*?	*pl̥h₁nóysu
instrumental	*pl̥h₁nóh₁	*?	*pl̥h₁nṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: *լին (*lin)
    • ⇒ Old Armenian: լնում (lnum)
    • ⇒ Old Armenian: յղի (yłi)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pílˀnas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *ɸlānos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *fullaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hnás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *plēnos (see there for further descendants)

plowtós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. washed
2. floated

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*plutós	*plutéh₂
genitive	*plutósyo	*plutéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*plutós	*plutóh₁	*plutóes
vocative	*pluté	*plutóh₁	*plutóes
accusative	*plutóm	*plutóh₁	*plutóms
genitive	*plutósyo	*?	*plutóHom
ablative	*plutéad	*?	*plutómos
dative	*plutóey	*?	*plutómos
locative	*plutéy, *plutóy	*?	*plutóysu
instrumental	*plutóh₁	*?	*plutṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*plutéh₂	*plutéh₂h₁(e)	*plutéh₂es
vocative	*plutéh₂	*plutéh₂h₁(e)	*plutéh₂es
accusative	*plutā́m	*plutéh₂h₁(e)	*plutéh₂m̥s
genitive	*plutéh₂s	*?	*plutéh₂oHom
ablative	*plutéh₂s	*?	*plutéh₂mos
dative	*plutéh₂ey	*?	*plutéh₂mos
locative	*plutéh₂, *plutéh₂i	*?	*plutéh₂su
instrumental	*plutéh₂h₁	*?	*plutéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*plutóm	*plutóy(h₁)	*plutéh₂
vocative	*plutóm	*plutóy(h₁)	*plutéh₂
accusative	*plutóm	*plutóy(h₁)	*plutéh₂
genitive	*plutósyo	*?	*plutóHom
ablative	*plutéad	*?	*plutómos
dative	*plutóey	*?	*plutómos
locative	*plutéy, *plutóy	*?	*plutóysu
instrumental	*plutóh₁	*?	*plutṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plútas (see there for further descendants)
• ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plūtei
  • Proto-Slavic: *plyti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-), *plùti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *plutós
  • Ancient Greek: πλυτός (plutós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plutás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plutás
    • Sanskrit: प्लुत (plutá)

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “835–837”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 835–837

priHós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *preyH- (“to please; to love”) +‎ *-ós.

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. pleased
2. loved

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*priHós	*priHéh₂
genitive	*priHósyo	*priHéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*priHós	*priHóh₁	*priHóes
vocative	*priHé	*priHóh₁	*priHóes
accusative	*priHóm	*priHóh₁	*priHóms
genitive	*priHósyo	*?	*priHóHom
ablative	*priHéad	*?	*priHómos
dative	*priHóey	*?	*priHómos
locative	*priHéy, *priHóy	*?	*priHóysu
instrumental	*priHóh₁	*?	*priHṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*priHéh₂	*priHéh₂h₁(e)	*priHéh₂es
vocative	*priHéh₂	*priHéh₂h₁(e)	*priHéh₂es
accusative	*priHā́m	*priHéh₂h₁(e)	*priHéh₂m̥s
genitive	*priHéh₂s	*?	*priHéh₂oHom
ablative	*priHéh₂s	*?	*priHéh₂mos
dative	*priHéh₂ey	*?	*priHéh₂mos
locative	*priHéh₂, *priHéh₂i	*?	*priHéh₂su
instrumental	*priHéh₂h₁	*?	*priHéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*priHóm	*priHóy(h₁)	*priHéh₂
vocative	*priHóm	*priHóy(h₁)	*priHéh₂
accusative	*priHóm	*priHóy(h₁)	*priHéh₂
genitive	*priHósyo	*?	*priHóHom
ablative	*priHéad	*?	*priHómos
dative	*priHóey	*?	*priHómos
locative	*priHéy, *priHóy	*?	*priHóysu
instrumental	*priHóh₁	*?	*priHṓys

Derived terms

• *priH-éh₂-ti
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *prīˀjā́ˀtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *prijati (“to please”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *prijateľь (“friend”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *frijōną (“to love, to free”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *frijōndz (“companion, friend”) (see there for further descendants)

• *priH-eh₂- (“beloved (woman), wife”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *frijō (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *Frijjō (“Frigg”, name of a goddess) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHā́
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *priHā́
      • Sanskrit: प्रिया (priyā́, “wife”)
        • → Hindi: प्रिया (priyā) (learned) (see there for further descendants)
        • → Telugu: ప్రియ (priya) (learned)

• *priH-ṓn (“beloved (man), husband”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *frijô (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Proto-Celtic: *ɸriyos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *frijaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHás (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *prijos
  • ⇒? Latin: pro-prius (see there for further descendants)

sedtós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *sed- (“to sit”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. seated

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*sedtós	*sedtéh₂
genitive	*sedtósyo	*sedtéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sedtós	*sedtóh₁	*sedtóes
vocative	*sedté	*sedtóh₁	*sedtóes
accusative	*sedtóm	*sedtóh₁	*sedtóms
genitive	*sedtósyo	*?	*sedtóHom
ablative	*sedtéad	*?	*sedtómos
dative	*sedtóey	*?	*sedtómos
locative	*sedtéy, *sedtóy	*?	*sedtóysu
instrumental	*sedtóh₁	*?	*sedtṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sedtéh₂	*sedtéh₂h₁(e)	*sedtéh₂es
vocative	*sedtéh₂	*sedtéh₂h₁(e)	*sedtéh₂es
accusative	*sedtā́m	*sedtéh₂h₁(e)	*sedtéh₂m̥s
genitive	*sedtéh₂s	*?	*sedtéh₂oHom
ablative	*sedtéh₂s	*?	*sedtéh₂mos
dative	*sedtéh₂ey	*?	*sedtéh₂mos
locative	*sedtéh₂, *sedtéh₂i	*?	*sedtéh₂su
instrumental	*sedtéh₂h₁	*?	*sedtéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sedtóm	*sedtóy(h₁)	*sedtéh₂
vocative	*sedtóm	*sedtóy(h₁)	*sedtéh₂
accusative	*sedtóm	*sedtóy(h₁)	*sedtéh₂
genitive	*sedtósyo	*?	*sedtóHom
ablative	*sedtéad	*?	*sedtómos
dative	*sedtóey	*?	*sedtómos
locative	*sedtéy, *sedtóy	*?	*sedtóysu
instrumental	*sedtóh₁	*?	*sedtṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *sessaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *satˢtás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sattás
    • Sanskrit: सत्त (sattá, “seated”)
• Proto-Italic: *sessos
  • Latin: sessus

sénos

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. old

   Synonym: *ǵérh₂onts

   Antonym: *h₂yéwHō

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*sénos	*séneh₂
genitive	*sénosyo	*séneh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sénos	*sénoh₁	*sénoes
vocative	*séne	*sénoh₁	*sénoes
accusative	*sénom	*sénoh₁	*sénoms
genitive	*sénosyo	*?	*sénoHom
ablative	*sénead	*?	*sénomos
dative	*sénoey	*?	*sénomos
locative	*séney, *sénoy	*?	*sénoysu
instrumental	*sénoh₁	*?	*sénōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*séneh₂	*séneh₂h₁(e)	*séneh₂es
vocative	*séneh₂	*séneh₂h₁(e)	*séneh₂es
accusative	*sénām	*séneh₂h₁(e)	*séneh₂m̥s
genitive	*séneh₂s	*?	*séneh₂oHom
ablative	*séneh₂s	*?	*séneh₂mos
dative	*séneh₂ey	*?	*séneh₂mos
locative	*séneh₂, *séneh₂i	*?	*séneh₂su
instrumental	*séneh₂h₁	*?	*séneh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sénom	*sénoy(h₁)	*séneh₂
vocative	*sénom	*sénoy(h₁)	*séneh₂
accusative	*sénom	*sénoy(h₁)	*séneh₂
genitive	*sénosyo	*?	*sénoHom
ablative	*sénead	*?	*sénomos
dative	*sénoey	*?	*sénomos
locative	*séney, *sénoy	*?	*sénoysu
instrumental	*sénoh₁	*?	*sénōys

Descendants

• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: հին (hin)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *senas (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *senos (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *senaz
  • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *sinīgaz
    • Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (sineigs)
• Proto-Hellenic: *hénos
  • Ancient Greek: ἕνος (hénos)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sánas
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sánas
    • Sanskrit: सन (sána)
  • Proto-Iranian: *hánah
    • Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀 (hana)
• Proto-Italic: *senos
  • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *seneks
    • Latin: senex (see there for further descendants)

somHós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Presumably from *sem- (“together, one”).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. same, alike, alone?

   Antonym: *h₂élyos

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*somHós	*somHéh₂
genitive	*somHósyo	*somHéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*somHós	*somHóh₁	*somHóes
vocative	*somHé	*somHóh₁	*somHóes
accusative	*somHóm	*somHóh₁	*somHóms
genitive	*somHósyo	*?	*somHóHom
ablative	*somHéad	*?	*somHómos
dative	*somHóey	*?	*somHómos
locative	*somHéy, *somHóy	*?	*somHóysu
instrumental	*somHóh₁	*?	*somHṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*somHéh₂	*somHéh₂h₁(e)	*somHéh₂es
vocative	*somHéh₂	*somHéh₂h₁(e)	*somHéh₂es
accusative	*somHā́m	*somHéh₂h₁(e)	*somHéh₂m̥s
genitive	*somHéh₂s	*?	*somHéh₂oHom
ablative	*somHéh₂s	*?	*somHéh₂mos
dative	*somHéh₂ey	*?	*somHéh₂mos
locative	*somHéh₂, *somHéh₂i	*?	*somHéh₂su
instrumental	*somHéh₂h₁	*?	*somHéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*somHóm	*somHóy(h₁)	*somHéh₂
vocative	*somHóm	*somHóy(h₁)	*somHéh₂
accusative	*somHóm	*somHóy(h₁)	*somHéh₂
genitive	*somHósyo	*?	*somHóHom
ablative	*somHéad	*?	*somHómos
dative	*somHóey	*?	*somHómos
locative	*somHéy, *somHóy	*?	*somHóysu
instrumental	*somHóh₁	*?	*somHṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *-(i)sama
  • Albanian: -shëm, -shme, -çëm, -çme
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sāmas
  • Proto-Slavic: *samъ (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *somos
  • Old Irish: som, sāim
• Proto-Germanic: *samaz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *homos
  • Ancient Greek: ὁμός (homós) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *samHás (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian A: sоmа-
• Tocharian B: sоmо-

sth₂tós

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *steh₂- (“to stand up”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjectival suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives (non-ablauting)

1. placed, standing

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*sth₂tós	*sth₂téh₂
genitive	*sth₂tósyo	*sth₂téh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sth₂tós	*sth₂tóh₁	*sth₂tóes
vocative	*sth₂té	*sth₂tóh₁	*sth₂tóes
accusative	*sth₂tóm	*sth₂tóh₁	*sth₂tóms
genitive	*sth₂tósyo	*?	*sth₂tóHom
ablative	*sth₂téad	*?	*sth₂tómos
dative	*sth₂tóey	*?	*sth₂tómos
locative	*sth₂téy, *sth₂tóy	*?	*sth₂tóysu
instrumental	*sth₂tóh₁	*?	*sth₂tṓys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sth₂téh₂	*sth₂téh₂h₁(e)	*sth₂téh₂es
vocative	*sth₂téh₂	*sth₂téh₂h₁(e)	*sth₂téh₂es
accusative	*sth₂tā́m	*sth₂téh₂h₁(e)	*sth₂téh₂m̥s
genitive	*sth₂téh₂s	*?	*sth₂téh₂oHom
ablative	*sth₂téh₂s	*?	*sth₂téh₂mos
dative	*sth₂téh₂ey	*?	*sth₂téh₂mos
locative	*sth₂téh₂, *sth₂téh₂i	*?	*sth₂téh₂su
instrumental	*sth₂téh₂h₁	*?	*sth₂téh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sth₂tóm	*sth₂tóy(h₁)	*sth₂téh₂
vocative	*sth₂tóm	*sth₂tóy(h₁)	*sth₂téh₂
accusative	*sth₂tóm	*sth₂tóy(h₁)	*sth₂téh₂
genitive	*sth₂tósyo	*?	*sth₂tóHom
ablative	*sth₂téad	*?	*sth₂tómos
dative	*sth₂tóey	*?	*sth₂tómos
locative	*sth₂téy, *sth₂tóy	*?	*sth₂tóysu
instrumental	*sth₂tóh₁	*?	*sth₂tṓys

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian: *(ambhi-)stata
  • Albanian: (mbë)shtet
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stata- (“stood (up)”)
  • Latvian: stats (“stake, post”)
  • Lithuanian: stãtas (“line of sheafs of grain in a field”)
• Proto-Germanic: *stadaz
• Proto-Hellenic: *statós
  • Ancient Greek: στᾰτός (statós)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰHtás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stʰHtás
    • Sanskrit: स्थित (sthitá)
      • Assamese: থিয় (thio)
  • Proto-Iranian: *stʰHtáh
    • Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬙𐬀 (stāta)
    • Parthian: (/⁠ištād⁠/, “situated”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫢𐫤𐫀𐫅 (ʿštʾd)

    • Old Persian: *𐎿𐎫𐎫 (*s-t-t /⁠*stata⁠/, “standed”)
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠istād⁠/, “standed”)

        Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫏𐫘𐫤𐫀𐫅 (ʿystʾd)

• Proto-Italic: *statos (see there for further descendants)
  • Latin: status

swéh₂dus

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *sweh₂d- (“sweet”) +‎ *-us (Caland system suffix).

Adjective

*PIE adjectives

1. sweet

   Synonym: *dléwkus

Inflection

Athematic, proterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*swéh₂dus	*suh₂déwih₂
genitive	*suh₂déws	*suh₂duyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swéh₂dus	*swéh₂duh₁(e)	*swéh₂dewes
vocative	*swéh₂du	*swéh₂duh₁(e)	*swéh₂dewes
accusative	*swéh₂dum	*swéh₂duh₁(e)	*swéh₂dums
genitive	*suh₂déws	*?	*suh₂déwoHom
ablative	*suh₂déws	*?	*suh₂dúmos
dative	*suh₂déwey	*?	*suh₂dúmos
locative	*suh₂déw, *suh₂déwi	*?	*suh₂dúsu
instrumental	*suh₂dúh₁	*?	*suh₂dúmis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*suh₂déwih₂	*suh₂déwih₂h₁(e)	*suh₂déwih₂es
vocative	*suh₂déwih₂	*suh₂déwih₂h₁(e)	*suh₂déwih₂es
accusative	*suh₂déwih₂m̥	*suh₂déwih₂h₁(e)	*suh₂déwih₂m̥s
genitive	*suh₂duyéh₂s	*?	*suh₂duyéh₂oHom
ablative	*suh₂duyéh₂s	*?	*suh₂duyéh₂mos
dative	*suh₂duyéh₂ey	*?	*suh₂duyéh₂mos
locative	*suh₂duyéh₂, *suh₂duyéh₂i	*?	*suh₂duyéh₂su
instrumental	*suh₂duyéh₂h₁	*?	*suh₂duyéh₂mis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*swéh₂du	*swéh₂dwih₁	*swéh₂duh₂
vocative	*swéh₂du	*swéh₂dwih₁	*swéh₂duh₂
accusative	*swéh₂du	*swéh₂dwih₁	*swéh₂duh₂
genitive	*suh₂déws	*?	*suh₂déwoHom
ablative	*suh₂déws	*?	*suh₂dúmos
dative	*suh₂déwey	*?	*suh₂dúmos
locative	*suh₂déw, *suh₂déwi	*?	*suh₂dúsu
instrumental	*suh₂dúh₁	*?	*suh₂dúmis

Descendants

• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: քաղցր (kʻałcʻr) (partially)
• Proto-Celtic: *swādus (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *swōtuz (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *hwādús (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swáHduš (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *swādwis
  • Latin: suāvis (see there for further descendants)

swéh₂dyōs

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéh₂dyōs

ténh₂us

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ténh₂us

tl̥h₂tós

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tl̥h₂tós

tréystis

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tréystis

udrós

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/udrós

widtós

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/widtós

wr̥ǵtós

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wr̥ǵtós