亡
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]亡 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜女 (YV), four-corner 00710, composition ⿱亠𠃊(GV) or ⿱亠㇄(HTJK) or ⿱丶匸 or ⿱丨匸)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 287
- Dae Jaweon: page 184, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 279, character 5
- Unihan data for U+4EA1
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 亡/亾 | |
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simp. | 亡 | |
alternative forms | 𬼖 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 亡 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Old Chinese | |
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忙 | *maːŋ |
芒 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
茫 | *maːŋ |
恾 | *maːŋ |
吂 | *maːŋ, *maːŋs |
汒 | *maːŋ, *maŋs |
朚 | *maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs |
邙 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
杗 | *maːŋ, *maŋ |
荒 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs |
肓 | *hmaːŋ |
衁 | *hmaːŋ |
巟 | *hmaːŋ |
詤 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ |
慌 | *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ |
謊 | *hmaːŋʔ |
喪 | *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ |
亡 | *maŋ |
望 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
莣 | *maŋ |
朢 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
鋩 | *maŋ |
硭 | *maŋ |
忘 | *maŋ, *maŋs |
网 | *mlaŋʔ |
罔 | *mlaŋʔ |
蛧 | *maŋʔ |
網 | *mlaŋʔ |
輞 | *maŋʔ |
棢 | *maŋʔ |
惘 | *maŋʔ |
菵 | *maŋʔ |
誷 | *maŋʔ |
魍 | *maŋʔ |
妄 | *maŋs |
盲 | *mraːŋ |
蝱 | *mraːŋ |
虻 | *mraːŋ |
氓 | *mraːŋ |
甿 | *mraːŋ |
Ideogram (指事) : a line on 刀 – cutting edge of a knife; the original form of 芒 (OC *maːŋ, *maŋ, “edge of a knife”).
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ. Cognate with 忘 (OC *maŋ, *maŋs, “to forget”), 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to not have”), 荒 (OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs, “to waste (land, time)”) and 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ, “to lose”).
The meaning of Pronunciation 2 is attested by the Oracle bone script. It is traditionally considered to be a variant of 無 (OC *ma), and its reading is thus semantically applied. However, evidence shows that its meaning was more similar to "無之" ("to not have it, to have none"), and Shijing rhymes suggests that it originally was read like Pronunciation 1, which suggests that it was ultimately also from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”) + Proto-Sino-Tibetan terminative suffix *-ŋ (Pulleyblank, 1995).
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): uòng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6vaon; 6maon
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄨㄤˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wáng
- Wade–Giles: wang2
- Yale: wáng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wang
- Palladius: ван (van)
- Sinological IPA (key): /wɑŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mong4
- Yale: mòhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: mong4
- Guangdong Romanization: mong4
- Sinological IPA (key): /mɔːŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: mong3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbɔŋ²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mòng
- Hakka Romanization System: mongˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: mong2
- Sinological IPA: /moŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng
- Sinological IPA (key): /uoŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- 3maan - vernacular;
- 3vaan - literary.
- Middle Chinese: mjang
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*maŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*maŋ/
Definitions
[edit]亡
- to run away; to flee; to escape
- 逃亡 ― táowáng ― to flee
- to lose
- (intransitive) to be destroyed; to become extinct; to die out
- (transitive) to destroy; to annihilate; to exterminate
- to die
- † Alternative form of 忘 (wàng, “to forget”)
Synonyms
[edit]- (to run away):
- (to lose):
- (to be destroyed):
- (to destroy):
- 剪除 (jiǎnchú)
- 埋葬 (máizàng) (literary, figuratively)
- 打掉 (dǎdiào)
- 撲滅/扑灭 (pūmiè)
- 收拾 (colloquial)
- 根除 (gēnchú)
- 殲滅/歼灭 (jiānmiè)
- 殺滅/杀灭 (shāmiè)
- 毀滅/毁灭 (huǐmiè)
- 泯絕/泯绝 (mǐnjué) (literary)
- 消滅/消灭 (xiāomiè)
- 滅亡/灭亡 (mièwáng)
- 滅殺/灭杀 (mièshā)
- 滅絕/灭绝 (mièjué)
- 絕滅/绝灭 (juémiè)
- 翦除 (jiǎnchú) (literary)
- 解決/解决 (jiějué)
- 討滅/讨灭 (tǎomiè) (literary)
- (to die):
- 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
- 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
- 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
- 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
- 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
- 不祿/不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
- 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
- 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
- 仙遊/仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
- 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
- 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
- 傾世/倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
- 傾亡/倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
- 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
- 凋謝/凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
- 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
- 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
- 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
- 去世 (qùshì)
- 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
- 喪亡/丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
- 喪命/丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
- 喪生/丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
- 嗚呼/呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
- 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, derogatory)
- 嚥氣/咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
- 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
- 圓寂/圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
- 壽終正寢/寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
- 失氣/失气 (shīqì) (literary)
- 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
- 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
- 小喇叭兒吹了/小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
- 就義/就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
- 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 彈老三/弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
- 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
- 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
- 掛/挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
- 故 (gù)
- 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
- 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
- 斃命/毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
- 早死 (zǎosǐ)
- 晏駕/晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
- 棄世/弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
- 歸天/归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
- 歸西/归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
- 歸道山/归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
- 死 (sǐ)
- 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
- 死人 (sǐrén)
- 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
- 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
- 死翹翹/死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
- 死脫/死脱 (5shi-theq) (Wu)
- 殞/殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
- 氣絕/气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
- 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
- 沒世/没世 (mòshì) (literary)
- 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
- 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
- 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
- 畢命/毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
- 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
- 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
- 病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
- 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
- 百年歸老/百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
- 盡命/尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
- 終/终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
- 絕/绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
- 翹辮子/翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
- 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
- 蒙主寵召/蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (euphemistic)
- 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
- 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
- 被難/被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
- 見背/见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
- 見閻王/见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
- 賓天/宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
- 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
- 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
- 辭世/辞世 (císhì) (literary)
- 逝世 (shìshì)
- 進棺材/进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
- 過世/过世 (guòshì)
- 過去/过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
- 過往/过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
- 過身/过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
- 過面/过面 (Hokkien)
- 長山賣鴨卵/长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
- 長眠/长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
- 閉眼/闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
- 隕落/陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
- 離世/离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
- 駕崩/驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 駕鶴西去/驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
- 駕鶴西遊/驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
- 龍馭上賓/龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)
Compounds
[edit]- 三戶亡秦/三户亡秦
- 不學亡術/不学亡术
- 亡人 (wángrén)
- 亡人自存
- 亡化
- 亡命 (wángmìng)
- 亡命之徒 (wángmìngzhītú)
- 亡國/亡国 (wángguó)
- 亡國之音/亡国之音 (wángguó zhī yīn)
- 亡國奴/亡国奴 (wángguónú)
- 亡失
- 亡戟得矛
- 亡故 (wánggù)
- 亡是公
- 亡歿/亡殁
- 亡母 (wángmǔ)
- 亡父 (wángfù)
- 亡羊
- 亡羊得牛
- 亡羊補牢/亡羊补牢 (wángyángbǔláo)
- 亡者 (wángzhě)
- 亡血家
- 亡身短命
- 亡逝
- 亡鄉失土/亡乡失土
- 亡靈/亡灵 (wánglíng)
- 亡魂 (wánghún)
- 亡魂喪膽/亡魂丧胆
- 亡魂喪魄/亡魂丧魄
- 亡魂失魄
- 人亡家破
- 人亡政息 (rénwángzhèngxī)
- 人亡物在
- 人琴俱亡
- 傷亡/伤亡 (shāngwáng)
- 傾亡/倾亡 (qīngwáng)
- 傷亡枕藉/伤亡枕借
- 兵敗將亡/兵败将亡
- 凋亡 (diāowáng)
- 出亡 (chūwáng)
- 危亡 (wēiwáng)
- 名存實亡/名存实亡 (míngcúnshíwáng)
- 喪亡/丧亡 (sàngwáng)
- 喪膽亡魂/丧胆亡魂
- 國破家亡/国破家亡 (guópòjiāwáng)
- 多歧亡羊
- 多藏厚亡
- 大逃亡
- 夭亡
- 失馬亡羊/失马亡羊
- 存亡 (cúnwáng)
- 存亡未卜
- 存亡絕續/存亡绝续
- 存亡繼絕/存亡继绝
- 宣告死亡
- 家敗人亡/家败人亡
- 家破人亡 (jiāpòrénwáng)
- 家破身亡
- 悔之亡及
- 悼亡
- 悼亡詩/悼亡诗
- 招亡納叛/招亡纳叛
- 推亡固存
- 救亡 (jiùwáng)
- 敗亡/败亡 (bàiwáng)
- 救亡圖存/救亡图存 (jiùwángtúcún)
- 敗國亡家/败国亡家
- 日飲亡何/日饮亡何
- 暴病身亡
- 有名亡實/有名亡实
- 未亡人 (wèiwángrén)
- 梏亡
- 橫亡/横亡
- 歧路亡羊 (qílùwángyáng)
- 死亡 (sǐwáng)
- 死亡學/死亡学 (sǐwángxué)
- 死亡宣告
- 死亡無日/死亡无日
- 死亡率 (sǐwánglǜ)
- 死亡登記/死亡登记
- 死亡約會/死亡约会
- 死亡給付/死亡给付
- 死亡證明/死亡证明
- 死生存亡
- 殫亡/殚亡
- 治亂存亡/治乱存亡
- 治亂興亡/治乱兴亡
- 流亡 (liúwáng)
- 流亡政府 (liúwáng zhèngfǔ)
- 流亡曲
- 流連荒亡/流连荒亡
- 淪亡/沦亡 (lúnwáng)
- 滅亡/灭亡 (mièwáng)
- 溺亡 (nìwáng)
- 烏龜亡八/乌龟亡八
- 父母雙亡/父母双亡
- 牽亡/牵亡 (qiānwáng)
- 牽亡歌/牵亡歌
- 牽亡陣/牵亡阵
- 生死存亡 (shēngsǐcúnwáng)
- 病亡 (bìngwáng)
- 瞰亡
- 祭亡如在
- 空亡
- 繼絕存亡/继绝存亡
- 繼絕興亡/继绝兴亡
- 脣亡齒寒/唇亡齿寒 (chúnwángchǐhán)
- 臧穀亡羊/臧谷亡羊
- 自取滅亡/自取灭亡 (zìqǔmièwáng)
- 興亡/兴亡 (xīngwáng)
- 興亡繼絕/兴亡继绝
- 興廢存亡/兴废存亡
- 若存若亡
- 若有所亡
- 荒亡
- 虢滅虞亡/虢灭虞亡
- 衰亡 (shuāiwáng)
- 覆亡 (fùwáng)
- 身亡 (shēnwáng)
- 車毀人亡/车毁人亡 (chēhuǐrénwáng)
- 逃亡 (táowáng)
- 逃亡潮
- 逃亡者 (táowángzhě)
- 追亡逐北 (zhuīwángzhúběi)
- 進退存亡/进退存亡
- 關亡/关亡
- 陣亡/阵亡 (zhènwáng)
- 雙亡/双亡 (shuāngwáng)
- 魂亡膽落/魂亡胆落
- 魚爛而亡/鱼烂而亡
- 齒亡舌存/齿亡舌存
Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wú
- Wade–Giles: wu2
- Yale: wú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wu
- Palladius: у (u)
- Sinological IPA (key): /u³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mou4
- Yale: mòuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: mou4
- Guangdong Romanization: mou4
- Sinological IPA (key): /mou̯²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*maŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*maŋ/
Definitions
[edit]亡
- † Alternative form of 無/无 (“not have”)
- 夷狄之有君,不如諸夏之亡也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Yídí zhī yǒu jūn, bùrú zhūxià zhī wú yě. [Pinyin]
- The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them.
夷狄之有君,不如诸夏之亡也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 司馬牛憂曰:「人皆有兄弟,我獨亡。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Sīmǎ Niú yōu yuē: “Rén jiē yǒu xiōngdì, wǒ dú wú.” [Pinyin]
- Sima Niu, full of anxiety, said, "Other men all have their brothers, I only have not."
司马牛忧曰:「人皆有兄弟,我独亡。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”)
References
[edit]- 諸橋轍次 (Morohashi Tetsuji), chief ed. 大漢和辞典 (Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, “Comprehensive Chinese–Japanese Dictionary”). 13 vols. 1955–1960. Revised and enlarged ed. 1984–1986. Tokyo: Taishukan.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: もう (mō, Jōyō †)←まう (mau, historical)
- Kan-on: ぼう (bō, Jōyō)←ばう (bau, historical)
- Kun: ない (nai, 亡い, Jōyō); なき (naki, 亡き); ほろぶ (horobu, 亡ぶ); ほろびる (horobiru, 亡びる); ほろぼす (horobosu, 亡ぼす)
As an alternative form of 無 (“not”):
Compounds
[edit]- Common
- 死亡 (shibō)
- 亡夫 (bōfu)
- 亡父 (bōfu)
- 存亡 (sonbō)
- 逃亡 (tōbō)
- 亡骸 (nakigara)
- 亡命 (bōmei)
- 亡霊 (bōrei)
- 滅亡 (metsubō)
- 死亡者 (shibōsha)
- 死亡率 (shibōritsu)
- 未亡人 (mibōjin)
- 亡くなる (nakunaru)
- Uncommon
- 亡柿 (bōshi)
- 亡子 (bōshi)
- 亡児 (bōji)
- 亡婦 (bōfu)
- 亡母 (bōbo)
- 興亡 (kōbō)
- 衰亡 (suibō)
- 損亡 (sonbō)
- 敗亡 (haibō)
- 亡君 (bōkun)
- 亡兄 (bōkei)
- 亡国 (bōkoku)
- 亡魂 (bōkon)
- 亡妻 (bōsai)
- 亡失 (bōshitsu)
- 亡親 (bōshin)
- 亡弟 (bōtei)
- 亡八 (bōhachi)
- 亡妹 (bōmai)
- 亡友 (bōyū)
- 死亡地 (shibōchi)
- 亡き後 (nakiato)
- 亡き人 (nakihito)
- 亡き者 (nakimono)
- 亡状 (bōjō)
- 流亡 (ryūbō)
- 死亡記事 (shibōkiji)
- 逃亡者 (tōbōsha)
- 逃亡犯 (tōbōhan)
- 亡命者 (bōmeisha)
- 死亡時刻 (shibōjikoku)
- 死亡届 (shibōtodoke)
- 死亡保険 (shibōhoken)
- 胎児死亡 (taijishibō)
- 多岐亡羊 (takibōyō)
- 逃亡中 (tōbōchū)
- 死亡広告 (shibōkōkoku)
- Rare
Korean
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle Chinese 亡 (MC mjang).
Hanja
[edit]亡 (eumhun 망할 망 (manghal mang))
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Related to Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju).
Hanja
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
References
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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