Appendix:Palya Bareli Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Palya Bareli, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
References
[edit]- Minati Panda (2019) A Sociolinguistic Survey of Barwani District, Madhya Pradesh[1]
Notes
[edit]- Based on the geographical areas surveyed, we took Panda's description of "Bareli" as the Palya Bareli dialect.
- The ending for the verbal infinitive form is inconsistent between -नू (-nū), -नु (-nu), and -ना (-nā).
List
[edit]| № | English | Palya Bareli edit (81) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | मि (mi) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | तू (tū) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | हयू (hayū) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | आमू (āmū) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | तु (tu) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | हया (hayā) |
| 7 | this | नाहरी (nāhrī) |
| 8 | that | हया (hayā) |
| 9 | here | नाहरी (nāhrī) |
| 10 | there | चाहरी (cāhrī) |
| 11 | who | कुनरा (kunrā) |
| 12 | what | काईरा (kāīrā) |
| 13 | where | काहरी (kāhrī) |
| 14 | when | कहलुक (kahluk) |
| 15 | how | |
| 16 | not | नीहव (nīhav) |
| 17 | all | |
| 18 | many | |
| 19 | some | |
| 20 | few | |
| 21 | other | दिहर (dihar) |
| 22 | one | |
| 23 | two | |
| 24 | three | |
| 25 | four | |
| 26 | five | |
| 27 | big | |
| 28 | long | |
| 29 | wide | |
| 30 | thick | |
| 31 | heavy | |
| 32 | small | |
| 33 | short | |
| 34 | narrow | |
| 35 | thin | पातवु (pātvu) |
| 36 | woman | बायरो (bāyro) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | आदमी (ādmī) |
| 38 | man (human being) | मानुह (mānuh) |
| 39 | child | पूरिया (pūriyā) |
| 40 | wife | लाढ़ि (lāṛhi) |
| 41 | husband | लाढ़ु (lāṛhu) |
| 42 | mother | आई (āī) |
| 43 | father | बाबू (bābū) |
| 44 | animal | जानवर (jānvar) |
| 45 | fish | |
| 46 | bird | चिढ़ी (ciṛhī) |
| 47 | dog | कुत्तरु (kuttaru) |
| 48 | louse | |
| 49 | snake | |
| 50 | worm | |
| 51 | tree | |
| 52 | forest | |
| 53 | stick | |
| 54 | fruit | |
| 55 | seed | |
| 56 | leaf | |
| 57 | root | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | |
| 60 | grass | |
| 61 | rope | |
| 62 | skin | चामड़ा (cāmṛā) |
| 63 | meat | मांह (mā̃h) |
| 64 | blood | लुए (lue) |
| 65 | bone | आटकी (āṭkī) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | चरबी (carbī) |
| 67 | egg | |
| 68 | horn | |
| 69 | tail | |
| 70 | feather | |
| 71 | hair | झुटा (jhuṭā) (of head), रोंगटा (roṅgṭā) (of body) |
| 72 | head | मुन्क (munk) |
| 73 | ear | कांट (kāṇṭ) |
| 74 | eye | डुवा (ḍuvā) |
| 75 | nose | नाक (nāk) |
| 76 | mouth | मुई (muī) |
| 77 | tooth | दात (dāt) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | जीभ (jībh) |
| 79 | fingernail | नख (nakh) |
| 80 | foot | पाये (pāye) |
| 81 | leg | पाय (pāy) |
| 82 | knee | घुटनु (ghuṭnu) |
| 83 | hand | हाथ (hāth) |
| 84 | wing | |
| 85 | belly | पेट (peṭ) |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | गव (gav) |
| 88 | back | वाहू (vāhū), वाह (vāh) |
| 89 | breast | धाय (dhāy) (of a woman) |
| 90 | heart | दिल (dil) |
| 91 | liver | कावजो (kāvjo) |
| 92 | to drink | |
| 93 | to eat | |
| 94 | to bite | |
| 95 | to suck | |
| 96 | to spit | |
| 97 | to vomit | उखवना (ukhavnā) |
| 98 | to blow | |
| 99 | to breathe | |
| 100 | to laugh | आहनु (āhnu) |
| 101 | to see | |
| 102 | to hear | |
| 103 | to know | |
| 104 | to think | सचनु (sacnu) |
| 105 | to smell | |
| 106 | to fear | |
| 107 | to sleep | |
| 108 | to live | |
| 109 | to die | |
| 110 | to kill | मार देनू (mār denū) |
| 111 | to fight | लटकनू (laṭaknū) |
| 112 | to hunt | पारदयू जानू (pāradyū jānū) |
| 113 | to hit | |
| 114 | to cut | काट्नु (kāṭnu) |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | दबावनू (dabāvnū) |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | खदनू (khadnū) |
| 119 | to swim | जैपना (jaipnā) |
| 120 | to fly | उठना (uṭhnā) |
| 121 | to walk | चालनु (cālnu) |
| 122 | to come | आवनू (āvnū) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | लूटना (lūṭnā) |
| 124 | to sit | |
| 125 | to stand | उबरइना (ubrainā) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ववना (vavnā) |
| 127 | to fall | पन्नू (pannū) |
| 128 | to give | आपनु (āpnu) |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | धुवनु (dhuvnu) |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | आपकनू (āpaknū) |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | |
| 138 | to sew | हिवनु (hivnu) |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | कायनू (kāynū), बुलानू (bulānū) |
| 141 | to sing | गावनू (gāvnū) |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | हुजना (hujnā) |
| 147 | sun | |
| 148 | moon | |
| 149 | star | |
| 150 | water | |
| 151 | rain | |
| 152 | river | |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | |
| 155 | salt | खारों (khārõ) |
| 156 | stone | |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | |
| 160 | cloud | |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | |
| 163 | wind | |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | |
| 170 | road | वाट (vāṭ) |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | |
| 176 | black | |
| 177 | night | |
| 178 | day | |
| 179 | year | |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | |
| 184 | old | |
| 185 | good | |
| 186 | bad | |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | |
| 198 | far | |
| 199 | right | |
| 200 | left | |
| 201 | at | |
| 202 | in | |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | |
| 205 | if | पसूअवी (pasūavī) |
| 206 | because | काईसे (kāīse) |
| 207 | name | नांव (nāmv) |