-t

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "t"

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English -te (preterite ending), -t (past participle ending), from Old English -te, -de (first and third person preterite ending), -t, -d (past participle ending), from Proto-Germanic *-id- (preterite stem ending of class 1 weak verbs) and *-idaz (past participle ending of class 1 weak verbs).

In some verbs, like lose/lost, the -t-/-t was merely an alteration of earlier -d-/-d during the Middle English period. See -ed.

Suffix

-t

  1. Forms the past tense and/or past participle of some verbs (leapt, kept, dreamt, etc)
Usage notes

Some verbs have both an -ed and a -t form. The -t form has become obsolete for many verbs, e.g. toucht.

Usually for verbs with "eep" or "end" at the end (e.g. kept for keep, slept for sleep, wept for weep, bent for bend, sent for send, went for wend). More rarely, for nasals (e.g. burnt for burn, dreamt for dream).

Derived terms
terms formed with suffix -t

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Etymology 2

Probably resulting from -s + the, or various other words beginning with th-, t-.

Suffix

-t

  2. An excrescent ending appended to words suffixed with -s.
    against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst
Usage notes

As with -st, when there is a shorter synonymous word (as in among/amongst), the form with -t is generally considered more formal, old-fashioned, affected, and British.

Derived terms

Etymology 3

From Middle English -t, from Old English -t, variant of -þ (“-th”) following spirant/fricative sounds, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz. More at -th.

Suffix

-t

  1. (no longer productive) Alternative form of -th
    arist, drift, sight, theft, thrift, etc.
English terms suffixed with -t

Etymology 4

Suffix from Middle English -ten, from Old English -ettan, from Proto-Germanic *-atjaną.

Suffix

-t (verb-forming suffix, third-person singular simple present -ts, present participle -ting, simple past and past participle -ted)

  1. Verbs formed from nouns or adjectives (compare English -ate, -ize), frequently having a causative force, or modified from an existing verb into a frequentitive verb (no longer productive)
    yeet, grunt, fidget, botch.
English terms suffixed with -t

Azerbaijani

Suffix

-t

  1. Causative suffix.

Derived terms

Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -t

Danish

Suffix

-t

  1. Used to form adverbs from adjectives; -ly.
  2. Used to make neuter forms of adjectives.
  3. Used to form past participles of some verbs, like -et does.
    spis, spise, spiser, spiste, spist
    eat!, eat, eats, ate, eaten

Dutch

Suffix

-t

  1. forms the second and third person singular of the present tense
    redden - jij redt, hij redt
  2. forms the gij - form in both present and past tense
    breken - gij breekt - gij braakt
  3. (archaic) forms the plural form of the imperative
    staken - staakt!
  4. forms the past participle of weak verbs the root of which ends in a voiceless consonant
    bedanken - bedankt
  5. forms certain verbal nouns, mostly of strong verbs
    geven - gift

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Afroasiatic *-t, *-Vt (feminine suffix).

Pronunciation

 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /at/, /it/, /ut/ → /aʔ/, /iʔ/, /uʔ/ → /ə/, /aʔ/, /eʔ/, /øʔ/

Suffix

t
  1. Used to form feminine singular forms of nouns and adjectives.
Derived terms

Etymology 2

From Proto-Afroasiatic *-i (genitive-possessive case ending) + the ancestor of the above suffix -t (feminine ending).

Pronunciation

 

Suffix

t
  1. Converts nouns and prepositions into feminine adjectives: the feminine nisba adjective ending.

Etymology 3

Suffix

t
  1. Forms adverbs from certain adjectives; -ly

Etymology 4

Suffix

t
  1. Forms the infinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs.
Descendants
  • Egyptian: -j (infinitival ending)

Etymology 5

Suffix

t
  1. Forms the complementary infinitive of all verbs.
Usage notes

Weak verbs can alternatively take the endings -wt or -yt to form the complementary infinitive.

Etymology 6

Suffix

t
  1. Forms the subjunctive of the irregular verb jnj and the anomalous verb jwj.
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of -t  
t W
-tw

Etymology 7

Suffix

t
  1. Forms the terminative of all verbs.
Usage notes

Third-weak verbs can alternatively take the ending -yt to form the terminative, more frequently when passive than when active.

When this ending is attached to a verb ending in d or t, it is occasionally left unwritten.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of -t  
tW
-tw

References

  • Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 314–315, etc..
  1. ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 57–58

Emilian

Pronunciation

Pronoun

-t (personal)

  1. (enclitic, after a vowel) Alternative form of et
  2. (enclitic, after a vowel) Alternative form of te
Emilian personal pronouns (weak forms)
Number Person Gender Proclitic Enclitic Aphetic
N A D R N A D R N A D R
Singular First — aj- m’ -ja -em -ja -m
Second — t- t’ -et -t
Third Masculine l- g’ s’ -el -eg -es -l -g -s
Feminine l’ -la -la
Plural First — aj- s’ -ja -es -ja -s
Second — aj- v’ -ev -v
Third Masculine j- g’ s’ -i -eg -es -j -g -s
Feminine elj- -li -li

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E., from Proto-Uralic *-t.

Suffix

-t

  1. (case suffix) Forms the nominative plural.
  2. (case suffix) Forms the accusative forms of the personal pronouns and the interrogative pronoun ken.
Usage notes
  • Suffixed to the genitive singular stem. The accusative plural is identical with the nominative plural and is used for certain direct objects.
  • The personal pronouns and ken have this ending in the accusative; they are the only words that have different genitive and accusative singular forms.
nominative accusative
minä minut
sinä sinut
hän hänet
me meidät
te teidät
he heidät
kuka kenet

See also

Etymology 2

From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E., from Proto-Uralic *-t, probably related to second-person pronouns *tinä, *te.

Suffix

-t

  1. (personal) Forms the second person singular of verbs.
Usage notes

Suffixed to the same stem as the first person singular suffix both in the present and the past tense.

Further reading

See also

German

Suffix

-t

  1. -ed (used to form adjectives from nouns)

Derived terms

German terms suffixed with -t

Hungarian

Pronunciation

Suffix

-t

  1. (accusative suffix) Used to form the accusative case.
    külföldi (“foreigner”) → Sok külföldit láttam a városban. (“I saw many foreigners in the city.”)
    óra (“clock, watch, hour”) → Vettem egy órát. (“I bought a watch.”)
    ember (“human”) → Sok embert láttunk. (“We saw many people.”)
    kettő (“two”) → Hány könyvet vettél? ― Kettőt. (“How many books did you buy? ― Two.”)
  2. (locative suffix, archaic) Added to a noun or an adjective to form the locative case.
    Kaposvár (“Kaposvár, Hungarian town”) → Kaposvárt (“in Kaposvár”)
    köz (“gap”) → közt (“between, among”)
  3. (past tense suffix) -ed, -t. Used to form the past tense of a verb.
    él (“to live”) → élt (“lived”)
    Kínában élt 10 évig ― He lived in China for 10 years.
  4. (past participle suffix) -ed, -t. Used to form the past participle of a verb.
    zár (“to close”) → zárt (“closed”)
    Zárt ajtók mögött tanácskoztak. ― They discussed behind closed doors.
  5. (causative suffix) The causative suffix for verbs.
    terem (“to come into existence”) → teremt (“to create”)
  6. (noun suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun.
    lesz (“to become something”) → lét (“existence, life”)
    tesz (“to make, do, place”) → tét (“bet”)

Usage notes

  • (accusative case suffix): It can be added to nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. Whether a suffix-initial vowel (linking vowel) will be used is hard to predict and thus needs to be learned with each word. A rule of thumb, however, is that older and shorter words tend to incorporate a vowel, rather than simply use -t. Variants:
    -t is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final -o in foreign words changes to -ó-.
    -ot is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -at is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -et is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -öt is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -∅ (zero form), optionally, after possessive suffixes, especially in the singular but sometimes also in the plural (and not infrequently after multiple-possession forms as well), except for the third-person singular (“his/her/its”, -ja/-je) as its omission would not reduce the number of syllables.
    Elviszem a kabátom(at/∅), kabátod(at/∅); kabátunk(at/∅), kabátotok(at/∅), kabátjuk(at/∅); kabátjaim(at/∅) etc.
    I’ll take my coat, your coat; our coat, [plural] your coat, their coat; my coats etc.
    It is also omitted usually from the accusative forms of first- and second-person singular personal pronouns (engem, téged (“me, you”)).
   Hungarian case suffixes
Case Back vowel
a, á, o, ó, u, ú 		Front vowel
unrounded
e, é, i, í 		rounded
ö, ő, ü, ű
nominative —
accusative -t
-ot / -at -et -öt
dative -nak -nek
instrumental -val -vel
causal-final -ért
translative -vá -vé
terminative -ig
essive-formal -ként
essive-modal -ul -ül
inessive -ban -ben
superessive -n
-on -en -ön
adessive -nál -nél
illative -ba -be
sublative -ra -re
allative -hoz -hez -höz
elative -ból -ből
delative -ról -ről
ablative -tól -től
Note for all endings:
Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except -ként.
    alma — almában, but almaként
    zene ― zenében, but zeneként
  • (locative suffix) Locative is used today only with some place names as an alternative to the inessive and superessive cases. The locative case is also to be found in short basic words like közt (“between, among”), from köz (“gap”).
  • (past-participle and past-tense suffix) Variants:
    -t is added to monosyllabic verbs ending in j, l, ly, n, ny, r (fáj, szel, fon, huny, sír) and to many bisyllabic verbs ending in -ad/-ed (akad, ered)
    -tt is added to verbs ending in a vowel (sző, nő, fő, lő, ró, rí)
    -ott is added to back-vowel verbs
    -ett is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs
    -ött is added to rounded front-vowel verbs
  • (past-participle suffix) This form is the only option attributively. Predicatively, however, a construction of the existential verb van (or its negative form nincs) and the adverbial participle (with -va/-ve) is preferable,[1] especially when speaking of the result achieved,[2] although the suffix -t/-ott/-ett/-ött occurs predicatively as well, disputed as it may be.[3]

See also

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Middle High German -ede, from Old High German -ida, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Cognate with rare German -de, Dutch -te, English -th.

Suffix

-t f (plural -ten)

  1. forms nouns from adjectives: -th, -ness
    ‎déif (“deep”) + ‎-t → ‎Déift (“depth”)
    ‎stëll (“still, quiet”) + ‎-t → ‎Stëllt (“stillness, quietness”)

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Suffix

-t

  1. used to form the second-person plural present and imperative of all verbs (except those with a stem in -d or -t, see usage note)
    ‎laachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎dir laacht (“you [lot] laugh”)
  2. used to form the third-person singular present of all regular and some irregular verbs
    ‎laachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎hie laacht (“he laughs”)
  3. used to form the past participle of all regular and some irregular verbs (often with the prefix ge-, see there)
    ‎laachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎gelaacht (“laughed”)
  4. used to form the first-person singular, third-person singular, and second-person plural past tense and past subjunctive of some irregular verbs
    ‎mussen (“must, to have to”) + ‎-t → ‎ech musst (“I had to”)
    ‎mussen (“must, to have to”) + ‎-t → ‎ech misst (“I would have to”)
Usage notes
  • With verb stems in -d, this letter becomes -t unless followed by a vowel and the ending is thus omitted, as it is with stems that end in -t to begin with.

Manx

Suffix

-t

  1. Alternative form of -it

Mayo

Etymology

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *-ci.

Suffix

-t (plural -chim)

  1. Diminutive suffix

Derived terms

Mayo terms suffixed with -t

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Etymology 1

From Proto-Samic *-ktē.

Suffix

-t (with odd-syllable stems -it)

  2. Forms adverbs of manner from adjectives.
Usage notes
  • This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

When affixed to stems ending in -i and -u, there are two possible alternative forms. In the first, the suffix added with no change, while in the second, the final vowel lowered to e and o respectively and diphthong simplification is performed on the preceding syllable.

Derived terms
Northern Sami terms suffixed with -t (manner adverb)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Samic *-tē (partitive/ablative).

Suffix

-t

  2. Forms adverbs of time.
Usage notes
  • This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Derived terms
Northern Sami terms suffixed with -t (time adverb)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Samic *-mpē.

Suffix

-t (with odd-syllable stems -it or -eabbo)

  1. Forms the comparative of adjectives.
Usage notes
  • This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Inflection

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

Etymology 4

From Proto-Samic *-ntë. Cognate with Finnish -s.

Suffix

-t

  1. Forms ordinal numbers from cardinals.
Usage notes
  • This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Inflection
Odd, no gradation
Attributive —
Nominative -t
Genitive -da
Attributive —
Singular Plural
Nominative -t -dat
Accusative -da -diid
Genitive -da -diid
Illative -dii -diidda
Locative -dis -diin
Comitative -diin -diiguin
Essive -din
Derived terms

Etymology 5

From Proto-Samic *-k, from Proto-Uralic *-t. Cognate with Finnish -t.

Suffix

-t

  1. The ending of the nominative plural.
Usage notes
  • This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Etymology 6

From Proto-Samic *-tēk. Cognate with Finnish -a, -da.

Suffix

-t

  1. The ending of the infinitive.
Usage notes
  • This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Suffix

-t

  1. Used to form adverbs from adjectives
  2. Used to make neuter forms of adjectives
  3. Used to make past participle of some weakly inflected verbs

Old Norse

Suffix

-t

  1. Alternative form of -a, used in between vowels
  2. Alternative form of -t, used following hard consonants
  3. Used to form adverbs from adjectives
  4. Used to make neuter forms of adjectives

Pipil

Suffix

-t

  1. Plural verb suffix.
    Titakwikat
    We sing
  2. Nominal absolutive suffix.
    *siwa- → siwat
    *tutu- → tutut

Usage notes

  • The nominal absolutive suffix -t is a truncated form of -ti used for vowel-ending stems.
  • Opposed to absolutive suffixes, construct suffixes used are -w (for vowel-ending stems), -(zero) (for consonant-ending stems) and -yu ("inalienable possession" marker)

Swedish

Suffix

-t

  1. Suffix to create the definite singular form of neuter nouns ending in an unstressed vowel: hjärta (“heart”) → hjärtat (“the heart”)
  2. Suffix for creating adverbs out of adjectives: långsam (“slow”) → långsamt (“slowly”)
  3. Suffix used on the positive form of adjectives to denote that the corresponding noun is of neuter gender, indefinite form: en gul bil (“a yellow car”) → ett gult hus (“a yellow house”), the latter being neuter. However, the -a suffix is used for definite form independent of gender: den gula bilen (“the yellow car”) → det gula huset (“the yellow house”).
  4. Suffix to form the past participle of weakly inflected verbs, to be used when the corresponding participle belongs with a neuter noun in indefinite singular form.
  5. Suffix for forming supine of verbs of the first (ar-verbs) and second (weak er-verbs) conjugations; see also -it and -tt

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish ت (-t, “causative suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-t (“causative suffix”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐱃 (-(ï)t, “causative suffix”).

Suffix

-t

  1. Forms causative verbs usually from polysyllabic stems ending in a vowel or 'l' or 'r'.
  • -ıt
  • -tur (used after monosyllabic stems and polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant other than 'l' or 'r'

See also

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