窮

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See also: 穷
窮 U+7AAE, 窮
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7AAE
← 窭
[U+7AAD] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 窯 →
[U+7AAF]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

窮 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 十金竹竹弓 (JCHHN), four-corner 30227, composition ⿱穴躬)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 867, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25593
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2737, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+7AAE

Chinese[edit]

trad. 窮
simp. 穷

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (躬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
躬 *kuŋ
匑 *kuŋ, *kʰuŋ
躳 *kuŋ
窮 *ɡuŋ
藭 *ɡuŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuŋ) : semantic 穴 (“cave; nest; confinement”) + phonetic 躬 (OC *kuŋ).

Etymology[edit]

Possibly a vocalic variant of 邛 (OC *ɡoŋ, “distress”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • kiông - literary;
  • kêng, khêng, không - vernacular.
Note:
  • kiong5 - literary;
  • gêng5 - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 窮
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰyŋ³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰyuŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕʰyə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰỹn⁵³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰioŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰyoŋ³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰioŋ²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰioŋ¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕʰioŋ²⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰyəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰyŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕyŋ¹³/ ～人
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰỹŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /d͡ʑioŋ²³/
Suzhou /d͡ʑioŋ¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡ʑioŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑoŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰyʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕioŋ¹³/
Xiangtan /d͡ʑin¹²/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /kʰiuŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /kʰioŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kʰoŋ²¹/
Nanning /kʰuŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /kʰuŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiɔŋ³⁵/
/kiŋ³⁵/
/kʰiŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kyŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kœyŋ²¹/ 無～
/kœyŋ³³/ ～沒
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰioŋ⁵⁵/
/keŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xiɔŋ³¹/
/kiaŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 窮
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 東 (2)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 渠弓切
Baxter gjuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡɨuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡiuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/guwŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɡiuŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gi̯uŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qióng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		kung4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 窮 窮
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qióng qióng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gjuwng › ‹ gjuwng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ](r)uŋ/ /*m-[ɡ](r)uŋ/
English poor exhaust

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 窮
Reading # 1/1
No. 4145
Phonetic
component 		躬
Rime
group 		終
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		窮
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡuŋ/

Definitions[edit]

窮

  1. to exhaust
    窮兵黷武／穷兵黩武  ―  qióngbīngdúwǔ  ―  to go all in with wars
  2. to thoroughly investigate
    窮根究底／穷根究底  ―  qiónggēnjiūdǐ  ―  to dig into the very roots of the matter
  3. to be in the wrong and unable to argue further
  4. to be in dire straits; to suffer from lack of opportunity, support, etc.
    Antonym: 達／达
  5. poor; destitute; impoverished
    Antonym: 富 (fù)
    貧窮／贫穷  ―  pínqióng  ―  lacking; suffering from want
    人窮志不窮／人穷志不穷  ―  rén qióng zhì bù qióng  ―  poor in money but not in aspiration
  6. to be exhausted; to be used up
    無窮無盡／无穷无尽  ―  wúqióngwújìn  ―  to be inexhaustible
    理屈詞窮／理屈词穷  ―  lǐqūcíqióng  ―  unable to argue any further; having no more excuses
  7. remote; out-of-the-way
    窮鄉僻壤／穷乡僻壤  ―  qióngxiāngpìrǎng  ―  remote and backwater place
  8. extremely
    窮凶極惡／穷凶极恶  ―  qióngxiōngjí'è  ―  extremely ferocious and evil
  9. thoroughly
    窮究／穷究  ―  qióngjiū  ―  to dig deep into something
    窮追猛打／穷追猛打  ―  qióngzhuīměngdǎ  ―  hotly pursue and fiercely attack
  10. excessively; inappropriately attentive to details; snobbishly; frivolously
    窮講究／穷讲究  ―  qióng jiǎngjiū  ―  to be too fine in tastes; to be a snob
  11. 69th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "exhaustion, tiredness" (𝍊)
  12. (Northern Wu) very; quite
    窮大／穷大 [Suzhounese]  ―  2jion 6dou [Wugniu]  ―  very big
    俚讀書窮用功。 [Suzhounese, trad.]
    俚读书穷用功。 [Suzhounese, simp.]
    1li 8doq-syu1 2jion 2yon6-kon1 [Wugniu]
    He studies very studiously.
  13. name of an ancient state
    Synonym: 有窮／有穷 (Yǒuqióng)

Usage notes[edit]

  • (very): In Suzhounese, younger speakers tend to use this in place of 蠻／蛮.

Synonyms[edit]

  • (poor):
Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 貧, 窮
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒
Mandarin Taiwan 窮, 貧窮
Yantai (Muping) 窮
Luoyang 窮
Wanrong 窮
Xi'an 窮
Yinchuan 窮
Chengdu 苦寒
Nanjing 窮
Singapore 窮, 貧窮, 窮苦
Cantonese Guangzhou 窮
Hong Kong 窮
Taishan 窮
Gan Nanchang 窮
Pingxiang 窮
Hakka Meixian 窮
Jin Taiyuan 窮
Northern Min Jian'ou 窮無
Eastern Min Fuzhou 窮
Southern Min Xiamen 宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
Quanzhou 宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤
Hui'an 窮赤
Zhangzhou 宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤
Tainan 散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦
Raoping 磽
Shantou 窮, 磽
Jieyang 窮, 磽
Leizhou 窮, 蒯
Wu Shanghai 窮
Suzhou 窮
Danyang 窮
Hangzhou 窮
Jinhua 倒灶
  • (very):
Dialectal synonyms of 很 (“very”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 甚, 孔
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 很, 非常, 十分
Mandarin Beijing 挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪
Taiwan 很, 好, 非常, 超, 蠻, 超級
Tianjin 挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒
Jinan 挺, 楞
Xi'an 很
Wuhan 蠻, 很
Chengdu 很, 好
Chongqing 很
Yangzhou 蠻, 稀, 很
Hefei 很
Malaysia 很
Singapore 很, 蠻, 非常
Cantonese Guangzhou 好, 非常之
Hong Kong 好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 好
Taishan 好, 十分之
Yangjiang 好
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 好
Singapore (Guangfu) 好, 非常之, 非常
Gan Nanchang 蠻
Hakka Meixian 好, 刮, 已, 還, 異, 還 exclamation
Huidong (Daling) 好
Wuhua (Meilin) 好
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 頂
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 好
Changting 野
Wuping (Pingyu) 已, 刮
Liancheng 樣
Ninghua 好
Ruijin 蠻
Shicheng 蠻
Shangyou (Shexi) 蠻
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 當, 已, 還
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 蓋, 盡, 還
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 當, 盡, 已, 還
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 當, 已, 還
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 當, 已, 還
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 足, 真, 實在
Hong Kong 好
Sabah (Bao'an) 好
Kuching (Hepo) 很
Singapore (Dabu) 好
Jin Taiyuan 很, 挺
Northern Min Jian'ou 盡
Eastern Min Fuzhou 野, 真
Singapore (Fuqing) 真
Sitiawan (Gutian) 真
Southern Min Xiamen 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正
Xiamen (Tong'an) 真
Quanzhou 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人
Jinjiang 野
Zhangzhou 盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人
Zhao'an 很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常
Dongshan 真, 非常
Taipei 真, 誠
New Taipei (Sanxia) 真, 誠
Kaohsiung 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
Yilan 有夠, 足, 誠, 盡
Changhua (Lukang) 真, 誠
Taichung 誠, 蓋, 足
Tainan 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋
Hsinchu 真, 誠
Kinmen 足, 誠
Penghu (Magong) 真, 誠
Penang (Hokkien) 真, 誠, 真正
Singapore (Hokkien) 真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠
Manila (Hokkien) 野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠
Chaozhou 過, 好, 非常, 死爸
Shantou 過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕
Shantou (Chenghai) 好, 死絕
Shantou (Chaoyang) 好, 非常
Jieyang 過, 好, 死爸, 死絕
Bangkok (Teochew) 好
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 好
Singapore (Teochew) 真, 死爸, 非常
Wenchang 極, 但顧, 真
Haikou 但顧
Qionghai 但顧, 真
Singapore (Hainanese) 但顧, 真
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 好, 蠻
Wu Shanghai 蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated
Suzhou 蠻, 窮
Hangzhou 蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒
Ningbo 交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare
Zhoushan 交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare
Wenzhou 蠻, 蒙, 顯
Xiang Changsha 很, 蠻
Shuangfeng 蠻

Compounds[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Japanese[edit]

See also 窮する

Kanji[edit]

窮

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

窮 (eumhun 다할 궁 (dahal gung))

  1. Hanja form? of 궁 (“poor, destitute, impoverished”).

窮 (eumhun 궁할 궁 (gunghal gung))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

窮: Hán Nôm readings: cùng, khùng, còng, càng

Readings[edit]

窮: Hán Việt readings: khùng
窮: Nôm readings: cùng, khùng, còng, càng

Etymology 1[edit]

Adjective[edit]

窮 • (khùng)

  1. crazy

Etymology 2[edit]

Noun[edit]

窮 • (càng)

  1. nipper, pincer

References[edit]

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