Appendix:Pangwali Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Pangwali, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Pangwali पंगवाड़ी (paṅgvāṛī) edit (84) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | अउं (a͠u), मे (me), मेइं (meĩ) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | तु (tu), तोउ (tou), तें (tẽ) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | से (se), अस (as) (distal), इस (is) (proximal) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | अस (as) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | तुस (tus) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | से (se), तन्हि (tanhi) (distal) |
| 7 | this | इ (i) |
| 8 | that | अ (a) |
| 9 | here | इठि (iṭhi) |
| 10 | there | ओठि (oṭhi) |
| 11 | who | कउं (ka͠u) |
| 12 | what | कि (ki) |
| 13 | where | को (ko), कुरहे (kurhe), कोथि (kothi) |
| 14 | when | कपल (kapal) |
| 15 | how | कीं (kī̃) |
| 16 | not | ना (nā) |
| 17 | all | सुम्है (sumhai), सोभ (sobh), सब (sab) |
| 18 | many | सुआ (suā), ती (tī) |
| 19 | some | कुछ (kuch) |
| 20 | few | धिक (dhik) |
| 21 | other | होर (hor) |
| 22 | one | यक (yak) |
| 23 | two | दुइ (dui) |
| 24 | three | टाइ (ṭāi) |
| 25 | four | चॆउर (cěur) |
| 26 | five | पंज (pañj) |
| 27 | big | मोटा (moṭā), बडा (baḍā) |
| 28 | long | लम्मा (lammā) |
| 29 | wide | |
| 30 | thick | गाह्ड़ि (gāhṛi) |
| 31 | heavy | |
| 32 | small | मठुड़ (maṭhuṛ) |
| 33 | short | छोटि (choṭi) |
| 34 | narrow | संकिड़ि (saṅkiṛi) (?) |
| 35 | thin | निकी (nikī), पतला (patlā) |
| 36 | woman | जिलणु (jilṇu) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | मॆह्णु (měhṇu) |
| 38 | man (human being) | मॆह्णु (měhṇu), मनख (manakh) |
| 39 | child | गाभुर (gābhur), गभुर (gabhur) |
| 40 | wife | जुएलि (jueli) |
| 41 | husband | |
| 42 | mother | ई (ī) |
| 43 | father | बोउ (bou) |
| 44 | animal | डंगर (ḍaṅgar), रेउस (reus) |
| 45 | fish | |
| 46 | bird | |
| 47 | dog | कुतुर (kutur) |
| 48 | louse | |
| 49 | snake | |
| 50 | worm | |
| 51 | tree | बुट्टा (buṭṭā), बुटा (buṭā) |
| 52 | forest | |
| 53 | stick | |
| 54 | fruit | |
| 55 | seed | |
| 56 | leaf | |
| 57 | root | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | फिउड़ु (phiuṛu) |
| 60 | grass | घास (ghās) |
| 61 | rope | रॆज़ूड़ (rězūṛ) |
| 62 | skin | छोड़ि (choṛi) |
| 63 | meat | मांसू (mānsū) |
| 64 | blood | |
| 65 | bone | |
| 66 | fat (noun) | मुन्झ (munjh) |
| 67 | egg | |
| 68 | horn | |
| 69 | tail | पुछिड़ (puchiṛ) |
| 70 | feather | |
| 71 | hair | झसुड़ (jhasuṛ) (of women) |
| 72 | head | मगिर (magir) |
| 73 | ear | |
| 74 | eye | टी (ṭī) (eyes) |
| 75 | nose | |
| 76 | mouth | आस (ās) |
| 77 | tooth | दहाड़ (dahāṛ) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | जिवुड़ (jivuṛ), जिभूड़ (jibhūṛ) |
| 79 | fingernail | नश (naś) |
| 80 | foot | |
| 81 | leg | |
| 82 | knee | जिआंणु (jiā̃ṇu) |
| 83 | hand | |
| 84 | wing | |
| 85 | belly | |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | पिठ (piṭh) |
| 89 | breast | |
| 90 | heart | गुरदे (gurde) |
| 91 | liver | |
| 92 | to drink | पी (pī) |
| 93 | to eat | खा (khā) |
| 94 | to bite | हेर (her) |
| 95 | to suck | |
| 96 | to spit | |
| 97 | to vomit | |
| 98 | to blow | |
| 99 | to breathe | |
| 100 | to laugh | |
| 101 | to see | |
| 102 | to hear | |
| 103 | to know | |
| 104 | to think | |
| 105 | to smell | |
| 106 | to fear | डर (ḍar) |
| 107 | to sleep | उंघ (uṅgh) |
| 108 | to live | |
| 109 | to die | मर (mar) |
| 110 | to kill | मार (mār) |
| 111 | to fight | |
| 112 | to hunt | |
| 113 | to hit | मडीण (maḍīṇ) |
| 114 | to cut | काट (kāṭ) |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | |
| 121 | to walk | हन्ठ (hanṭh) |
| 122 | to come | ए (e), अइ (ai), आ (ā) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | |
| 124 | to sit | |
| 125 | to stand | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | |
| 128 | to give | |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | |
| 141 | to sing | |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | |
| 148 | moon | |
| 149 | star | |
| 150 | water | पोणि (poṇi), पाणि (pāṇi) |
| 151 | rain | |
| 152 | river | |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | |
| 155 | salt | |
| 156 | stone | पल्लण (pallaṇ) |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | |
| 160 | cloud | बदे (bade) |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | |
| 163 | wind | ब्यार (byār) |
| 164 | snow | डंग (ḍaṅg) |
| 165 | ice | डंग (ḍaṅg) |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | |
| 170 | road | |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | |
| 176 | black | |
| 177 | night | |
| 178 | day | |
| 179 | year | |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | ठनु (ṭhanu) |
| 182 | full | सम्हाई (samhāī) |
| 183 | new | |
| 184 | old | |
| 185 | good | |
| 186 | bad | |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | अल्ला (allā) |
| 195 | dry | शुके (śuke) |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | |
| 198 | far | |
| 199 | right | |
| 200 | left | |
| 201 | at | |
| 202 | in | |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | त (ta) |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | |
| 207 | name |