故
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]故 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 十口人大 (JROK), four-corner 48640, composition ⿰古攵)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 469, character 25
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13161
- Dae Jaweon: page 820, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1453, character 5
- Unihan data for U+6545
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
故 |
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Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 故 | ||||
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Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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箇 | *kaːls |
個 | *kaːls |
居 | *kɯ, *kas |
橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
嫴 | *kaː |
姑 | *kaː |
辜 | *kaː |
酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
蛄 | *kaː |
鴣 | *kaː |
沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
古 | *kaːʔ |
罟 | *kaːʔ |
估 | *kaːʔ |
鈷 | *kaːʔ |
詁 | *kaːʔ |
牯 | *kaːʔ |
故 | *kaːs |
固 | *kaːs |
稒 | *kaːɡs |
痼 | *kaːɡs |
錮 | *kaːɡs |
鯝 | *kaːɡs |
棝 | *kaːɡs |
凅 | *kaːɡs |
枯 | *kʰaː |
軲 | *kʰaː |
跍 | *kʰaː |
骷 | *kʰaː |
苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
餬 | *ɡaː |
瑚 | *ɡaː |
湖 | *ɡaː |
鶘 | *ɡaː |
猢 | *ɡaː |
醐 | *ɡaː |
糊 | *ɡaː |
箶 | *ɡaː |
蝴 | *ɡaː |
胡 | *ɡaː |
瓳 | *ɡaː |
怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
据 | *ka |
裾 | *ka |
琚 | *ka |
椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
鶋 | *ka |
蜛 | *ka |
崌 | *ka |
涺 | *ka |
腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
鋸 | *kas |
倨 | *kas |
踞 | *kas |
涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kaːs) : phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic 攵.
Etymology 1
[edit]Derivative of 古 (OC *kaːʔ, “old”). The sense “cause, reason” may be related to (“thing or person of former times”), or the same word as 固 (OC *kaːs, “solid, secure, sure”) (Schuessler 2007, apud Pulleyblank 1989).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gu3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gu3
- Northern Min (KCR): gu̿
- Eastern Min (BUC): gó
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 5ku / 5kou
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gù
- Wade–Giles: ku4
- Yale: gù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh
- Palladius: гу (gu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gu3
- Yale: gu
- Cantonese Pinyin: gu3
- Guangdong Romanization: gu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuː³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku
- Hakka Romanization System: gu
- Hagfa Pinyim: gu4
- Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gu3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ku⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gu̿
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gó
- Sinological IPA (key): /kou²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note: gu7 - “old, original”.
- Middle Chinese: kuH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa(ʔ)-s/, /*kˤaʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs/
Definitions
[edit]故
- old; of the past
- cause; reason
- accident; misfortune; unexpected event
- past things; antiquity
- old friend; good friend; close friend
- 孔子曰:「吾聞之,親者不失其為親也,故者不失其為故也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The School Sayings of Confucius, c. 206 BCE– 220 CE
- Kǒngzǐ yuē: “Wú wén zhī, qīnzhě bùshī qí wéiqīn yě, gùzhě bùshī qí wéigù yě.” [Pinyin]
- Confucius said: "I have heard that kinfolk lose not what makes them kinfolk and old friends lose not what makes them old friends."
孔子曰:「吾闻之,亲者不失其为亲也,故者不失其为故也。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to die; to pass away
- 已故 ― yǐgù ― deceased [lit. has passed away]
- deceased; dead
- formerly; originally
- intentionally; deliberately
- still; as before
- therefore; so
- 我思故我在 ― wǒ sī gù wǒ zài ― I think, therefore I am
- 故名「北京」 ― gù míng “běijīng” ― hence the name "Northern Capital"
- 生亦我所欲,所欲有甚於生者,故不為苟得也;死亦我所惡,所惡有甚於死者,故患有所不辟也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Shēng yì wǒ suǒ yù, suǒ yù yǒu shèn yú shēng zhě, gù bù wéi gǒudé yě; sǐ yì wǒ suǒ wù, suǒ wù yǒu shèn yú sǐ zhě, gù huàn yǒusuǒ bù bì yě. [Pinyin]
- like life indeed, but there is that which I like more than life, and therefore, I will not seek to possess it by any improper ways. I dislike death indeed, but there is that which I dislike more than death, and therefore there are occasions when I will not avoid danger.
生亦我所欲,所欲有甚于生者,故不为苟得也;死亦我所恶,所恶有甚于死者,故患有所不辟也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Synonyms
[edit]- (to die):
- 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
- 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
- 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
- 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
- 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
- 不祿/不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
- 亡
- 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
- 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
- 仙遊/仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
- 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
- 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
- 傾世/倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
- 傾亡/倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
- 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
- 凋謝/凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
- 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
- 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
- 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
- 去世 (qùshì)
- 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
- 喪亡/丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
- 喪命/丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
- 喪生/丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
- 嗚呼/呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
- 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, derogatory)
- 嚥氣/咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
- 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
- 圓寂/圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
- 壽終正寢/寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
- 失氣/失气 (shīqì) (literary)
- 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
- 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
- 小喇叭兒吹了/小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
- 就義/就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
- 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 彈老三/弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
- 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
- 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
- 掛/挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
- 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
- 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
- 斃命/毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
- 早死 (zǎosǐ)
- 晏駕/晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
- 棄世/弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
- 歸天/归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
- 歸西/归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
- 歸道山/归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
- 死 (sǐ)
- 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
- 死人 (sǐrén)
- 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
- 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
- 死翹翹/死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
- 死脫/死脱 (5shi-theq) (Wu)
- 殞/殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
- 氣絕/气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
- 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
- 沒世/没世 (mòshì) (literary)
- 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
- 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
- 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
- 畢命/毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
- 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
- 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
- 病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
- 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
- 百年歸老/百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
- 盡命/尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
- 終/终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
- 絕/绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
- 翹辮子/翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
- 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
- 蒙主寵召/蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (euphemistic)
- 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
- 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
- 被難/被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
- 見背/见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
- 見閻王/见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
- 賓天/宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
- 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
- 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
- 辭世/辞世 (císhì) (literary)
- 逝世 (shìshì)
- 進棺材/进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
- 過世/过世 (guòshì)
- 過去/过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
- 過往/过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
- 過身/过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
- 過面/过面 (Hokkien)
- 長山賣鴨卵/长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
- 長眠/长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
- 閉眼/闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
- 隕落/陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
- 離世/离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
- 駕崩/驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 駕鶴西去/驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
- 駕鶴西遊/驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
- 龍馭上賓/龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)
- (therefore; so):
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Classical Chinese | 是以, 是故, 故, 以, 以是, 以故 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 所以, 因此, 因而, 故, 故此, 故而 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 所以 |
Singapore | 所以 | |
Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 所以 |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 所以 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 所以, 故此 |
Hong Kong | 所以 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 所以 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 故是 |
Hakka | Meixian | 所以, 故此 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 故所, 所以 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 故所, 所以, 故所以 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 所以 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 所以 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 所以, 故所 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 所以 | |
Huizhou | Jixi | 所以上 |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 故此 |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 故此 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 所以 |
Quanzhou | 所以 | |
Zhangzhou | 所以 | |
Tainan | 所以 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 所以 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 所以 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 所以 | |
Wenchang | 所以 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 所以, 咾, 葛咾, 因此, 故所以 dated, 故而 dated, 所以緣故 dated, 為此緣故 dated, 因此緣故 dated |
Shanghai (Chongming) | 故所以 | |
Xiang | Loudi | 故所以 |
Compounds
[edit]- 一見如故/一见如故 (yījiànrúgù)
- 不主故常
- 不知何故
- 不解其故
- 世故 (shìgù)
- 九故十親/九故十亲
- 事故 (shìgù)
- 亡故 (wánggù)
- 交通事故 (jiāotōng shìgù)
- 人情世故 (rénqíngshìgù)
- 他故
- 何故 (hégù)
- 依然如故
- 依然故我
- 借故 (jiègù)
- 傳奇故事/传奇故事
- 典故 (diǎngù)
- 出故典
- 則故/则故
- 北平故宮/北平故宫
- 十親九故/十亲九故
- 原故 (yuángù)
- 吐故納新/吐故纳新 (tǔgùnàxīn)
- 喜新厭故/喜新厌故
- 國故/国故 (guógù)
- 多故
- 大故
- 天下多故
- 奉行故事
- 如故 (rúgù)
- 姻故
- 安堵如故
- 小故
- 巧故
- 已故 (yǐgù)
- 平白無故/平白无故 (píngbáiwúgù)
- 并州故鄉
- 循常習故/循常习故
- 意故
- 慈故能勇
- 扮故事
- 持之有故 (chízhīyǒugù)
- 按堵如故
- 指親托故/指亲托故
- 掌故 (zhǎnggù)
- 推故
- 故世 (gùshì)
- 故且 (gùqiě)
- 故主
- 故事
- 故事書/故事书 (gùshishū)
- 故事片
- 故事詩/故事诗
- 故交 (gùjiāo)
- 故人 (gùrén)
- 故以
- 故伎重演
- 故侯
- 故侯瓜
- 故入
- 故典
- 故出
- 故劍/故剑 (gùjiàn)
- 故劍情深/故剑情深
- 故去 (gùqù)
- 故友 (gùyǒu)
- 故吏 (gùlì)
- 故吾
- 故國/故国 (gùguó)
- 故園/故园 (gùyuán)
- 故園心眼/故园心眼
- 故土 (gùtǔ)
- 故土難移/故土难移
- 故地 (gùdì)
- 故址 (gùzhǐ)
- 故城 (gùchéng)
- 故壘/故垒
- 故夫
- 故失
- 故套
- 故宅
- 故宇
- 故家
- 故宮/故宫 (gùgōng)
- 故家喬木/故家乔木
- 故家子
- 故家子弟
- 故宮禾黍/故宫禾黍
- 故家遺俗/故家遗俗
- 故實/故实
- 故將軍/故将军
- 故居 (gùjū)
- 故山
- 故常
- 故弄玄虛/故弄玄虚 (gùnòngxuánxū)
- 故意 (gùyì)
- 故態/故态
- 故態復萌/故态复萌 (gùtàifùméng)
- 故我
- 故所 (gùsuǒ)
- 故技 (gùjì)
- 故技重施 (gùjìchóngshī)
- 故故
- 故故由兒/故故由儿
- 故智
- 故書/故书
- 故有
- 故林
- 故歇
- 故此 (gùcǐ)
- 故步
- 故步自封 (gùbùzìfēng)
- 故殺/故杀 (gùshā)
- 故淹珠玉
- 故物
- 故犯 (gùfàn)
- 故生枝節/故生枝节
- 故當/故当
- 故疏
- 故知 (gùzhī)
- 故紙/故纸
- 故紙堆/故纸堆 (gùzhǐduī)
- 故絮
- 故縣/故县 (Gùxiàn)
- 故縱/故纵
- 故老
- 故而 (gù'ér)
- 故自
- 故自傷殘/故自伤残
- 故舊/故旧 (gùjiù)
- 故舊不棄/故旧不弃 (gùjiùbùqì)
- 故舍
- 故記/故记
- 故轍/故辙
- 故退
- 故道 (gùdào)
- 故都 (gùdū)
- 故鄉/故乡 (gùxiāng)
- 故里 (gùlǐ)
- 故障 (gùzhàng)
- 敷衍故事
- 明知故問/明知故问 (míngzhīgùwèn)
- 明知故犯 (míngzhīgùfàn)
- 是故 (shìgù)
- 更故
- 有故
- 欲擒故縱/欲擒故纵 (yùqíngùzòng)
- 毛舉細故/毛举细故
- 江山如故
- 沒緣沒故/没缘没故
- 沾親帶故/沾亲带故
- 溫故知新/温故知新 (wēngùzhīxīn)
- 滌故更新/涤故更新
- 漢武故事/汉武故事
- 無故/无故 (wúgù)
- 無緣無故/无缘无故 (wúyuánwúgù)
- 物故
- 特故
- 狂奴故態/狂奴故态
- 班荊道故/班荆道故
- 病故 (bìnggù)
- 白憑無故/白凭无故
- 皮故
- 確定故意/确定故意
- 細故/细故 (xìgù)
- 緣故/缘故 (yuángù)
- 羌無故實/羌无故实
- 義故/义故
- 習故守常/习故守常
- 老於世故/老于世故 (lǎoyúshìgù)
- 自我作故
- 舊故/旧故 (jiùgù)
- 蒙故業/蒙故业
- 薄物細故/薄物细故 (bówùxìgù)
- 藉故/借故 (jiègù)
- 虛應故事/虚应故事
- 衣錦故鄉/衣锦故乡
- 襲人故智/袭人故智
- 親故/亲故 (qīngù)
- 解故
- 託故/托故 (tuōgù)
- 詐故/诈故
- 詭故/诡故
- 變故/变故 (biàngù)
- 變故易常/变故易常
- 責任事故/责任事故
- 蹈常襲故/蹈常袭故 (dǎochángxígù)
- 蹈襲故常/蹈袭故常 (dǎoxígùcháng)
- 身故
- 迎新送故
- 送故
- 退故
- 送故迎新
- 道故
- 鄉故/乡故
- 釁故/衅故
- 鑽故紙/钻故纸
- 門生故吏/门生故吏 (ménshēng gùlì)
- 雅故
- 雖故/虽故
- 非親非故/非亲非故 (fēiqīnfēigù)
- 革故鼎新
- 風月故事/风月故事
- 飽經世故/饱经世故
- 高朋故戚
- 鬼故事
- 鼎新革故
Descendants
[edit]Others:
- → Proto-Tai: *kawᴮ (“old”)
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gu2
- Yale: gú
- Cantonese Pinyin: gu2
- Guangdong Romanization: gu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
[edit]故
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]故
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: く (ku)
- Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
- Kun: ゆえ (yue, 故, Jōyō)←ゆゑ (yuwe, 故, historical); こと (koto); ことさら (kotosara, 故)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
故 |
こ Grade: 5 |
kan'on |
Pronunciation
[edit]Prefix
[edit]Affix
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
故 |
ゆえ Grade: 5 |
kun'yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 故 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 故, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
故 |
ことさら Grade: 5 |
kun'yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 故 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 故, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
References
[edit]
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 故 (MC kuH). Recorded as Middle Korean 고 (kwo) (Yale: kwo) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (in 고향 (故鄕, gohyang)):
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ko̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [고]
- (old; cause; accident; etc.):
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ko̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [고(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
[edit]- hanja form? of 고 (“old; ancient”)
- hanja form? of 고 (“cause; reason”)
- hanja form? of 고 (“accident; unexpected event”)
- hanja form? of 고 (“late (deceased)”)
Compounds
[edit]Compounds
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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