User:Sobreira/PIE-affixes
INFIXES
[edit]PREFIXES
[edit]- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dus- (#dus-)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁n̥- (#h₁n̥-)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁su- (#h₁su-)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/n̥- (#n̥-)
SUFFIXES
[edit]- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-dʰlom (#-dʰlom)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-dʰrom (#-dʰrom)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₁ti (#-éh₁ti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₁yeti (#-éh₁yeti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂yéti (#-eh₂yéti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éyeti (#-éyeti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-(h₁)seti (#-(h₁)seti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂ (#-h₂)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂ti (#-h₂ti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₃onh₂- (#-h₃onh₂-)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-iHnos (#-iHnos)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-iskos (#-iskos)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-kʷe (#-kʷe)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mn̥ (#-mn̥)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mos (#-mos)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mós (#-mós)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-néwti (#-néwti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-nós (#-nós)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os (#-os)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ós (#-ós)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ōs (#-ōs)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-oyéti (#-oyéti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-rós (#-rós)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-seti (#-seti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-sḱéti (#-sḱéti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-st (#-st)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teh₂ (#-teh₂)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teh₂ts (#-teh₂ts)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tḗr (#-tḗr)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teros (#-teros)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tis (#-tis)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tlom (#-tlom)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tōr (#-tōr)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós (#-tós)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-trih₂ (#-trih₂)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-trom (#-trom)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tus (#-tus)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us (#-us)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-wē (#-wē)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-wós (#-wós)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéh₁- (#-yéh₁-)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yeti (#-yeti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti (#-yéti)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yós (#-yós)
- Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs (#-yōs)
RÉSUMÉ
[edit]LINK | ETYM | FORM | DEF | ALTERNATIVE/USAGE/SEE ALSO/RELATED TERMS/SYNONYMS | TO | FROM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-né- | (oblique stem *-n-) | Forms mostly transitive imperfective verbs from perfective intransitive roots. | SEE ALSO: *-néwti; USAGE: The infix is inserted into the zero grade of the root, before the final consonant, which must be a stop or laryngeal. The root must also contain a sonorant non-initially. The verb thus formed ablauts like a normal athematic verb. In the zero grade, the -n- is never syllabic, the preceding sonorant is instead. | (V) | V | |
dus- | - | "bad" | ANTONYM: *h₁su- | |||
h₁n̥- | Zero grade form of *h₁en | - | "in, in-" | |||
h₁su- | - | "good" | ANTONYM: *dus- | |||
n̥- | - | "not, un-" | RELATED: *ne | |||
-dʰlom | - | Alternative form of *-trom | ALTERNATIVE: *-dʰrom, *-tlom, *-trom | n | ||
-dʰrom | - | Alternative form of *-trom | ALTERNATIVE: *-dʰlom, *-tlom, *-trom | n | ||
-éh₁ti | *(Ø)-éh₁ti (oblique stem *(Ø)-h₁-?) | Creates stative (or durative) verbs from perfective roots. or 2) from nominals | DERIVED: *-éh₁yeti | V | RN | |
-éh₁yeti | From *-éh₁ti (stative suffix) + *-yeti. | *(Ø)-éh₁ye- | Thematicization of the athematic stative verbal suffix; see *-yeti. | V | V | |
-eh₂yéti | Innovated compound suffix from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem noun suffix) + *-yéti. | - | Creates iterative/ frequentative/ intensive verbs. or 2) causative verbs | V | ||
-éyeti | From *-yeti. | *(o)-éyeti | Forms causative imperfective verbs from roots. or 2) iterative/frequentative from roots | V | R | |
-(h₁)seti | *(é)-(h₁)seti | Creates desiderative imperfective verbs from roots. | V | R | ||
-h₂ | *(é)-(o)-h₂ n | Creates collective nouns, which refer to groups or sets of things. | N | |||
-h₂ti | - | Forms factitive verbs from adjective stems. | V | A | ||
-h₃onh₂- | From *h₃enh₂-. | - | Derives adjectives, nouns denoting burden, authority. | AN | ||
-iHnos | From *-nós. | - | Creates adjectives of materials. | A | N | |
-iskos | - | Characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to | A | |||
-kʷe | See *kʷis. | - | "and", or Forms distributives from interrogatives. | D | I | |
-mn̥ | Cognates with the same ablaut: *-mno- (e.g. Latin alumnus). Cognates with a different ablaut: *-mḗn (< **-mens) (e.g. Ancient Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”)). & *-mō (< **-mons) (e.g. Latin sermō, Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn)). See also *-h₃onh₂-. | *(é)-mn̥ n | Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs. | DERIVED: *-mn̥-to- | N | V |
-mos | *(ó)-mos m | Creates action/result nouns from verb stems. | N | V | ||
-mós | *(Ø)-mós m | Creates action/result nouns from verb stems. | N | V | ||
-néwti | *(Ø)-néwti | Forms transitive imperfective verbs from roots. | SEE ALSO: *-né- | V | R | |
-nós | *(Ø)-nós | Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems. | SYNONYMS: *-tós | A | V | |
-os | *(é)-os n | Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs. or 1) Creates nouns from verb stems denoting the performance or action of that verb. | DERIVED TERMS: *-ōs 1) RELATED TERMS: *-ós, *-éh₂ | N | V | |
-ós | *(o)-ós m | Creates agent nouns from verb stems, denoting someone or something that performs that verb's action. | RELATED TERMS: *-os, *-éh₂ | N | V | |
-ōs | For **-oss, i.e. neuter s-stem *-os with nominative *-s. | *(é)-ōs m, f | Creates masculine and feminine action nouns or result nouns from verbs. | RELATED TERMS: *-ēs | N | V |
-oyéti | From *-yéti (factitive verb suffix). | - | Creates factitive verbs from adjectives. | V | A | |
-rós | *(Ø)-rós | Forms adjectives from so-called "Caland" roots. | SEE ALSO: *-us | A | R | |
-seti | *(é)-seti | Forms primary verbs. | V | |||
-sḱéti | *(Ø)-sḱéti | Forms durative or iterative imperfective verbs from roots. | V | R | ||
-st | *(?)-st | Forms perfective verbs from roots. | V | R | ||
-teh₂ | f | Used to form nouns representing state of being | RELATED TERMS: *-teh₂ts, *-túHts | N | ||
-teh₂ts | f | Used to form nouns representing state of being | RELATED TERMS: *-teh₂, *-túHts | N | ||
-tḗr | *(Ø)-tḗr m | Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something whose role or purpose it is to perform the verb's action. | DERIVED TERMS: *-ter-yeh₂, *-tr-ih₂, *-tr-om; RELATED TERMS: *-tōr | N | V | |
-teros | - | Contrastive/oppositional adjectival suffix. | SEE ALSO: *-yōs; USAGE NOTES: In Proto-Indo-European, X-teros meant "one which is especially X", "one which is more X than other things", "one which is X as opposed to something else". Compare: .... In some daughters the suffix was grammaticalized as the marker of a comparative degree in adjectives: .... In some daughters it attracted various pronominal adjectives (determiners), i.e. words meaning "other": .... or possessives: .... | A | ||
-tis | *(é)-tis f | Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots. | N | V | ||
-tlom | - | Alternative form of *-trom | ALTERNATIVE: *-dʰlom, *-dʰrom, *-trom | n | ||
-tōr | *(é)-tōr m | Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action. | RELATED TERMS: *-tḗr | N | V | |
-tós | *(Ø)-tós | Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems. | SYNONYMS: -nós | A | V | |
-trih₂ | From *-tḗr. | *(é)-trih₂ | Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action. | DERIVED TERMS: *-trih₂-k-s; RELATED TERMS: *-tōr | N | V |
-trom | Thematicized from the zero-grade of *-tḗr. Originally the neuter gender of some adjective *-tros meaning "of the doer, of doing". Of note is the similar development later exercised by daughter languages (e.g. Latin -tor > -tōrius (“of the doer, of doing”) > -tōrium (“thing/ place of the doer”)). | n | Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument. | ALTERNATIVE: *-dʰlom (occuring with roots ending in *-h₁ or *-h₂. See e.g. fābula from root *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”)), *-dʰrom, *-tlom | N | |
-tus | *(é)-tus m | Derives action nouns from verb roots. | DERIVED TERMS: *tu-no-; *tew-d-h₃onh₂- | N | V | |
-us | *(é)-us | Forms adjectives from so-called "Caland" roots. | SEE ALSO: *-rós | A | R | |
-wē | *-we ~ *-wē | "or" | DERIVED TERMS: *(h₁)i-we (“as”), *ne-we ~ *ne-wē | |||
-wós | Originally the suffix forming the perfect active participle. | *(Ø)-wós | Creates adjectives from verb stems. | A | V | |
-yéh₁- | *(Ø)-yéh₁- (oblique stem *(Ø)-ih₁-) | Forms the optative mood of verbs. | USAGE NOTES: This suffix was a derivational suffix in early PIE, like for example *-sḱéti. It was affixed directly to roots in the zero grade rather than to verb stems, and was not formed to statives. | (V) | v | |
-yeti | *(é)-yeti | Creates transitive imperfective verbs from roots. | SEE ALSO: *-yéti; DERIVED TERMS: *-éyeti, *-éh₁yeti; USAGE NOTES: In many daughter languages, this suffix came to be affixed to stems as well. It was used frequently to convert originally athematic inflections into thematic inflections. | V | R | |
-yéti | *(Ø)-yéti | Creates intransitive, often deponent, imperfective verbs from roots. | SEE ALSO: *-yeti; DERIVED TERMS: *-eh₂yéti, *-(i)dyéti, *-oyéti | V | R | |
-yós | *(Ø)-yós | Creates adjectives from noun stems. | DERIVED TERMS: *e-yós; USAGE NOTES: When affixed to athematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the suffix was stressed and the noun appeared in the oblique stem. When affixed to thematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the noun was dropped; accent remained on the noun stem if the thematic vowel was not originally accented. | A | N | |
-yōs | For **-yoss, from *-yos- (with nominative *-s), an intensive marker signifying "very", "rather". It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective noun. | *-(é)-yōs | Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather". | DERIVED TERMS: *-is-ō ~ *-is-n-es, *-is-tos, *-is-(t)m̥mo-; SEE ALSO: *-(t)ero-; USAGE NOTES: Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending. | A | R |
INFIXES
[edit]Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Infix
[edit]*PIE-affixes (oblique stem *-n-)
- Forms mostly transitive imperfective verbs from perfective intransitive roots.
Usage notes
[edit]The infix is inserted into the zero grade of the root, before the final consonant, which must be a stop or laryngeal. The root must also contain a sonorant non-initially. The verb thus formed ablauts like a normal athematic verb. In the zero grade, the -n- is never syllabic, the preceding sonorant is instead.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, athematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *-né-ti | ||||
3rd plural | *-n-énti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *-né-mi | *-né-m̥ | — | *-né-oh₂ | *-n-yéh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *-né-si | *-né-s | *-né-, *-n-dʰí | *-né-esi | *-n-yéh₁s |
3rd singular | *-né-ti | *-né-t | *-né-tu | *-né-eti | *-n-yéh₁t |
1st dual | *-n-wós | *-n-wé | — | *-né-owos | *-n-ih₁wé |
2nd dual | *-n-tés | *-n-tóm | *-n-tóm | *-né-etes | *-n-ih₁tóm |
3rd dual | *-n-tés | *-n-tā́m | *-n-tā́m | *-né-etes | *-n-ih₁tā́m |
1st plural | *-n-mós | *-n-mé | — | *-né-omos | *-n-ih₁mé |
2nd plural | *-n-té | *-n-té | *-n-té | *-né-ete | *-n-ih₁té |
3rd plural | *-n-énti | *-n-ént | *-n-éntu | *-né-onti | *-n-ih₁ént |
Participle | *-n-ónts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *-n-h₂ér | *-n-h₂é | — | *-né-oh₂er | *-n-ih₁h₂é |
2nd singular | *-n-th₂ér | *-n-th₂é | *-n-só | *-né-eth₂er | *-n-ih₁th₂é |
3rd singular | *-n-tór, *-n-ór | *-n-tó, *-n-ó | *? | *-né-etor | *-n-ih₁tó, *-n-ih₁ó |
1st dual | *-n-wósdʰh₂ | *-n-wédʰh₂ | — | *-né-owosdʰh₂ | *-n-ih₁wédʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *-n-mósdʰh₂ | *-n-médʰh₂ | — | *-né-omosdʰh₂ | *-n-ih₁médʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *-n-dʰh₂wé | *-n-dʰh₂wé | *-n-dʰh₂wé | *-né-edʰh₂we | *-n-ih₁dʰh₂wé |
3rd plural | *-n-rór, *-n-n̥tór | *-n-ró, *-n-n̥tó | *? | *-né-oror, *-né-ontor | *-n-ih₁ró, *-n-ih₁n̥tó |
Participle | *-n-m̥h₁nós |
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]
PREFIXES
[edit]Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Possibly from *dews- (“lack”).[1] De Vaan instead suggests a derivation from the root of *dwóh₁ (“two”) with sense development from "into two" > "apart" > "bad".[2]
Prefix
[edit]*PIE-affixes[3]
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- (perhaps) Armenian:
- Old Armenian: տ- (t-)
- Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Celtic: *dus- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *tuz- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *dus- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *duš- (see there for further descendants)
- (perhaps) Italic:[2]
- Latin: dis-
References
[edit]- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “227”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 227
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “dis-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 171-172
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Bad”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 43
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Hostile”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 281
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “Lack”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 343
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Zero grade form of *h₁en
Prefix
[edit]*PIE-affixes
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Celtic: *in-, *ni-
- Ancient Greek: ἐν- (en-), nasalized ἀ- (a-) (ἀδελφός (adelphós))
- Latin: in-
- Proto-Slavic: on-, vьn-, vъ-, u-
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Possible metathesis of *h₁wes- (“good”), or perhaps related to *h₁es- (“to be”).[1]
Hittite 𒀀𒀸𒋗𒍑 (āššuš, “good”) and possibly Epic Greek ἠΰς (ēǘs, id.) provide strong evidence for a u-stem adjective *h₁óh₁s-u-s, gen.sg. *h₁h₁s-éw-s,[2] which would point to a reduplicated root *h₁es-. Since Proto-Indo-European apparently did not allow geminate clusters, the weak stem would have simplified to *h₁s-éw-; this could be the source of the combining form *h₁su-, with which it would be identical in the zero-grade.
Prefix
[edit]*PIE-affixes[3]
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE-affixes' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page
- Proto-Celtic: *su- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *su-
- Proto-Hellenic: *ehu- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hsu- (see there for further descendants)
- → Old Armenian: հ- (h-) (or inherited and contaminated with the Iranian)
References
[edit]- ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “h₁u̯es-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 686-690
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “āššu- / āššau̯-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 223–225
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “su-, sū-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1037-1038
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Zero grade form of the sentence negative *ne, used with verbal adjectives and forming bahuvrihis.
Prefix
[edit]*PIE-affixes
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 88: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE-affixes' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page
- Proto-Albanian: *a-
- Albanian: e-
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ան- (an-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *an- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *un- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ə- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *a- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *ən- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)-[1] (see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “2e(n)-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 88
SUFFIXES
[edit]Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*PIE-affixes n
- Alternative form of *-trom
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *-dʰlom | ||
genitive | *-dʰlosyo | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *-dʰlom | *-dʰloy(h₁) | *-dʰleh₂ |
vocative | *-dʰlom | *-dʰloy(h₁) | *-dʰleh₂ |
accusative | *-dʰlom | *-dʰloy(h₁) | *-dʰleh₂ |
genitive | *-dʰlosyo | *? | *-dʰloHom |
ablative | *-dʰlead | *? | *-dʰlomos |
dative | *-dʰloey | *? | *-dʰlomos |
locative | *-dʰley, *-dʰloy | *? | *-dʰloysu |
instrumental | *-dʰloh₁ | *? | *-dʰlōys |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-dla < *-dʰlom or *-tlom
- Proto-Slavic: *-dlo (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz (merged with *-tlóm)[1] (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Italic:
References
[edit]Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Variant of *-trom.
Sometimes hypothesized to have developed from assimilation to a preceding voiced aspirate[1] (compare Bartholomae's law in Indo-Iranian). Sihler describes this as the usual explanation and considers it "the only remotely plausible" one if the *t- forms of the suffix are original, but says it is problematic, noting that this form of the suffix is not attested in contexts like Greek λέκτρον (léktron) (from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-) even though, under this hypothesis, the *-dʰ-initial variants would have originated in words like this.[2]
Based on the contexts in which it occurs, Olsen 1988 argues that it actually originated from coalescence of a voiceless laryngeal (*h₁ or *h₂) with the following *-t-, initially resulting in a voiceless aspirate, which is proposed to have merged with the outcome of voiced aspirates in the languages in which this allomorph is attested.[3]
Suffix
[edit]*PIE-affixes n
- Alternative form of *-trom
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *-dʰrom | ||
genitive | *-dʰrosyo | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *-dʰrom | *-dʰroy(h₁) | *-dʰreh₂ |
vocative | *-dʰrom | *-dʰroy(h₁) | *-dʰreh₂ |
accusative | *-dʰrom | *-dʰroy(h₁) | *-dʰreh₂ |
genitive | *-dʰrosyo | *? | *-dʰroHom |
ablative | *-dʰread | *? | *-dʰromos |
dative | *-dʰroey | *? | *-dʰromos |
locative | *-dʰrey, *-dʰroy | *? | *-dʰroysu |
instrumental | *-dʰroh₁ | *? | *-dʰrōys |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ The Proto-Indo-European Instrument Noun Suffix *-tlom and its Variants, Birgit Anette Olsen, 1988. §0.2 page 4
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 201
- ^ Olsen, 1988. §9, pages 37-38
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-éh₁ti (oblique stem *(Ø)-h₁-?)[1]
- Creates inchoative (or fientive) verbs from perfective roots.
- Creates inchoative (or fientive) verbs from nominals.
Inflection
[edit]With e-grade throughout:
Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁ti | ||||
3rd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁n̥ti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(Ø)-éh₁mi | *(Ø)-éh₁m̥ | — | *(Ø)-éh₁oh₂ | *(Ø)-éh₁yeh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁si | *(Ø)-éh₁s | *(Ø)-éh₁, *(Ø)-éh₁dʰi | *(Ø)-éh₁esi | *(Ø)-éh₁yeh₁s |
3rd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁ti | *(Ø)-éh₁t | *(Ø)-éh₁tu | *(Ø)-éh₁eti | *(Ø)-éh₁yeh₁t |
1st dual | *(Ø)-éh₁wos | *(Ø)-éh₁we | — | *(Ø)-éh₁owos | *(Ø)-éh₁ih₁we |
2nd dual | *(Ø)-éh₁tes | *(Ø)-éh₁tom | *(Ø)-éh₁tom | *(Ø)-éh₁etes | *(Ø)-éh₁ih₁tom |
3rd dual | *(Ø)-éh₁tes | *(Ø)-éh₁tām | *(Ø)-éh₁tām | *(Ø)-éh₁etes | *(Ø)-éh₁ih₁tām |
1st plural | *(Ø)-éh₁mos | *(Ø)-éh₁me | — | *(Ø)-éh₁omos | *(Ø)-éh₁ih₁me |
2nd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁te | *(Ø)-éh₁te | *(Ø)-éh₁te | *(Ø)-éh₁ete | *(Ø)-éh₁ih₁te |
3rd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁n̥ti | *(Ø)-éh₁n̥t | *(Ø)-éh₁n̥tu | *(Ø)-éh₁onti | *(Ø)-éh₁ih₁n̥t |
Participle | *(Ø)-éh₁n̥ts |
With ablaut in the suffix:
Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁ti | ||||
3rd plural | *(Ø)-h₁énti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(Ø)-éh₁mi | *(Ø)-éh₁m̥ | — | *(Ø)-éh₁oh₂ | *(Ø)-h₁yéh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁si | *(Ø)-éh₁s | *(Ø)-éh₁, *(Ø)-h₁dʰí | *(Ø)-éh₁esi | *(Ø)-h₁yéh₁s |
3rd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁ti | *(Ø)-éh₁t | *(Ø)-éh₁tu | *(Ø)-éh₁eti | *(Ø)-h₁yéh₁t |
1st dual | *(Ø)-h₁wós | *(Ø)-h₁wé | — | *(Ø)-éh₁owos | *(Ø)-h₁ih₁wé |
2nd dual | *(Ø)-h₁tés | *(Ø)-h₁tóm | *(Ø)-h₁tóm | *(Ø)-éh₁etes | *(Ø)-h₁ih₁tóm |
3rd dual | *(Ø)-h₁tés | *(Ø)-h₁tā́m | *(Ø)-h₁tā́m | *(Ø)-éh₁etes | *(Ø)-h₁ih₁tā́m |
1st plural | *(Ø)-h₁mós | *(Ø)-h₁mé | — | *(Ø)-éh₁omos | *(Ø)-h₁ih₁mé |
2nd plural | *(Ø)-h₁té | *(Ø)-h₁té | *(Ø)-h₁té | *(Ø)-éh₁ete | *(Ø)-h₁ih₁té |
3rd plural | *(Ø)-h₁énti | *(Ø)-h₁ént | *(Ø)-h₁éntu | *(Ø)-éh₁onti | *(Ø)-h₁ih₁ént |
Participle | *(Ø)-h₁ónts |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternative Reconstructions
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From *-éh₁ti (stative suffix) + *-yeti.
Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-éh₁yeti
- Thematicization of the athematic stative verbal suffix; see *-yeti.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, thematic, active only | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁yeti | ||||
3rd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁yonti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(Ø)-éh₁yoh₂ | *(Ø)-éh₁yom | — | *(Ø)-éh₁yōh₂ | *(Ø)-éh₁yoyh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁yesi | *(Ø)-éh₁yes | *(Ø)-éh₁ye | *(Ø)-éh₁yēsi | *(Ø)-éh₁yoys |
3rd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁yeti | *(Ø)-éh₁yet | *(Ø)-éh₁yetu | *(Ø)-éh₁yēti | *(Ø)-éh₁yoyt |
1st dual | *(Ø)-éh₁yowos | *(Ø)-éh₁yowe | — | *(Ø)-éh₁yōwos | *(Ø)-éh₁yoywe |
2nd dual | *(Ø)-éh₁yetes | *(Ø)-éh₁yetom | *(Ø)-éh₁yetom | *(Ø)-éh₁yētes | *(Ø)-éh₁yoytom |
3rd dual | *(Ø)-éh₁yetes | *(Ø)-éh₁yetām | *(Ø)-éh₁yetām | *(Ø)-éh₁yētes | *(Ø)-éh₁yoytām |
1st plural | *(Ø)-éh₁yomos | *(Ø)-éh₁yome | — | *(Ø)-éh₁yōmos | *(Ø)-éh₁yoyme |
2nd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁yete | *(Ø)-éh₁yete | *(Ø)-éh₁yete | *(Ø)-éh₁yēte | *(Ø)-éh₁yoyte |
3rd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁yonti | *(Ø)-éh₁yont | *(Ø)-éh₁yontu | *(Ø)-éh₁yōnti | *(Ø)-éh₁yoyh₁n̥t |
Participle | *(Ø)-éh₁yonts |
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ḗˀtei
- Proto-Slavic: *-ěti (present tense declension)
- Proto-Celtic: *-īti
- Proto-Brythonic: *-id
- Proto-Germanic: *-janą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)
- Proto-Italic: *-ēō
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áHyati
References
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “7. Fientiv”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 25
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “8. Essiv”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 25
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Innovated compound suffix from *-éh₂ (eh₂-stem nominal suffix) + *-yéti (factitive verbal suffix). See also *-h₂ti.
Suffix
[edit]*(o)-eh₂yéti
- Creates iterative, frequentative, or intensive verbs.
- Creates causative verbs.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, thematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(o)-eh₂yéti | ||||
3rd plural | *(o)-eh₂yónti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(o)-eh₂yóh₂ | *(o)-eh₂yóm | — | *(o)-eh₂yṓh₂ | *(o)-eh₂yóyh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(o)-eh₂yési | *(o)-eh₂yés | *(o)-eh₂yé | *(o)-eh₂yḗsi | *(o)-eh₂yóys |
3rd singular | *(o)-eh₂yéti | *(o)-eh₂yét | *(o)-eh₂yétu | *(o)-eh₂yḗti | *(o)-eh₂yóyt |
1st dual | *(o)-eh₂yówos | *(o)-eh₂yówe | — | *(o)-eh₂yṓwos | *(o)-eh₂yóywe |
2nd dual | *(o)-eh₂yétes | *(o)-eh₂yétom | *(o)-eh₂yétom | *(o)-eh₂yḗtes | *(o)-eh₂yóytom |
3rd dual | *(o)-eh₂yétes | *(o)-eh₂yétām | *(o)-eh₂yétām | *(o)-eh₂yḗtes | *(o)-eh₂yóytām |
1st plural | *(o)-eh₂yómos | *(o)-eh₂yóme | — | *(o)-eh₂yṓmos | *(o)-eh₂yóyme |
2nd plural | *(o)-eh₂yéte | *(o)-eh₂yéte | *(o)-eh₂yéte | *(o)-eh₂yḗte | *(o)-eh₂yóyte |
3rd plural | *(o)-eh₂yónti | *(o)-eh₂yónt | *(o)-eh₂yóntu | *(o)-eh₂yṓnti | *(o)-eh₂yóyh₁n̥t |
Participle | *(o)-eh₂yónts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(o)-eh₂yóh₂er | *(o)-eh₂yóh₂e | — | *(o)-eh₂yṓh₂er | *(o)-eh₂yóyh₂e |
2nd singular | *(o)-eh₂yéth₂er | *(o)-eh₂yéth₂e | *(o)-eh₂yéso | *(o)-eh₂yḗth₂er | *(o)-eh₂yóyth₂e |
3rd singular | *(o)-eh₂yétor | *(o)-eh₂yéto | *? | *(o)-eh₂yḗtor | *(o)-eh₂yóyto, *(o)-eh₂yóyh₁o |
1st dual | *(o)-eh₂yówosdʰh₂ | *(o)-eh₂yówedʰh₂ | — | *(o)-eh₂yṓwosdʰh₂ | *(o)-eh₂yóywedʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *(o)-eh₂yómosdʰh₂ | *(o)-eh₂yómedʰh₂ | — | *(o)-eh₂yṓmosdʰh₂ | *(o)-eh₂yóymedʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *(o)-eh₂yédʰh₂we | *(o)-eh₂yédʰh₂we | *(o)-eh₂yédʰh₂we | *(o)-eh₂yḗdʰh₂we | *(o)-eh₂yóydʰh₂we |
3rd plural | *(o)-eh₂yóror, *(o)-eh₂yóntor | *(o)-eh₂yóro, *(o)-eh₂yónto | *? | *(o)-eh₂yṓror, *(o)-eh₂yṓntor | *(o)-eh₂yóyro, *(o)-eh₂yóyh₁n̥to |
Participle | *(o)-eh₂yómnos |
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ā́ˀtei
- Proto-Slavic: *-ati (present tense declension)
- Proto-Celtic: *-āti
- Proto-Germanic: *-ōną (present tense declension) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
- Proto-Italic: *-āō
- Latin: -ō, -āre (first conjugation, etymology 3) (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
- Sanskrit: -आपयति (-āpayati) (with unexplained medial -p-) (see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From *-yeti.
Suffix
[edit]*(o)-éyeti
- Forms causative imperfective verbs from roots.
- Forms iterative or frequentative imperfective verbs from roots.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, thematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(o)-éyeti | ||||
3rd plural | *(o)-éyonti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(o)-éyoh₂ | *(o)-éyom | — | *(o)-éyōh₂ | *(o)-éyoyh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(o)-éyesi | *(o)-éyes | *(o)-éye | *(o)-éyēsi | *(o)-éyoys |
3rd singular | *(o)-éyeti | *(o)-éyet | *(o)-éyetu | *(o)-éyēti | *(o)-éyoyt |
1st dual | *(o)-éyowos | *(o)-éyowe | — | *(o)-éyōwos | *(o)-éyoywe |
2nd dual | *(o)-éyetes | *(o)-éyetom | *(o)-éyetom | *(o)-éyētes | *(o)-éyoytom |
3rd dual | *(o)-éyetes | *(o)-éyetām | *(o)-éyetām | *(o)-éyētes | *(o)-éyoytām |
1st plural | *(o)-éyomos | *(o)-éyome | — | *(o)-éyōmos | *(o)-éyoyme |
2nd plural | *(o)-éyete | *(o)-éyete | *(o)-éyete | *(o)-éyēte | *(o)-éyoyte |
3rd plural | *(o)-éyonti | *(o)-éyont | *(o)-éyontu | *(o)-éyōnti | *(o)-éyoyh₁n̥t |
Participle | *(o)-éyonts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(o)-éyoh₂er | *(o)-éyoh₂e | — | *(o)-éyōh₂er | *(o)-éyoyh₂e |
2nd singular | *(o)-éyeth₂er | *(o)-éyeth₂e | *(o)-éyeso | *(o)-éyēth₂er | *(o)-éyoyth₂e |
3rd singular | *(o)-éyetor | *(o)-éyeto | *? | *(o)-éyētor | *(o)-éyoyto, *(o)-éyoyh₁o |
1st dual | *(o)-éyowosdʰh₂ | *(o)-éyowedʰh₂ | — | *(o)-éyōwosdʰh₂ | *(o)-éyoywedʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *(o)-éyomosdʰh₂ | *(o)-éyomedʰh₂ | — | *(o)-éyōmosdʰh₂ | *(o)-éyoymedʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *(o)-éyedʰh₂we | *(o)-éyedʰh₂we | *(o)-éyedʰh₂we | *(o)-éyēdʰh₂we | *(o)-éyoydʰh₂we |
3rd plural | *(o)-éyoror, *(o)-éyontor | *(o)-éyoro, *(o)-éyonto | *? | *(o)-éyōror, *(o)-éyōntor | *(o)-éyoyro, *(o)-éyoyh₁n̥to |
Participle | *(o)-éyomnos |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: -եմ (-em) (partially)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-eitei
- Proto-Celtic: *-īti
- Proto-Germanic: *-(i)janą (class 1 weak verbs) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-éyō
- Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)
- Proto-Italic: *-eō
- Latin: -eō (Second conjugation (causative) verbs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áyati
- Proto-Albanian: *-tjā
- Albanian: -së
References
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[14], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-(h₁)seti[1]
- Creates desiderative imperfective verbs from roots.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, thematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(é)-(h₁)seti | ||||
3rd plural | *(é)-(h₁)sonti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(é)-(h₁)soh₂ | *(é)-(h₁)som | — | *(é)-(h₁)sōh₂ | *(é)-(h₁)soyh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(é)-(h₁)sesi | *(é)-(h₁)ses | *(é)-(h₁)se | *(é)-(h₁)sēsi | *(é)-(h₁)soys |
3rd singular | *(é)-(h₁)seti | *(é)-(h₁)set | *(é)-(h₁)setu | *(é)-(h₁)sēti | *(é)-(h₁)soyt |
1st dual | *(é)-(h₁)sowos | *(é)-(h₁)sowe | — | *(é)-(h₁)sōwos | *(é)-(h₁)soywe |
2nd dual | *(é)-(h₁)setes | *(é)-(h₁)setom | *(é)-(h₁)setom | *(é)-(h₁)sētes | *(é)-(h₁)soytom |
3rd dual | *(é)-(h₁)setes | *(é)-(h₁)setām | *(é)-(h₁)setām | *(é)-(h₁)sētes | *(é)-(h₁)soytām |
1st plural | *(é)-(h₁)somos | *(é)-(h₁)some | — | *(é)-(h₁)sōmos | *(é)-(h₁)soyme |
2nd plural | *(é)-(h₁)sete | *(é)-(h₁)sete | *(é)-(h₁)sete | *(é)-(h₁)sēte | *(é)-(h₁)soyte |
3rd plural | *(é)-(h₁)sonti | *(é)-(h₁)sont | *(é)-(h₁)sontu | *(é)-(h₁)sōnti | *(é)-(h₁)soyh₁n̥t |
Participle | *(é)-(h₁)sonts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(é)-(h₁)soh₂er | *(é)-(h₁)soh₂e | — | *(é)-(h₁)sōh₂er | *(é)-(h₁)soyh₂e |
2nd singular | *(é)-(h₁)seth₂er | *(é)-(h₁)seth₂e | *(é)-(h₁)seso | *(é)-(h₁)sēth₂er | *(é)-(h₁)soyth₂e |
3rd singular | *(é)-(h₁)setor | *(é)-(h₁)seto | *? | *(é)-(h₁)sētor | *(é)-(h₁)soyto, *(é)-(h₁)soyh₁o |
1st dual | *(é)-(h₁)sowosdʰh₂ | *(é)-(h₁)sowedʰh₂ | — | *(é)-(h₁)sōwosdʰh₂ | *(é)-(h₁)soywedʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *(é)-(h₁)somosdʰh₂ | *(é)-(h₁)somedʰh₂ | — | *(é)-(h₁)sōmosdʰh₂ | *(é)-(h₁)soymedʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *(é)-(h₁)sedʰh₂we | *(é)-(h₁)sedʰh₂we | *(é)-(h₁)sedʰh₂we | *(é)-(h₁)sēdʰh₂we | *(é)-(h₁)soydʰh₂we |
3rd plural | *(é)-(h₁)soror, *(é)-(h₁)sontor | *(é)-(h₁)soro, *(é)-(h₁)sonto | *? | *(é)-(h₁)sōror, *(é)-(h₁)sōntor | *(é)-(h₁)soyro, *(é)-(h₁)soyh₁n̥to |
Participle | *(é)-(h₁)somnos |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-(o)-h₂ n
- Creates collective nouns, which refer to groups or sets.
Inflection
[edit]Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(é)-(o)-h₂ | ||
genitive | *(∅)-(∅)-és | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(é)-(o)-h₂ | — | — |
vocative | *(é)-(o)-h₂ | — | — |
accusative | *(é)-(o)-h₂ | — | — |
genitive | *(∅)-(∅)-és | — | — |
ablative | *(∅)-(∅)-és | — | — |
dative | *(∅)-(∅)-éy | — | — |
locative | *(∅)-(é)-, *(∅)-(é)-i | — | — |
instrumental | *(∅)-(∅)-éh₁ | — | — |
Derived terms
[edit]- ⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *-éh₂
- ⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *-ih₂
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*PIE-affixes[1]
- Forms factitive verbs from adjective stems.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, athematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *-h₂ti | ||||
3rd plural | *-h₂énti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *-h₂mi | *-h₂m̥ | — | *-h₂oh₂ | *-h₂yéh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *-h₂si | *-h₂s | *-h₂, *-h₂dʰí | *-h₂esi | *-h₂yéh₁s |
3rd singular | *-h₂ti | *-h₂t | *-h₂tu | *-h₂eti | *-h₂yéh₁t |
1st dual | *-h₂wós | *-h₂wé | — | *-h₂owos | *-h₂ih₁wé |
2nd dual | *-h₂tés | *-h₂tóm | *-h₂tóm | *-h₂etes | *-h₂ih₁tóm |
3rd dual | *-h₂tés | *-h₂tā́m | *-h₂tā́m | *-h₂etes | *-h₂ih₁tā́m |
1st plural | *-h₂mós | *-h₂mé | — | *-h₂omos | *-h₂ih₁mé |
2nd plural | *-h₂té | *-h₂té | *-h₂té | *-h₂ete | *-h₂ih₁té |
3rd plural | *-h₂énti | *-h₂ént | *-h₂éntu | *-h₂onti | *-h₂ih₁ént |
Participle | *-h₂ónts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *-h₂h₂ér | *-h₂h₂é | — | *-h₂oh₂er | *-h₂ih₁h₂é |
2nd singular | *-h₂th₂ér | *-h₂th₂é | *-h₂só | *-h₂eth₂er | *-h₂ih₁th₂é |
3rd singular | *-h₂tór, *-h₂ór | *-h₂tó, *-h₂ó | *? | *-h₂etor | *-h₂ih₁tó, *-h₂ih₁ó |
1st dual | *-h₂wósdʰh₂ | *-h₂wédʰh₂ | — | *-h₂owosdʰh₂ | *-h₂ih₁wédʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *-h₂mósdʰh₂ | *-h₂médʰh₂ | — | *-h₂omosdʰh₂ | *-h₂ih₁médʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *-h₂dʰh₂wé | *-h₂dʰh₂wé | *-h₂dʰh₂wé | *-h₂edʰh₂we | *-h₂ih₁dʰh₂wé |
3rd plural | *-h₂rór, *-h₂n̥tór | *-h₂ró, *-h₂n̥tó | *? | *-h₂oror, *-h₂ontor | *-h₂ih₁ró, *-h₂ih₁n̥tó |
Participle | *-h₂m̥h₁nós |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[4], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternative reconstructions
[edit]Reconstruction
[edit]In literature this morpheme might be referred to as "Hoffmann's suffix". It is often reconstructed with a *h₃ on the basis of the voice assimilation in the word *h₂ábh₃on- < *h₂ep-h₃on- (“river”), although some authorities might also reconstruct an unspecified laryngeal, *H. Sometimes identified with the root *h₃enh₂- (“onerate”).
Suffix
[edit]- Derives adjectives, nouns indicating possession, denoting burden, authority.
Inflection
[edit]Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *-Hō | *-Hénih₂ | |
genitive | *-Hnés | *-Hn̥yéh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-Hō | *-Honh₁(e) | *-Hones |
vocative | *-Hon | *-Honh₁(e) | *-Hones |
accusative | *-Honm̥ | *-Honh₁(e) | *-Honm̥s |
genitive | *-Hnés | *? | *-HnóHom |
ablative | *-Hnés | *? | *-Hn̥mós |
dative | *-Hnéy | *? | *-Hn̥mós |
locative | *-Hén, *-Héni | *? | *-Hn̥sú |
instrumental | *-Hnéh₁ | *? | *-Hn̥mís |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-Hénih₂ | *-Hénih₂h₁(e) | *-Hénih₂es |
vocative | *-Hénih₂ | *-Hénih₂h₁(e) | *-Hénih₂es |
accusative | *-Hénih₂m̥ | *-Hénih₂h₁(e) | *-Hénih₂m̥s |
genitive | *-Hn̥yéh₂s | *? | *-Hn̥yéh₂oHom |
ablative | *-Hn̥yéh₂s | *? | *-Hn̥yéh₂mos |
dative | *-Hn̥yéh₂ey | *? | *-Hn̥yéh₂mos |
locative | *-Hn̥yéh₂, *-Hn̥yéh₂i | *? | *-Hn̥yéh₂su |
instrumental | *-Hn̥yéh₂h₁ | *? | *-Hn̥yéh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-Hon | *-Honih₁ | *-Hō |
vocative | *-Hon | *-Honih₁ | *-Hō |
accusative | *-Hon | *-Honih₁ | *-Hō |
genitive | *-Hnés | *? | *-HnóHom |
ablative | *-Hnés | *? | *-Hn̥mós |
dative | *-Hnéy | *? | *-Hn̥mós |
locative | *-Hén, *-Héni | *? | *-Hn̥sú |
instrumental | *-Hnéh₁ | *? | *-Hn̥mís |
Derived terms
[edit]- *-h₃onh₂-
- *-Hon-o-
- *-i-Hon-
- *-et-Hon-
- *-ti-Hon-
- *-tew-t-Hon-
- Italic:
- Latin: -tūdō
- Italic:
- *-Hon-ih₂, *-Hon-eh₂
- *-i-Hn
- Proto-Germanic: *-į̄
Descendants
[edit]- Hellenic:
- Indo-Iranian:
- Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)
- Indo-Aryan
- Italic:
- Latin: -ō (see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From *-nós. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Suffix
[edit]*PIE-affixes
- Creates adjectives of materials.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *-iHnos | *-iHneh₂ | |
genitive | *-iHnosyo | *-iHneh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-iHnos | *-iHnoh₁ | *-iHnoes |
vocative | *-iHne | *-iHnoh₁ | *-iHnoes |
accusative | *-iHnom | *-iHnoh₁ | *-iHnoms |
genitive | *-iHnosyo | *? | *-iHnoHom |
ablative | *-iHnead | *? | *-iHnomos |
dative | *-iHnoey | *? | *-iHnomos |
locative | *-iHney, *-iHnoy | *? | *-iHnoysu |
instrumental | *-iHnoh₁ | *? | *-iHnōys |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-iHneh₂ | *-iHneh₂h₁(e) | *-iHneh₂es |
vocative | *-iHneh₂ | *-iHneh₂h₁(e) | *-iHneh₂es |
accusative | *-iHnām | *-iHneh₂h₁(e) | *-iHneh₂m̥s |
genitive | *-iHneh₂s | *? | *-iHneh₂oHom |
ablative | *-iHneh₂s | *? | *-iHneh₂mos |
dative | *-iHneh₂ey | *? | *-iHneh₂mos |
locative | *-iHneh₂, *-iHneh₂i | *? | *-iHneh₂su |
instrumental | *-iHneh₂h₁ | *? | *-iHneh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-iHnom | *-iHnoy(h₁) | *-iHneh₂ |
vocative | *-iHnom | *-iHnoy(h₁) | *-iHneh₂ |
accusative | *-iHnom | *-iHnoy(h₁) | *-iHneh₂ |
genitive | *-iHnosyo | *? | *-iHnoHom |
ablative | *-iHnead | *? | *-iHnomos |
dative | *-iHnoey | *? | *-iHnomos |
locative | *-iHney, *-iHnoy | *? | *-iHnoysu |
instrumental | *-iHnoh₁ | *? | *-iHnōys |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-īˀnas
- Proto-Celtic: *-īnos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *-īnaz (adjective of material) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -ινος (-inos) (forms adjectives with the sense of 'of or pertaining to', including adjectives of material)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-iHnas
- Proto-Italic: *-īnos (see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]- For Greek, Moulton and Howard, page 359.
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*PIE-affixes
- Characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *-iskos | *-iskeh₂ | |
genitive | *-iskosyo | *-iskeh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-iskos | *-iskoh₁ | *-iskoes |
vocative | *-iske | *-iskoh₁ | *-iskoes |
accusative | *-iskom | *-iskoh₁ | *-iskoms |
genitive | *-iskosyo | *? | *-iskoHom |
ablative | *-iskead | *? | *-iskomos |
dative | *-iskoey | *? | *-iskomos |
locative | *-iskey, *-iskoy | *? | *-iskoysu |
instrumental | *-iskoh₁ | *? | *-iskōys |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-iskeh₂ | *-iskeh₂h₁(e) | *-iskeh₂es |
vocative | *-iskeh₂ | *-iskeh₂h₁(e) | *-iskeh₂es |
accusative | *-iskām | *-iskeh₂h₁(e) | *-iskeh₂m̥s |
genitive | *-iskeh₂s | *? | *-iskeh₂oHom |
ablative | *-iskeh₂s | *? | *-iskeh₂mos |
dative | *-iskeh₂ey | *? | *-iskeh₂mos |
locative | *-iskeh₂, *-iskeh₂i | *? | *-iskeh₂su |
instrumental | *-iskeh₂h₁ | *? | *-iskeh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-iskom | *-iskoy(h₁) | *-iskeh₂ |
vocative | *-iskom | *-iskoy(h₁) | *-iskeh₂ |
accusative | *-iskom | *-iskoy(h₁) | *-iskeh₂ |
genitive | *-iskosyo | *? | *-iskoHom |
ablative | *-iskead | *? | *-iskomos |
dative | *-iskoey | *? | *-iskomos |
locative | *-iskey, *-iskoy | *? | *-iskoysu |
instrumental | *-iskoh₁ | *? | *-iskōys |
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-iškas (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *-iskaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-iskos
- Ancient Greek: -ῐ́σκος (-ískos)
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]See *kʷis.
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. This says nothing about where this term came from
Conjunction
[edit]*PIE-affixes
- and
- *h₂ówis *h₁éḱwōskʷe ― the sheep and the horses (literally, “[the] sheep [the] horses-and”)
- Antonym: *-wē (“or”)
- Forms distributives from interrogatives.
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian: *dže
- Albanian: dhe
- Proto-Anatolian: *-ku[4]
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: -եք (-ekʻ)
- Proto-Celtic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *-hw (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-kʷe
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ča (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *-kʷe[5] (see there for further descendants)
- Phrygian: κε (ke)
- (perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tśe[6]
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *es-ke
References
[edit]- ^ Clackson, James, Indo-European Word Formation: Proceedings from the International Conference, 2002
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 111
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[5], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 63
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 559-561
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 506
- ^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “s-, -s”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)[6] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 276
- Wikander, Ola (2008) Ett träd med vida grenar: de indoeuropeiska språkens historia (in Swedish), Stockholm: Prisma, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Related to the following masculine suffixes:
- *-mḗn (< **-mens) (e.g. Ancient Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”)).
- *-mō (< **-mons) (e.g. Latin sermō, Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn), Sanskrit अश्मन् (áśman)).
See also *-h₃onh₂-.
Suffix
[edit]*(é)-mn̥ n
- Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.
Inflection
[edit]Athematic, proterokinetic | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
singular | collective | |||
nominative | *(é)-mn̥ | *(é)-mō | ||
genitive | *(Ø)-méns | *(Ø)-m̥nés | ||
singular | dual | plural | collective | |
nominative | *(é)-mn̥ | *(é)-m̥nih₁ | — | *(é)-mō |
vocative | *(é)-mn̥ | *(é)-m̥nih₁ | — | *(é)-mō |
accusative | *(é)-mn̥ | *(é)-m̥nih₁ | — | *(é)-mō |
genitive | *(Ø)-méns | *? | — | *(Ø)-m̥nés |
ablative | *(Ø)-méns | *? | — | *(Ø)-m̥nés |
dative | *(Ø)-méney | *? | — | *(Ø)-m̥néy |
locative | *(Ø)-mén, *(Ø)-méni | *? | — | *(Ø)-mén, *(Ø)-méni |
instrumental | *(Ø)-ménh₁ | *? | — | *(Ø)-m̥néh₁ |
Derived terms
[edit]- *-mn-o-
- *-mn̥-to-
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian: *-mā
- Albanian: -më
- Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-men, *-min
- Proto-Celtic: *-man, *-sman
- Proto-Germanic: *-mô (merged with *-mō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-mə
- Ancient Greek: -μᾰ (-ma)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-men
- Ancient Greek: -μεν (-men) (Epic infinitive ending)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ma (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *-mən
- Latin: -men
References
[edit]- Parvaz Karanjia, Ramiyar. Teach yourself Avesta. A beginner's guide to the script, grammar & language of the Zoroastrian scriptural texts. 2011, p. 40 (pdf online).
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(ó)-mos m
- Creates action/result nouns from verb stems.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(ó)-mos | ||
genitive | *(ó)-mosyo | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(ó)-mos | *(ó)-moh₁ | *(ó)-moes |
vocative | *(ó)-me | *(ó)-moh₁ | *(ó)-moes |
accusative | *(ó)-mom | *(ó)-moh₁ | *(ó)-moms |
genitive | *(ó)-mosyo | *? | *(ó)-moHom |
ablative | *(ó)-mead | *? | *(ó)-momos |
dative | *(ó)-moey | *? | *(ó)-momos |
locative | *(ó)-mey, *(ó)-moy | *? | *(ó)-moysu |
instrumental | *(ó)-moh₁ | *? | *(ó)-mōys |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-mas
- Proto-Celtic: *-mus (with a change to u-stem declension)
- Proto-Germanic: some of the a-stem nouns
- Hellenic:
- Italic:
- Latin: -mus
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-mós m
- Creates action/result nouns from verb stems.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(Ø)-mós | ||
genitive | *(Ø)-mósyo | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(Ø)-mós | *(Ø)-móh₁ | *(Ø)-móes |
vocative | *(Ø)-mé | *(Ø)-móh₁ | *(Ø)-móes |
accusative | *(Ø)-móm | *(Ø)-móh₁ | *(Ø)-móms |
genitive | *(Ø)-mósyo | *? | *(Ø)-móHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-méad | *? | *(Ø)-mómos |
dative | *(Ø)-móey | *? | *(Ø)-mómos |
locative | *(Ø)-méy, *(Ø)-móy | *? | *(Ø)-móysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-móh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-mṓys |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Germanic: some of the a-stem nouns
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-néwti
- Forms transitive imperfective verbs from roots.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, athematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(Ø)-néwti | ||||
3rd plural | *(Ø)-n̥wénti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(Ø)-néwmi | *(Ø)-nḗm | — | *(Ø)-néwoh₂ | *(Ø)-nuyéh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(Ø)-néwsi | *(Ø)-néws | *(Ø)-néw, *(Ø)-nudʰí | *(Ø)-néwesi | *(Ø)-nuyéh₁s |
3rd singular | *(Ø)-néwti | *(Ø)-néwt | *(Ø)-néwtu | *(Ø)-néweti | *(Ø)-nuyéh₁t |
1st dual | *(Ø)-nuwós | *(Ø)-nuwé | — | *(Ø)-néwowos | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁wé |
2nd dual | *(Ø)-nutés | *(Ø)-nutóm | *(Ø)-nutóm | *(Ø)-néwetes | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁tóm |
3rd dual | *(Ø)-nutés | *(Ø)-nutā́m | *(Ø)-nutā́m | *(Ø)-néwetes | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁tā́m |
1st plural | *(Ø)-numós | *(Ø)-numé | — | *(Ø)-néwomos | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁mé |
2nd plural | *(Ø)-nuté | *(Ø)-nuté | *(Ø)-nuté | *(Ø)-néwete | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁té |
3rd plural | *(Ø)-n̥wénti | *(Ø)-n̥wént | *(Ø)-n̥wéntu | *(Ø)-néwonti | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁ént |
Participle | *(Ø)-n̥wónts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(Ø)-nuh₂ér | *(Ø)-nuh₂é | — | *(Ø)-néwoh₂er | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁h₂é |
2nd singular | *(Ø)-nuth₂ér | *(Ø)-nuth₂é | *(Ø)-nusó | *(Ø)-néweth₂er | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁th₂é |
3rd singular | *(Ø)-nutór, *(Ø)-n̥wór | *(Ø)-nutó, *(Ø)-n̥wó | *? | *(Ø)-néwetor | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁tó, *(Ø)-n̥wih₁ó |
1st dual | *(Ø)-nuwósdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-nuwédʰh₂ | — | *(Ø)-néwowosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁wédʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *(Ø)-numósdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-numédʰh₂ | — | *(Ø)-néwomosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁médʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *(Ø)-nudʰh₂wé | *(Ø)-nudʰh₂wé | *(Ø)-nudʰh₂wé | *(Ø)-néwedʰh₂we | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁dʰh₂wé |
3rd plural | *(Ø)-nurór, *(Ø)-n̥wn̥tór | *(Ø)-nuró, *(Ø)-n̥wn̥tó | *? | *(Ø)-néworor, *(Ø)-néwontor | *(Ø)-n̥wih₁ró, *(Ø)-n̥wih₁n̥tó |
Participle | *(Ø)-n̥wm̥h₁nós |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Anatolian: *-nū́di (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-neumi
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-náwti
See also
[edit]Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-nós[1]
- Creates verbal adjectives from roots.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *(Ø)-nós | *(Ø)-néh₂ | |
genitive | *(Ø)-nósyo | *(Ø)-néh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-nós | *(Ø)-nóh₁ | *(Ø)-nóes |
vocative | *(Ø)-né | *(Ø)-nóh₁ | *(Ø)-nóes |
accusative | *(Ø)-nóm | *(Ø)-nóh₁ | *(Ø)-nóms |
genitive | *(Ø)-nósyo | *? | *(Ø)-nóHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-néad | *? | *(Ø)-nómos |
dative | *(Ø)-nóey | *? | *(Ø)-nómos |
locative | *(Ø)-néy, *(Ø)-nóy | *? | *(Ø)-nóysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-nóh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-nṓys |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-néh₂ | *(Ø)-néh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-néh₂es |
vocative | *(Ø)-néh₂ | *(Ø)-néh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-néh₂es |
accusative | *(Ø)-nā́m | *(Ø)-néh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-néh₂m̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-néh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-néh₂oHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-néh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-néh₂mos |
dative | *(Ø)-néh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-néh₂mos |
locative | *(Ø)-néh₂, *(Ø)-néh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-néh₂su |
instrumental | *(Ø)-néh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-néh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-nóm | *(Ø)-nóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-néh₂ |
vocative | *(Ø)-nóm | *(Ø)-nóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-néh₂ |
accusative | *(Ø)-nóm | *(Ø)-nóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-néh₂ |
genitive | *(Ø)-nósyo | *? | *(Ø)-nóHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-néad | *? | *(Ø)-nómos |
dative | *(Ø)-nóey | *? | *(Ø)-nómos |
locative | *(Ø)-néy, *(Ø)-nóy | *? | *(Ø)-nóysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-nóh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-nṓys |
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-nas, *-inas
- Proto-Germanic: *-anaz (all strong past participles)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-nos
- Ancient Greek: -νος (-nos)
- Proto-Italic: *-nos
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-nás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Albanian: *-njā
- Albanian: -një
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[7], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-os n
- Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.
Inflection
[edit]Athematic, acrostatic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(é)-os | ||
genitive | *(é)-esos | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(é)-os | *(é)-esih₁ | *(é)-ōs |
vocative | *(é)-os | *(é)-esih₁ | *(é)-ōs |
accusative | *(é)-os | *(é)-esih₁ | *(é)-ōs |
genitive | *(é)-esos | *? | *(é)-esoHom |
ablative | *(é)-esos | *? | *(é)-esmos |
dative | *(é)-esey | *? | *(é)-esmos |
locative | *(é)-es, *(é)-esi | *? | *(é)-esu |
instrumental | *(é)-esh₁ | *? | *(é)-esmis |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Celtic: *-os (s-stem nouns)
- Proto-Germanic: *-az (z-stem nouns)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-os (s-stem nouns)
- Ancient Greek: -ος (-os)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-ehen (< alternative locative form *-esen)
- Ancient Greek: -ειν (-ein)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-a
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-as
- Proto-Italic: *-os
- Proto-Italic: *-ezi (< locative ending *-esi)
- Proto-Albanian: *-ʉh
- Illyrian: *-urio
Suffix
[edit]*(ó)-os m
- Creates nouns from verb stems denoting the performance or result of that verb.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(ó)-os | ||
genitive | *(ó)-osyo | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(ó)-os | *(ó)-oh₁ | *(ó)-oes |
vocative | *(ó)-e | *(ó)-oh₁ | *(ó)-oes |
accusative | *(ó)-om | *(ó)-oh₁ | *(ó)-oms |
genitive | *(ó)-osyo | *? | *(ó)-oHom |
ablative | *(ó)-ead | *? | *(ó)-omos |
dative | *(ó)-oey | *? | *(ó)-omos |
locative | *(ó)-ey, *(ó)-oy | *? | *(ó)-oysu |
instrumental | *(ó)-oh₁ | *? | *(ó)-ōys |
Reconstruction notes
[edit]This type of thematic action noun, with stress on the first o-grade vowel, is known as the τόμος (tómos)-type nouns in the literature.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Anatolian:
- Hittite: a-stem nouns
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: o-stem nouns
- Proto-Celtic: *-os (causative/iterative verbal noun suffix)
- Proto-Germanic: a-stem nouns
- Proto-Hellenic: o-stem nouns
- Ancient Greek: τόμος-type nouns
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: a-stem nouns
- Proto-Italic: o-stem nouns
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(o)-ós m
- Creates agent nouns from verb stems, denoting someone or something that performs that verb's action.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(o)-ós | ||
genitive | *(o)-ósyo | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(o)-ós | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óes |
vocative | *(o)-é | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óes |
accusative | *(o)-óm | *(o)-óh₁ | *(o)-óms |
genitive | *(o)-ósyo | *? | *(o)-óHom |
ablative | *(o)-éad | *? | *(o)-ómos |
dative | *(o)-óey | *? | *(o)-ómos |
locative | *(o)-éy, *(o)-óy | *? | *(o)-óysu |
instrumental | *(o)-óh₁ | *? | *(o)-ṓys |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Celtic: *-yos (agent noun suffix)
- Proto-Germanic: some of the a-stem nouns
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternate Reconstructions
[edit]- *(é)-ōs ~ *(é)-es-os (acrostatic)[1]
Etymology
[edit]From *(é)-os-s from *(é)-os (neuter s-stem) + *-s (non-neuter nominative), with simplification of the geminate consonant /s/ and compensatory lengthening. Compare *-yōs.
Suffix
[edit]*(é)-ōs m or f
- Creates masculine and feminine action nouns or result nouns from verbs.
Usage notes
[edit]The use of *-ōs as a derivational suffix to form nouns is supported by very limited evidence in Proto-Indo-European or any descendants other than Latin (where -or, -ōris became a somewhat common means of deriving masculine abstract nouns from the stems of verbs or occasionally adjectives) and descendants of Latin.
Inflection
[edit]Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(é)-ōs | ||
genitive | *(Ø)-sés | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(é)-ōs | *(é)-osh₁(e) | *(é)-oses |
vocative | *(é)-os | *(é)-osh₁(e) | *(é)-oses |
accusative | *(é)-osm̥ | *(é)-osh₁(e) | *(é)-osm̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-sés | *? | *(Ø)-sóHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-sés | *? | *(Ø)-smós |
dative | *(Ø)-séy | *? | *(Ø)-smós |
locative | *(Ø)-és, *(Ø)-ési | *? | *(Ø)-sú |
instrumental | *(Ø)-séh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-smís |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 309
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From *-yéti (factitive verbal suffix).
Suffix
[edit]*PIE-affixes
- Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, thematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *-oyéti | ||||
3rd plural | *-oyónti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *-oyóh₂ | *-oyóm | — | *-oyṓh₂ | *-oyóyh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *-oyési | *-oyés | *-oyé | *-oyḗsi | *-oyóys |
3rd singular | *-oyéti | *-oyét | *-oyétu | *-oyḗti | *-oyóyt |
1st dual | *-oyówos | *-oyówe | — | *-oyṓwos | *-oyóywe |
2nd dual | *-oyétes | *-oyétom | *-oyétom | *-oyḗtes | *-oyóytom |
3rd dual | *-oyétes | *-oyétām | *-oyétām | *-oyḗtes | *-oyóytām |
1st plural | *-oyómos | *-oyóme | — | *-oyṓmos | *-oyóyme |
2nd plural | *-oyéte | *-oyéte | *-oyéte | *-oyḗte | *-oyóyte |
3rd plural | *-oyónti | *-oyónt | *-oyóntu | *-oyṓnti | *-oyóyh₁n̥t |
Participle | *-oyónts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *-oyóh₂er | *-oyóh₂e | — | *-oyṓh₂er | *-oyóyh₂e |
2nd singular | *-oyéth₂er | *-oyéth₂e | *-oyéso | *-oyḗth₂er | *-oyóyth₂e |
3rd singular | *-oyétor | *-oyéto | *? | *-oyḗtor | *-oyóyto, *-oyóyh₁o |
1st dual | *-oyówosdʰh₂ | *-oyówedʰh₂ | — | *-oyṓwosdʰh₂ | *-oyóywedʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *-oyómosdʰh₂ | *-oyómedʰh₂ | — | *-oyṓmosdʰh₂ | *-oyóymedʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *-oyédʰh₂we | *-oyédʰh₂we | *-oyédʰh₂we | *-oyḗdʰh₂we | *-oyóydʰh₂we |
3rd plural | *-oyóror, *-oyóntor | *-oyóro, *-oyónto | *? | *-oyṓror, *-oyṓntor | *-oyóyro, *-oyóyh₁n̥to |
Participle | *-oyómnos |
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Anatolian: *-oyéti
- Hittite: -𒀀𒀀𒄑𒍣 (-a-a-iz-zi /-āitsi/)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *-āną (< *-ajaną) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-óyō?
- Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō)
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-rós[1]
- Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *(Ø)-rós | *(Ø)-réh₂ | |
genitive | *(Ø)-rósyo | *(Ø)-réh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-rós | *(Ø)-róh₁ | *(Ø)-róes |
vocative | *(Ø)-ré | *(Ø)-róh₁ | *(Ø)-róes |
accusative | *(Ø)-róm | *(Ø)-róh₁ | *(Ø)-róms |
genitive | *(Ø)-rósyo | *? | *(Ø)-róHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-réad | *? | *(Ø)-rómos |
dative | *(Ø)-róey | *? | *(Ø)-rómos |
locative | *(Ø)-réy, *(Ø)-róy | *? | *(Ø)-róysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-róh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-rṓys |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-réh₂ | *(Ø)-réh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-réh₂es |
vocative | *(Ø)-réh₂ | *(Ø)-réh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-réh₂es |
accusative | *(Ø)-rā́m | *(Ø)-réh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-réh₂m̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-réh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-réh₂oHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-réh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-réh₂mos |
dative | *(Ø)-réh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-réh₂mos |
locative | *(Ø)-réh₂, *(Ø)-réh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-réh₂su |
instrumental | *(Ø)-réh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-réh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-róm | *(Ø)-róy(h₁) | *(Ø)-réh₂ |
vocative | *(Ø)-róm | *(Ø)-róy(h₁) | *(Ø)-réh₂ |
accusative | *(Ø)-róm | *(Ø)-róy(h₁) | *(Ø)-réh₂ |
genitive | *(Ø)-rósyo | *? | *(Ø)-róHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-réad | *? | *(Ø)-rómos |
dative | *(Ø)-róey | *? | *(Ø)-rómos |
locative | *(Ø)-réy, *(Ø)-róy | *? | *(Ø)-róysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-róh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-rṓys |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian: *-ra
- Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: -ար (-ar)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ras
- Proto-Celtic: *-ros
- Proto-Germanic: *-raz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-rós
- Ancient Greek: -ρός (-rós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-rás
- Proto-Italic: *-ros
- Latin: -er (after a consonant), -rus
- Proto-Tocharian: *-re
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[8], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-seti[1]
- Forms primary verbs.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, thematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(é)-seti | ||||
3rd plural | *(é)-sonti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(é)-soh₂ | *(é)-som | — | *(é)-sōh₂ | *(é)-soyh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(é)-sesi | *(é)-ses | *(é)-se | *(é)-sēsi | *(é)-soys |
3rd singular | *(é)-seti | *(é)-set | *(é)-setu | *(é)-sēti | *(é)-soyt |
1st dual | *(é)-sowos | *(é)-sowe | — | *(é)-sōwos | *(é)-soywe |
2nd dual | *(é)-setes | *(é)-setom | *(é)-setom | *(é)-sētes | *(é)-soytom |
3rd dual | *(é)-setes | *(é)-setām | *(é)-setām | *(é)-sētes | *(é)-soytām |
1st plural | *(é)-somos | *(é)-some | — | *(é)-sōmos | *(é)-soyme |
2nd plural | *(é)-sete | *(é)-sete | *(é)-sete | *(é)-sēte | *(é)-soyte |
3rd plural | *(é)-sonti | *(é)-sont | *(é)-sontu | *(é)-sōnti | *(é)-soyh₁n̥t |
Participle | *(é)-sonts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(é)-soh₂er | *(é)-soh₂e | — | *(é)-sōh₂er | *(é)-soyh₂e |
2nd singular | *(é)-seth₂er | *(é)-seth₂e | *(é)-seso | *(é)-sēth₂er | *(é)-soyth₂e |
3rd singular | *(é)-setor | *(é)-seto | *? | *(é)-sētor | *(é)-soyto, *(é)-soyh₁o |
1st dual | *(é)-sowosdʰh₂ | *(é)-sowedʰh₂ | — | *(é)-sōwosdʰh₂ | *(é)-soywedʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *(é)-somosdʰh₂ | *(é)-somedʰh₂ | — | *(é)-sōmosdʰh₂ | *(é)-soymedʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *(é)-sedʰh₂we | *(é)-sedʰh₂we | *(é)-sedʰh₂we | *(é)-sēdʰh₂we | *(é)-soydʰh₂we |
3rd plural | *(é)-soror, *(é)-sontor | *(é)-soro, *(é)-sonto | *? | *(é)-sōror, *(é)-sōntor | *(é)-soyro, *(é)-soyh₁n̥to |
Participle | *(é)-somnos |
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[9], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-sḱéti
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, thematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(Ø)-sḱéti | ||||
3rd plural | *(Ø)-sḱónti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(Ø)-sḱóh₂ | *(Ø)-sḱóm | — | *(Ø)-sḱṓh₂ | *(Ø)-sḱóyh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(Ø)-sḱési | *(Ø)-sḱés | *(Ø)-sḱé | *(Ø)-sḱḗsi | *(Ø)-sḱóys |
3rd singular | *(Ø)-sḱéti | *(Ø)-sḱét | *(Ø)-sḱétu | *(Ø)-sḱḗti | *(Ø)-sḱóyt |
1st dual | *(Ø)-sḱówos | *(Ø)-sḱówe | — | *(Ø)-sḱṓwos | *(Ø)-sḱóywe |
2nd dual | *(Ø)-sḱétes | *(Ø)-sḱétom | *(Ø)-sḱétom | *(Ø)-sḱḗtes | *(Ø)-sḱóytom |
3rd dual | *(Ø)-sḱétes | *(Ø)-sḱétām | *(Ø)-sḱétām | *(Ø)-sḱḗtes | *(Ø)-sḱóytām |
1st plural | *(Ø)-sḱómos | *(Ø)-sḱóme | — | *(Ø)-sḱṓmos | *(Ø)-sḱóyme |
2nd plural | *(Ø)-sḱéte | *(Ø)-sḱéte | *(Ø)-sḱéte | *(Ø)-sḱḗte | *(Ø)-sḱóyte |
3rd plural | *(Ø)-sḱónti | *(Ø)-sḱónt | *(Ø)-sḱóntu | *(Ø)-sḱṓnti | *(Ø)-sḱóyh₁n̥t |
Participle | *(Ø)-sḱónts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(Ø)-sḱóh₂er | *(Ø)-sḱóh₂e | — | *(Ø)-sḱṓh₂er | *(Ø)-sḱóyh₂e |
2nd singular | *(Ø)-sḱéth₂er | *(Ø)-sḱéth₂e | *(Ø)-sḱéso | *(Ø)-sḱḗth₂er | *(Ø)-sḱóyth₂e |
3rd singular | *(Ø)-sḱétor | *(Ø)-sḱéto | *? | *(Ø)-sḱḗtor | *(Ø)-sḱóyto, *(Ø)-sḱóyh₁o |
1st dual | *(Ø)-sḱówosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-sḱówedʰh₂ | — | *(Ø)-sḱṓwosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-sḱóywedʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *(Ø)-sḱómosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-sḱómedʰh₂ | — | *(Ø)-sḱṓmosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-sḱóymedʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *(Ø)-sḱédʰh₂we | *(Ø)-sḱédʰh₂we | *(Ø)-sḱédʰh₂we | *(Ø)-sḱḗdʰh₂we | *(Ø)-sḱóydʰh₂we |
3rd plural | *(Ø)-sḱóror, *(Ø)-sḱóntor | *(Ø)-sḱóro, *(Ø)-sḱónto | *? | *(Ø)-sḱṓror, *(Ø)-sḱṓntor | *(Ø)-sḱóyro, *(Ø)-sḱóyh₁n̥to |
Participle | *(Ø)-sḱómnos |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian: *-ska
- Albanian: -h
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: -ց- (-cʻ-)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-skō
- Ancient Greek: -σκω (-skō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-sćáti
- Proto-Italic: *-skō
References
[edit]- Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 90
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(ḗ)-st
- Forms perfective verbs from roots.
Inflection
[edit]Perfective, athematic | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(ḗ)-st | |||
3rd plural | *(é)-sn̥t | |||
Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(ḗ)-sm̥ | — | *(ḗ)-soh₂ | *(é)-syeh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(ḗ)-s | *(ḗ)-s, *(é)-sdʰi | *(ḗ)-sesi | *(é)-syeh₁s |
3rd singular | *(ḗ)-st | *(ḗ)-stu | *(ḗ)-seti | *(é)-syeh₁t |
1st dual | *(é)-swe | — | *(ḗ)-sowos | *(é)-sih₁we |
2nd dual | *(é)-stom | *(é)-stom | *(ḗ)-setes | *(é)-sih₁tom |
3rd dual | *(é)-stām | *(é)-stām | *(ḗ)-setes | *(é)-sih₁tām |
1st plural | *(é)-sme | — | *(ḗ)-somos | *(é)-sih₁me |
2nd plural | *(é)-ste | *(é)-ste | *(ḗ)-sete | *(é)-sih₁te |
3rd plural | *(é)-sn̥t | *(é)-sn̥tu | *(ḗ)-sonti | *(é)-sih₁n̥t |
Participle | *(é)-sn̥ts | |||
Middle voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(é)-sh₂e | — | *(ḗ)-soh₂er | *(é)-sih₁h₂e |
2nd singular | *(é)-sth₂e | *(é)-so | *(ḗ)-seth₂er | *(é)-sih₁th₂e |
3rd singular | *(é)-sto, *(é)-so | *? | *(ḗ)-setor | *(é)-sih₁to, *(é)-sih₁o |
1st dual | *(é)-swedʰh₂ | — | *(ḗ)-sowosdʰh₂ | *(é)-sih₁wedʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *(é)-smedʰh₂ | — | *(ḗ)-somosdʰh₂ | *(é)-sih₁medʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *(é)-sdʰh₂we | *(é)-sdʰh₂we | *(ḗ)-sedʰh₂we | *(é)-sih₁dʰh₂we |
3rd plural | *(é)-sro, *(é)-sn̥to | *? | *(ḗ)-soror, *(ḗ)-sontor | *(é)-sih₁ro, *(é)-sih₁n̥to |
Participle | *(é)-sm̥h₁nos |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Proto-Indo-European
[edit](Can we add an example for this sense?)
Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*PIE-affixes f
- Used to form nouns representing state of being
Inflection
[edit]Thematic in *-eh₂ | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *-teh₂ | ||
genitive | *-teh₂s | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *-teh₂ | — | — |
vocative | *-teh₂ | — | — |
accusative | *-tām | — | — |
genitive | *-teh₂s | — | — |
ablative | *-teh₂s | — | — |
dative | *-teh₂ey | — | — |
locative | *-teh₂, *-teh₂i | — | — |
instrumental | *-teh₂h₁ | — | — |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*PIE-affixes f
- Used to form nouns representing state of being
Inflection
[edit]Athematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *-teh₂ts | ||
genitive | *-teh₂tés | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *-teh₂ts | *-teh₂th₁(e) | *-teh₂tes |
vocative | *-teh₂t | *-teh₂th₁(e) | *-teh₂tes |
accusative | *-teh₂tm̥ | *-teh₂th₁(e) | *-teh₂tm̥s |
genitive | *-teh₂tés | *? | *-teh₂tóHom |
ablative | *-teh₂tés | *? | *-teh₂tmós |
dative | *-teh₂téy | *? | *-teh₂tmós |
locative | *-teh₂t, *-teh₂ti | *? | *-teh₂tsú |
instrumental | *-teh₂téh₁ | *? | *-teh₂tmís |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Hellenic: *-tāts
- Ancient Greek: -της (-tēs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taHtiš
- Proto-Italic: *-tāts (see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[15], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 62
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-tḗr m
- Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something whose role or purpose it is to perform the verb's action.
Inflection
[edit]Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(Ø)-tḗr | ||
genitive | *(Ø)-trés | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(Ø)-tḗr | *(Ø)-térh₁(e) | *(Ø)-téres |
vocative | *(Ø)-tér | *(Ø)-térh₁(e) | *(Ø)-téres |
accusative | *(Ø)-térm̥ | *(Ø)-térh₁(e) | *(Ø)-térm̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-trés | *? | *(Ø)-tróHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-trés | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥mós |
dative | *(Ø)-tréy | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥mós |
locative | *(Ø)-tér, *(Ø)-téri | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥sú |
instrumental | *(Ø)-tréh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥mís |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Ancient Greek: -τήρ (-tḗr)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tā́
- Proto-Germanic: the r-stem nouns
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*PIE-affixes
- Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix.
Usage notes
[edit]In Proto-Indo-European, X-teros meant "one which is especially X", "one which is more X than other things", "one which is X as opposed to something else". Compare:
- Sanskrit: उद् (ud) → उत्तर (uttara, “upper”)
- Greek: δεξιός (dexiós, “right”) → δεξιτερός (dexiterós, “right”) (as opposed to "left")
- Latin: māter (“mother”) → mātertera (“maternal aunt”) (literally "the mother one").
In some daughters the suffix was grammaticalized as the marker of a comparative degree in adjectives:
- Greek: γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) → γλυκύτερος (glukúteros, “sweeter”)
In some daughters it attracted various pronominal adjectives (determiners), i.e. words meaning "other":
or possessives:
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *-teros | *-tereh₂ | |
genitive | *-terosyo | *-tereh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-teros | *-teroh₁ | *-teroes |
vocative | *-tere | *-teroh₁ | *-teroes |
accusative | *-terom | *-teroh₁ | *-teroms |
genitive | *-terosyo | *? | *-teroHom |
ablative | *-teread | *? | *-teromos |
dative | *-teroey | *? | *-teromos |
locative | *-terey, *-teroy | *? | *-teroysu |
instrumental | *-teroh₁ | *? | *-terōys |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-tereh₂ | *-tereh₂h₁(e) | *-tereh₂es |
vocative | *-tereh₂ | *-tereh₂h₁(e) | *-tereh₂es |
accusative | *-terām | *-tereh₂h₁(e) | *-tereh₂m̥s |
genitive | *-tereh₂s | *? | *-tereh₂oHom |
ablative | *-tereh₂s | *? | *-tereh₂mos |
dative | *-tereh₂ey | *? | *-tereh₂mos |
locative | *-tereh₂, *-tereh₂i | *? | *-tereh₂su |
instrumental | *-tereh₂h₁ | *? | *-tereh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-terom | *-teroy(h₁) | *-tereh₂ |
vocative | *-terom | *-teroy(h₁) | *-tereh₂ |
accusative | *-terom | *-teroy(h₁) | *-tereh₂ |
genitive | *-terosyo | *? | *-teroHom |
ablative | *-teread | *? | *-teromos |
dative | *-teroey | *? | *-teromos |
locative | *-terey, *-teroy | *? | *-teroysu |
instrumental | *-teroh₁ | *? | *-terōys |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Germanic: *-þeraz, *-drê
- Proto-Hellenic: *-teros
- Proto-Italic: *-teros
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-taras
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Marek Majer (2012), What happened to PIE kʷotero- in Slavic?
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-tis f
- Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.
Inflection
[edit]Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(é)-tis | ||
genitive | *(Ø)-téys | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(é)-tis | *(é)-tih₁(e) | *(é)-teyes |
vocative | *(é)-ti | *(é)-tih₁(e) | *(é)-teyes |
accusative | *(é)-tim | *(é)-tih₁(e) | *(é)-tims |
genitive | *(Ø)-téys | *? | *(Ø)-téyoHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-téys | *? | *(Ø)-tímos |
dative | *(Ø)-téyey | *? | *(Ø)-tímos |
locative | *(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tḗy | *? | *(Ø)-tísu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-tíh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-tímis |
Derived terms
[edit]- *-ti-Hō
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tis, *-tei (infinitive suffix)
- Proto-Celtic: *-tis
- Proto-Germanic: *-þiz (also the variant forms *-diz, *-tiz, *-siz) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-tis
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tiš
- Proto-Italic: *-tis
- Latin: -tim
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*PIE-affixes n
- Alternative form of *-trom
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *-tlom | ||
genitive | *-tlosyo | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *-tlom | *-tloy(h₁) | *-tleh₂ |
vocative | *-tlom | *-tloy(h₁) | *-tleh₂ |
accusative | *-tlom | *-tloy(h₁) | *-tleh₂ |
genitive | *-tlosyo | *? | *-tloHom |
ablative | *-tlead | *? | *-tlomos |
dative | *-tloey | *? | *-tlomos |
locative | *-tley, *-tloy | *? | *-tloysu |
instrumental | *-tloh₁ | *? | *-tlōys |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tla(s)
- Proto-Celtic: *-tlom
- Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz (merged with *-dʰlom via Verner's law) (see there for further descendants)[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *-tlon
- Ancient Greek: -τλον (-tlon)
- Proto-Italic: *-klom
References
[edit]Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-tōr m
- Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.
Inflection
[edit]Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(é)-tōr | ||
genitive | *(Ø)-trés | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(é)-tōr | *(é)-torh₁(e) | *(é)-tores |
vocative | *(é)-tor | *(é)-torh₁(e) | *(é)-tores |
accusative | *(é)-torm̥ | *(é)-torh₁(e) | *(é)-torm̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-trés | *? | *(Ø)-tróHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-trés | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥mós |
dative | *(Ø)-tréy | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥mós |
locative | *(Ø)-tér, *(Ø)-téri | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥sú |
instrumental | *(Ø)-tréh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥mís |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Hellenic: *-tōr
- Ancient Greek: -τωρ (-tōr)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tā
- Proto-Italic: *-tōr
- Latin: -tor (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-tós[1]
- Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *(Ø)-tós | *(Ø)-téh₂ | |
genitive | *(Ø)-tósyo | *(Ø)-téh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-tós | *(Ø)-tóh₁ | *(Ø)-tóes |
vocative | *(Ø)-té | *(Ø)-tóh₁ | *(Ø)-tóes |
accusative | *(Ø)-tóm | *(Ø)-tóh₁ | *(Ø)-tóms |
genitive | *(Ø)-tósyo | *? | *(Ø)-tóHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-téad | *? | *(Ø)-tómos |
dative | *(Ø)-tóey | *? | *(Ø)-tómos |
locative | *(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tóy | *? | *(Ø)-tóysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-tóh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-tṓys |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-téh₂ | *(Ø)-téh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-téh₂es |
vocative | *(Ø)-téh₂ | *(Ø)-téh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-téh₂es |
accusative | *(Ø)-tā́m | *(Ø)-téh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-téh₂m̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-téh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-téh₂oHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-téh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-téh₂mos |
dative | *(Ø)-téh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-téh₂mos |
locative | *(Ø)-téh₂, *(Ø)-téh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-téh₂su |
instrumental | *(Ø)-téh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-téh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-tóm | *(Ø)-tóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-téh₂ |
vocative | *(Ø)-tóm | *(Ø)-tóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-téh₂ |
accusative | *(Ø)-tóm | *(Ø)-tóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-téh₂ |
genitive | *(Ø)-tósyo | *? | *(Ø)-tóHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-téad | *? | *(Ø)-tómos |
dative | *(Ø)-tóey | *? | *(Ø)-tómos |
locative | *(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tóy | *? | *(Ø)-tóysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-tóh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-tṓys |
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tas
- Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (some past passive participles)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-tós
- Ancient Greek: -τός (-tós)
- Proto-Germanic: *-daz (all weak past participles, a few adjectives), *-taz, *-þaz, *-saz (post-consonantal allomorphs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tás, *-dás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *-tos, *-sos (after a dental)
References
[edit]- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[11], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-trih₂ f
- Derives agent nouns from verbs, denoting someone or something who has performed the verb's action.
Inflection
[edit]Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(é)-trih₂ | ||
genitive | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂s | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(é)-trih₂ | *(é)-trih₂h₁(e) | *(é)-trih₂es |
vocative | *(é)-trih₂ | *(é)-trih₂h₁(e) | *(é)-trih₂es |
accusative | *(é)-trih₂m̥ | *(é)-trih₂h₁(e) | *(é)-trih₂m̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂oHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂mos |
dative | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂mos |
locative | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂, *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂su |
instrumental | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-tr̥yéh₂mis |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- *-dʰlom, *-dʰrom (typically occurring with roots ending in *-h₁ or *-h₂. See e.g. Latin fābula from root *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”))
- *-tlom
Etymology
[edit]Thematicized from the zero-grade of *-tḗr.
Originally the neuter gender of some adjective *-tros meaning "of the doer, of doing". Of note is the similar development later exercised by daughter languages (e.g. Latin -tor > -tōrius (“of the doer, of doing”) > -tōrium (“thing/ place of the doer”)).
Suffix
[edit]*(é)-trom n
- Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(é)-trom | ||
genitive | *(é)-trosyo | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(é)-trom | *(é)-troy(h₁) | *(é)-treh₂ |
vocative | *(é)-trom | *(é)-troy(h₁) | *(é)-treh₂ |
accusative | *(é)-trom | *(é)-troy(h₁) | *(é)-treh₂ |
genitive | *(é)-trosyo | *? | *(é)-troHom |
ablative | *(é)-tread | *? | *(é)-tromos |
dative | *(é)-troey | *? | *(é)-tromos |
locative | *(é)-trey, *(é)-troy | *? | *(é)-troysu |
instrumental | *(é)-troh₁ | *? | *(é)-trōys |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Celtic: *-trom
- Proto-Germanic: *-þrą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-tron
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tram
- Proto-Italic: *-trom
- Latin: -trum
References
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[16], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 61
- OLSEN (1989)
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-tus m
- Derives action nouns from verb roots.
Inflection
[edit]Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | |||
nominative | *(é)-tus | ||
genitive | *(Ø)-téws | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *(é)-tus | *(é)-tuh₁(e) | *(é)-tewes |
vocative | *(é)-tu | *(é)-tuh₁(e) | *(é)-tewes |
accusative | *(é)-tum | *(é)-tuh₁(e) | *(é)-tums |
genitive | *(Ø)-téws | *? | *(Ø)-téwoHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-téws | *? | *(Ø)-túmos |
dative | *(Ø)-téwey | *? | *(Ø)-túmos |
locative | *(Ø)-téw, *(Ø)-téwi | *? | *(Ø)-túsu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-túh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-túmis |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tus
- Latvian: -tus
- Lithuanian: -tus
- Proto-Slavic: *-tъ (partially; regularly extended with Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ)
- Proto-Celtic: *-tus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *-þuz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-tús
- Ancient Greek: -τύς (-tús)
- Proto-Italic: *-tus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit: -तुम् (-tum)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-us[1]
- Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.
Inflection
[edit]Older proterokinetic pattern:
Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *(é)-us | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | |
genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(é)-us | *(é)-uh₁(e) | *(é)-ewes |
vocative | *(é)-u | *(é)-uh₁(e) | *(é)-ewes |
accusative | *(é)-um | *(é)-uh₁(e) | *(é)-ums |
genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwoHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-úmos |
dative | *(Ø)-éwey | *? | *(Ø)-úmos |
locative | *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi | *? | *(Ø)-úsu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-úh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-úmis |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂es |
vocative | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂es |
accusative | *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂oHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos |
dative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos |
locative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂, *(Ø)-uyéh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂su |
instrumental | *(Ø)-uyéh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(é)-u | *(é)-wih₁ | *(é)-uh₂ |
vocative | *(é)-u | *(é)-wih₁ | *(é)-uh₂ |
accusative | *(é)-u | *(é)-wih₁ | *(é)-uh₂ |
genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwoHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-úmos |
dative | *(Ø)-éwey | *? | *(Ø)-úmos |
locative | *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi | *? | *(Ø)-úsu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-úh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-úmis |
Later hysterokinetic pattern:[2]
Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *(Ø)-ús | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | |
genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-ús | *(Ø)-úh₁(e) | *(Ø)-úes |
vocative | *(Ø)-ú | *(Ø)-úh₁(e) | *(Ø)-úes |
accusative | *(Ø)-úm | *(Ø)-úh₁(e) | *(Ø)-úms |
genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwoHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwmos |
dative | *(Ø)-éwey | *? | *(Ø)-éwmos |
locative | *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi | *? | *(Ø)-éwsu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-éwh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-éwmis |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂es |
vocative | *(Ø)-éwih₂ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂es |
accusative | *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥ | *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂oHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos |
dative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos |
locative | *(Ø)-uyéh₂, *(Ø)-uyéh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂su |
instrumental | *(Ø)-uyéh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-uyéh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-ú | *(Ø)-úyh₁ | *(Ø)-úh₂ |
vocative | *(Ø)-ú | *(Ø)-úyh₁ | *(Ø)-úh₂ |
accusative | *(Ø)-ú | *(Ø)-úyh₁ | *(Ø)-úh₂ |
genitive | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwoHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-éws | *? | *(Ø)-éwmos |
dative | *(Ø)-éwey | *? | *(Ø)-éwmos |
locative | *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi | *? | *(Ø)-éwsu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-éwh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-éwmis |
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[12], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 27
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Conjunction
[edit]*-we ~ *-wē
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- (possibly) Proto-Germanic: *-u
- Proto-Hellenic: *ḗ-we (< *h₁ḗ-we), *ē-wé (< *h₁ē-wé)[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wā (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *-we[4]
- Latin: -ve
- Proto-Tocharian: *wā[5]
References
[edit]- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ceu”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 112
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “nē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 403-404
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἤ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 507
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-ve”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 656-657
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “wa1”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-wós
- Creates adjectives from verb stems.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *-wós | *-wéh₂ | |
genitive | *-wósyo | *-wéh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-wós | *-wóh₁ | *-wóes |
vocative | *-wé | *-wóh₁ | *-wóes |
accusative | *-wóm | *-wóh₁ | *-wóms |
genitive | *-wósyo | *? | *-wóHom |
ablative | *-wéad | *? | *-wómos |
dative | *-wóey | *? | *-wómos |
locative | *-wéy, *-wóy | *? | *-wóysu |
instrumental | *-wóh₁ | *? | *-wṓys |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-wéh₂ | *-wéh₂h₁(e) | *-wéh₂es |
vocative | *-wéh₂ | *-wéh₂h₁(e) | *-wéh₂es |
accusative | *-wā́m | *-wéh₂h₁(e) | *-wéh₂m̥s |
genitive | *-wéh₂s | *? | *-wéh₂oHom |
ablative | *-wéh₂s | *? | *-wéh₂mos |
dative | *-wéh₂ey | *? | *-wéh₂mos |
locative | *-wéh₂, *-wéh₂i | *? | *-wéh₂su |
instrumental | *-wéh₂h₁ | *? | *-wéh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-wóm | *-wóy(h₁) | *-wéh₂ |
vocative | *-wóm | *-wóy(h₁) | *-wéh₂ |
accusative | *-wóm | *-wóy(h₁) | *-wéh₂ |
genitive | *-wósyo | *? | *-wóHom |
ablative | *-wéad | *? | *-wómos |
dative | *-wóey | *? | *-wómos |
locative | *-wéy, *-wóy | *? | *-wóysu |
instrumental | *-wóh₁ | *? | *-wṓys |
Derived terms
[edit]- *-iHwós
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-was
- Proto-Germanic: *-waz
- Proto-Celtic: *-wos
- Proto-Hellenic: *-wós
- Ancient Greek: -ός (-ós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-wás
- Proto-Italic: *-wos
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-yéh₁- (oblique stem *(Ø)-ih₁-)
- Forms the optative mood of verbs.
Usage notes
[edit]This suffix was a derivational suffix in early PIE, like for example *-sḱéti. It was affixed directly to roots in the zero grade rather than to verb stems, and was not formed to statives.
References
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[17], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 30
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-yeti
- Creates transitive imperfective verbs from roots.
Usage notes
[edit]In many daughter languages, this suffix came to be affixed to stems as well. It was used frequently to convert originally athematic inflections into thematic inflections.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, thematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(é)-yeti | ||||
3rd plural | *(é)-yonti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(é)-yoh₂ | *(é)-yom | — | *(é)-yōh₂ | *(é)-yoyh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(é)-yesi | *(é)-yes | *(é)-ye | *(é)-yēsi | *(é)-yoys |
3rd singular | *(é)-yeti | *(é)-yet | *(é)-yetu | *(é)-yēti | *(é)-yoyt |
1st dual | *(é)-yowos | *(é)-yowe | — | *(é)-yōwos | *(é)-yoywe |
2nd dual | *(é)-yetes | *(é)-yetom | *(é)-yetom | *(é)-yētes | *(é)-yoytom |
3rd dual | *(é)-yetes | *(é)-yetām | *(é)-yetām | *(é)-yētes | *(é)-yoytām |
1st plural | *(é)-yomos | *(é)-yome | — | *(é)-yōmos | *(é)-yoyme |
2nd plural | *(é)-yete | *(é)-yete | *(é)-yete | *(é)-yēte | *(é)-yoyte |
3rd plural | *(é)-yonti | *(é)-yont | *(é)-yontu | *(é)-yōnti | *(é)-yoyh₁n̥t |
Participle | *(é)-yonts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(é)-yoh₂er | *(é)-yoh₂e | — | *(é)-yōh₂er | *(é)-yoyh₂e |
2nd singular | *(é)-yeth₂er | *(é)-yeth₂e | *(é)-yeso | *(é)-yēth₂er | *(é)-yoyth₂e |
3rd singular | *(é)-yetor | *(é)-yeto | *? | *(é)-yētor | *(é)-yoyto, *(é)-yoyh₁o |
1st dual | *(é)-yowosdʰh₂ | *(é)-yowedʰh₂ | — | *(é)-yōwosdʰh₂ | *(é)-yoywedʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *(é)-yomosdʰh₂ | *(é)-yomedʰh₂ | — | *(é)-yōmosdʰh₂ | *(é)-yoymedʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *(é)-yedʰh₂we | *(é)-yedʰh₂we | *(é)-yedʰh₂we | *(é)-yēdʰh₂we | *(é)-yoydʰh₂we |
3rd plural | *(é)-yoror, *(é)-yontor | *(é)-yoro, *(é)-yonto | *? | *(é)-yōror, *(é)-yōntor | *(é)-yoyro, *(é)-yoyh₁n̥to |
Participle | *(é)-yomnos |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: -եմ (-em) (partially)
- Proto-Germanic: *-(i)ja- (j-presents, class 1 weak verbs)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-yō
- Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially, when added to roots, when compounded with *-e- (noun thematic vowel), ie. *-eyé-, when added to s-stem nouns, ie. *-esyé-)
- Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō) (aboriginal ἀρόω (aróō) and new denominative verbs to o-stem nouns)
- Ancient Greek: -πτω (-ptō) (< *-pye-, *-pʰye-)
- Ancient Greek: -σσω (-ssō), -ττω (-ttō) (< *-kye-, *-kʰye-, *-kʷye-, *-kʷʰye-, *-tye-, *-tʰye-, *-gye-)
- Ancient Greek: -ζω (-zō) (< *-gye-, *-gʷye-, *-dye-)
- Ancient Greek: -λλω (-llō) (< *-lye-)
- Ancient Greek: -ιCω (-iCō) (< *-Cye-)
- Italic:
- Latin: -iō (Third conjugation verbs iō-variation)
- Latin: -iō (Fourth conjugation verbs, partially, when compounded with *-i- (noun thematic vowel), ie. *-iyé-, or by later non-inherited fabrications)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yati
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[18], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- "Elements of the Avestan Verb Morphology": https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/idg/iran/avest/avvmorph.htm
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-yéti
- Creates intransitive, often deponent, imperfective verbs from roots.
Inflection
[edit]Imperfective, thematic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3rd singular | *(Ø)-yéti | ||||
3rd plural | *(Ø)-yónti | ||||
Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(Ø)-yóh₂ | *(Ø)-yóm | — | *(Ø)-yṓh₂ | *(Ø)-yóyh₁m̥ |
2nd singular | *(Ø)-yési | *(Ø)-yés | *(Ø)-yé | *(Ø)-yḗsi | *(Ø)-yóys |
3rd singular | *(Ø)-yéti | *(Ø)-yét | *(Ø)-yétu | *(Ø)-yḗti | *(Ø)-yóyt |
1st dual | *(Ø)-yówos | *(Ø)-yówe | — | *(Ø)-yṓwos | *(Ø)-yóywe |
2nd dual | *(Ø)-yétes | *(Ø)-yétom | *(Ø)-yétom | *(Ø)-yḗtes | *(Ø)-yóytom |
3rd dual | *(Ø)-yétes | *(Ø)-yétām | *(Ø)-yétām | *(Ø)-yḗtes | *(Ø)-yóytām |
1st plural | *(Ø)-yómos | *(Ø)-yóme | — | *(Ø)-yṓmos | *(Ø)-yóyme |
2nd plural | *(Ø)-yéte | *(Ø)-yéte | *(Ø)-yéte | *(Ø)-yḗte | *(Ø)-yóyte |
3rd plural | *(Ø)-yónti | *(Ø)-yónt | *(Ø)-yóntu | *(Ø)-yṓnti | *(Ø)-yóyh₁n̥t |
Participle | *(Ø)-yónts | ||||
Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
1st singular | *(Ø)-yóh₂er | *(Ø)-yóh₂e | — | *(Ø)-yṓh₂er | *(Ø)-yóyh₂e |
2nd singular | *(Ø)-yéth₂er | *(Ø)-yéth₂e | *(Ø)-yéso | *(Ø)-yḗth₂er | *(Ø)-yóyth₂e |
3rd singular | *(Ø)-yétor | *(Ø)-yéto | *? | *(Ø)-yḗtor | *(Ø)-yóyto, *(Ø)-yóyh₁o |
1st dual | *(Ø)-yówosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-yówedʰh₂ | — | *(Ø)-yṓwosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-yóywedʰh₂ |
2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
1st plural | *(Ø)-yómosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-yómedʰh₂ | — | *(Ø)-yṓmosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-yóymedʰh₂ |
2nd plural | *(Ø)-yédʰh₂we | *(Ø)-yédʰh₂we | *(Ø)-yédʰh₂we | *(Ø)-yḗdʰh₂we | *(Ø)-yóydʰh₂we |
3rd plural | *(Ø)-yóror, *(Ø)-yóntor | *(Ø)-yóro, *(Ø)-yónto | *? | *(Ø)-yṓror, *(Ø)-yṓntor | *(Ø)-yóyro, *(Ø)-yóyh₁n̥to |
Participle | *(Ø)-yómnos |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Anatolian: *-yéti
- Proto-Germanic: *-(i)janą (j-presents, some class 1 weak verbs)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-yō
- Ancient Greek: -έω (-éō) (partially)
- Ancient Greek: -όω (-óō) (aboriginal ἀρόω (aróō) and new denominative verbs to o-stem nouns)
- Ancient Greek: -πτω (-ptō) (< *-pyé-, *-pʰyé-)
- Ancient Greek: -σσω (-ssō), -ττω (-ttō) (< *-kyé-, *-kʰyé-, *-kʷyé-, *-kʷʰyé-, *-tyé-, *-tʰyé-, *-gyé-)
- Ancient Greek: -ζω (-zō) (< *-gyé-, *-gʷyé-, *-dyé-)
- Ancient Greek: -λλω (-llō) (< *-lyé-)
- Ancient Greek: -ιCω (-iCō) (< *-Cyé-)
- Italic:
- Latin: -iō (Third conjugation verbs iō-variation)
- Latin: -iō (Fourth conjugation verbs, partially)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yáti
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yáti
- Sanskrit: -यति (-yati) (some class 4 verbs, with shift of accent to root, for example: गृध्यति (gṛ́dhyati))
- Sanskrit: -यते (-yate) (some deponent class 4 verbs, with shift of accent to root, for example: जायते (jā́yate), बुध्यते (búdhyate))
- Sanskrit: -यते (-yáte) (passive verbs, for example: क्रियते (kriyáte, “to be done”); and rarely a deponent verb: म्रियते (mriyáte, “to die”))
- Proto-Iranian: *-yáti
- Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (-iieiti) (for example: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vərəziieiti))
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yáti
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[19], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(Ø)-yós[1]
- Creates adjectives from noun stems.
Usage notes
[edit]When affixed to athematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the suffix was stressed and the noun appeared in the oblique stem. When affixed to thematic nouns, the thematic vowel of the noun was dropped; accent remained on the noun stem if the thematic vowel was not originally accented.
Inflection
[edit]Thematic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *(Ø)-yós | *(Ø)-yéh₂ | |
genitive | *(Ø)-yósyo | *(Ø)-yéh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-yós | *(Ø)-yóh₁ | *(Ø)-yóes |
vocative | *(Ø)-yé | *(Ø)-yóh₁ | *(Ø)-yóes |
accusative | *(Ø)-yóm | *(Ø)-yóh₁ | *(Ø)-yóms |
genitive | *(Ø)-yósyo | *? | *(Ø)-yóHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-yéad | *? | *(Ø)-yómos |
dative | *(Ø)-yóey | *? | *(Ø)-yómos |
locative | *(Ø)-yéy, *(Ø)-yóy | *? | *(Ø)-yóysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-yóh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-yṓys |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-yéh₂ | *(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-yéh₂es |
vocative | *(Ø)-yéh₂ | *(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-yéh₂es |
accusative | *(Ø)-yā́m | *(Ø)-yéh₂h₁(e) | *(Ø)-yéh₂m̥s |
genitive | *(Ø)-yéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-yéh₂oHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-yéh₂s | *? | *(Ø)-yéh₂mos |
dative | *(Ø)-yéh₂ey | *? | *(Ø)-yéh₂mos |
locative | *(Ø)-yéh₂, *(Ø)-yéh₂i | *? | *(Ø)-yéh₂su |
instrumental | *(Ø)-yéh₂h₁ | *? | *(Ø)-yéh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *(Ø)-yóm | *(Ø)-yóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-yéh₂ |
vocative | *(Ø)-yóm | *(Ø)-yóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-yéh₂ |
accusative | *(Ø)-yóm | *(Ø)-yóy(h₁) | *(Ø)-yéh₂ |
genitive | *(Ø)-yósyo | *? | *(Ø)-yóHom |
ablative | *(Ø)-yéad | *? | *(Ø)-yómos |
dative | *(Ø)-yóey | *? | *(Ø)-yómos |
locative | *(Ø)-yéy, *(Ø)-yóy | *? | *(Ø)-yóysu |
instrumental | *(Ø)-yóh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-yṓys |
Derived terms
[edit]- *e-yós
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
- Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -ιος (-ios)
- Italic:
- Latin: -ius
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yás
- Proto-Germanic: *-jaz
References
[edit]- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[13], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective.
Suffix
[edit]*-(é)-yōs
- Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".
Declension
[edit]Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | ||
nominative | *-(é)-yōs | *-(∅)-yésih₂ | |
genitive | *-(∅)-isés | *-(∅)-isyéh₂s | |
masculine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-(é)-yōs | *-(é)-yosh₁(e) | *-(é)-yoses |
vocative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosh₁(e) | *-(é)-yoses |
accusative | *-(é)-yosm̥ | *-(é)-yosh₁(e) | *-(é)-yosm̥s |
genitive | *-(∅)-isés | *? | *-(∅)-isóHom |
ablative | *-(∅)-isés | *? | *-(∅)-ismós |
dative | *-(∅)-iséy | *? | *-(∅)-ismós |
locative | *-(∅)-yés, *-(∅)-yési | *? | *-(∅)-isú |
instrumental | *-(∅)-iséh₁ | *? | *-(∅)-ismís |
feminine | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-(∅)-yésih₂ | *-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e) | *-(∅)-yésih₂es |
vocative | *-(∅)-yésih₂ | *-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e) | *-(∅)-yésih₂es |
accusative | *-(∅)-yésih₂m̥ | *-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e) | *-(∅)-yésih₂m̥s |
genitive | *-(∅)-isyéh₂s | *? | *-(∅)-isyéh₂oHom |
ablative | *-(∅)-isyéh₂s | *? | *-(∅)-isyéh₂mos |
dative | *-(∅)-isyéh₂ey | *? | *-(∅)-isyéh₂mos |
locative | *-(∅)-isyéh₂, *-(∅)-isyéh₂i | *? | *-(∅)-isyéh₂su |
instrumental | *-(∅)-isyéh₂h₁ | *? | *-(∅)-isyéh₂mis |
neuter | singular | dual | plural |
nominative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosih₁ | *-(é)-yōs |
vocative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosih₁ | *-(é)-yōs |
accusative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosih₁ | *-(é)-yōs |
genitive | *-(∅)-isés | *? | *-(∅)-isóHom |
ablative | *-(∅)-isés | *? | *-(∅)-ismós |
dative | *-(∅)-iséy | *? | *-(∅)-ismós |
locative | *-(∅)-yés, *-(∅)-yési | *? | *-(∅)-isú |
instrumental | *-(∅)-iséh₁ | *? | *-(∅)-ismís |
Usage notes
[edit]Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending.
Derived terms
[edit]- *-is-ō ~ *-is-n-es
- *-is-tos
- *-is-(t)m̥mos
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
- Proto-Slavic: *-ьjь (accusative *-ьšь)
- Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam
- Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās
- Proto-Italic: *-jōs
- Latin: -ior
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian[20], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 164: “*-(i)sama”
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN