User:Julien Daux/Navajo roots - backup

-ʼĄ́

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼa (“to handle compact object”), with nasalized perfective *ʼa-nʸ.

One of the most productive root occurring in all Athabaskan languages, in a wide range of themes and specialized meanings.

Cognate root found in Ahtna zʼaan (“it is in position”), yiniʼaan (“he arrived carrying it”), diniʼaan (“he brought the news”), nikuniʼaan (“it is planned”), [Term?] (“sun moves”), with similar extended meanings.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to handle SRO

Motion themes:

Theme	O + Ø	ʼa + Ø	O + di + Ø	O + ł + d	ni + d
Ø-MOM Ø a di dii ałná ha hadii na ńdíníi yisdá	S handles SRO   yiʼaah iiʼaah yidiʼaah yidiiʼaah — haiʼaah haidiiʼaah neiʼaah néidíníiʼaah yisdéíʼaah	S moves (the sun) — eʼeʼaah adiʼaah adiiʼaah ałnéʼéʼaah haʼaʼaah — — — —	S handles abstract O (a song); S relaxes O — iidiʼaah yididiʼaah — — haidiʼaah — — — —	S carries O (fire) yiłtʼaah iiłtʼaah yidiłtʼaah yidiiłtʼaah — haiłtʼaah — — — —	S moves head   nitʼaah anitʼaah — — — hanitʼaah — — — —
ni-MOM Ø chʼi ni#	yíʼaah chʼííʼaah niyíʼaah	— chʼéʼéʼaah —	yideeʼaah chʼíideeʼaah neideeʼaah	yíłtʼaah chʼííłtʼaah niyíłtʼaah	— chʼíneetʼaah nineetʼaah
CONT PROG	neiʼá yooʼááł	— ooʼááł	neidiʼaʼ (DIV) —	neiłtʼá yoołtʼááł	nanitʼá nootʼááł
Misc.		eʼełʼaah			dininitʼaah dínítʼaah

Theme	ho + Ø	O + di + d	ádąąh O + d
Ø-MOM Ø di di+hi	S plans, suggests, complains — (yi)hodi'aah ni' hodii'aah	S carries food   — — —	S puts O on self (head, finger) — — —
ni-MOM chʼi ni# ni#dini	ch'íhó'aah nihó'aah —	— — —	— niyítʼaah niidineetʼaah
CONT PROG	(yi)nahaʼá hooʼááł	nʼditʼá yidootʼááł

Other themes:

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	positional	SRO is in position siʼą́ (NEUT) ↳ hazʼą́ naazʼą́ níʼą́ déʼą́ hííʼą́	S keeps SRO in position yisʼą́ (NEUT)
Ø		SRO gets in position yiiʼaah (TRANS) ↳ hooʼaah	S sets SRO in position yiyiiłʼaah (TRANS) ↳ hoołʼaah

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-ʼaah	-ʼą́	-ʼááł	-ʼááh	-ʼááł
CONT	-ʼá	-ʼą́	-ʼaał	-ʼaah	-ʼaał
TRANS	-ʼaah	-ʼaʼ	-ʼaał	-ʼaah	-ʼaah
NEUT	-	-ʼą́	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

SRO verbs:

• -NEʼ (propel SRO)
• -TSʼID (SRO moves)

to sing:

• -ʼAʼ
• -KʼAAZH (falsetto)
• -TÁÁL

to act with body:

• -CHID (hand)
• -ʼEEZ (foot)
• -NEʼ (head)
• -NIIʼ (hand)
• -TÁÁL (foot)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (handle SRO)

-ʼAAL

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼa̓tɬʼ (“to chew, to bite”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna cʼeʼaał (“he is chewing sth”), yizʼał (“he bit it once”), Gwich'in iiʼàal (“I ate it”), Chipewyan ɣɛsʼaíł (“Iʼm chewing it”)

Found in Navajo in bases related to the eating of hard or crispy food like peanut, candy, celery, bacon.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to eat hard object

Theme	Category	Bases	+ Unspec object
Ø	operative	S eats O yiʼniiʼaał (MOM) niyíʼaał néineestʼaal (+d rev.) néidínítʼaał (+d rev.) yiʼaał (DUR) ↳ áde yitʼaał (+d refl.)	S eats iʼniiʼaał (MOM) — náʼneestʼaal — aʼaał (DUR) ↳ áde atʼaał

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-ʼaał	-ʼaal	-ʼał	-ʼał	-ʼaał
DUR	-ʼaał	-ʼaal	-ʼał	-ʼał	-ʼaał

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to eat:

• -CHOZH (leafy O)
• -DÉÉL (plural O)
• -DLĄ́Ą́ʼ (liquid O)
• -GHAL (meat)
• -KID (chunky O)
• -TSʼEEʼ (mushy O)
• -YĄ́Ą́ʼ
• -MAL

to chew, to bite:

• -GHÁÁZH
• -GHAZH

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat hard)

-BAʼ

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *wa’ (“to be gray”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. gray

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
łi + Ø	adjectival	S is gray (neuter impf.) łibá dinilbá halbá
d		S is gray (neuter perf.) deesbá dzíbá haabá haasbá kʼídzíbá naasbá naabá násbá
Ø		S becomes — yiibááh / yiibééh diibááh	S makes O — yiyiiłbááh ↳ ádiilbááh (+d refl.)
Ø	motion	gray S moves naabé (CONT) yibééł (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
TRANS	-bááh	-baʼ	-bah	-bah	-bááh
TRANS	-bééh	-baʼ	-bééł	-bééh	-bééh
CONT	-bé	-	-	-	-
NEUT	-bá	-bá	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Antonyms

Colors:

• -CHIIʼ (red)
• -GAII (white)
• -TSOII (yellow)
• -TŁʼIIZH (blue, green)
• -ZHĮ́Į́ʼ (black)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (gray)

-BAAL

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *wa̓l (“to hang”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. FFO hangs

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	positional	S hangs sibaal (NEUT)   dáádiníbaal ńdíbał (ITER) níbaal naníbaal	S hangs O yiłbaał, ałbaał (si-MOM) deidiłbaał, yideideełbaał dáʼdeełbaał, yidáʼdeełbaał yidiłbaał, néidiłbał (ITER) yółbaal (yíní-)
ná + Ø	?	S turns quickly nábał (REV) náábał (PROG)	S turns O quickly néíłbał (REV) náyoołbał (PROG)
Ø	successive	S flaps, waves yibal (REP) yiibał (SEM)	S flaps or waves O yiłbal (REP) yiyiiłbał (SEM)
Ø	?	S careens adiibaał haabaał

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-baał	-baal	-bał	-bał	-baał
REV	-bał	-baal	-bał	-bał	-bał
REP	-bal	-	-	-	-
SEM	-bał	-bał	-bał	-bał	-bał
NEUTER	-	-baal	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

FFO verbs:

• -TSOOZ (handle FFO)
• -ʼAH (propel FFO)
• -NAʼ (FFO moves)
• -KAAD (flatness lies, hangs)
• -TIʼ (spread a FFO)

to turn, to whirl:

• -DIZ
• -GIZ
• -TAAZ
• -YIZ (slowly)

to hang:

• -CHʼĄ́Ą́L
• -LOʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (FFO hangs)

-BĄ́Ą́Z

Etymology

The root -BĄ́Ą́Z (“hooplike, ringlike shape”) is cognate with the root -MÁÁZ (“globular, spherical, ball-like shape”), both possibly originating from Proto-Athabaskan *wątsʼ (“roll”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna ghalbas (“it is rolling along”), nelbaatsʼ (“it is spherical”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. roll

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion	S rolls yibąąs (Ø-MOM) iibąąs dibąąs diibąąs — haabąąs yisdábąąs yíbąąs (ni-MOM) chʼébąąs niibąąs naabąąs (CONT) yibąs (PROG) ...	S rolls O, drives O yiłbąąs (Ø-MOM) iiłbąąs yidiłbąąs yidiiłbąąs yidinilbąąs (“stuck”, +d) haiłbąąs yisdéíłbąąs yíłbąąs (ni-MOM) chʼííłbąąs niyíłbąąs neiłbąąs (CONT) yoołbąs (PROG) ...
Ø	adjectival	S is circular, curved háábąs názbąs

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM / CONT	-bąąs	-bą́ą́z	-bąs	-bąs	-bąąs
NEUTER	-	-bąs	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to roll:

• -MÁÁZ (ball-like O)

to be curved, bent:

• -TAAZ
• -TŁʼIIZH
• -YIIZH
• -ZHAʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (roll)

See also: chąąʼ, -chą́ą́ʼ, -chąąʼ, -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ, and chaaʼ

-CHĄĄʼ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *čʷanʼ ~ *čʷənʼ (“to defecate”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna tsaanʼ (“excrement”), estsenʼ (“I defecate”), Gwich'in tryąʼ (“excrement”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to defecate, to cover with filth, to masturbate

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	conversive	S defecates, produces filth (on P) bikʼíhoochįįh (MOM)     hodichįįh iʼniichįįh tachįih achįʼ (CONCL) ákʼinaachįʼ (CONT) (+d refl.) bikʼíhoochįįł (PROG)	S defecates O, dirties O (on P)   yikʼiiłchįih ↳ákʼiilchįih (+d refl.)     tayoołchįih yéłchįįh (CONCL)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-chįįh	-chąąʼ	-chįįł	-chįįh	-chįįh
CONCL / CONT	-chįʼ	-chąąʼ	-chįįł	-chįįh	-chįʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

dirty:

• -BÉÉZH
• -ʼIH

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (defecate)

See also: chąąʼ, -chą́ą́ʼ, -chąąʼ, -CHĄĄʼ, and chaaʼ

-CHĄ́Ą́ʼ

Etymology 1

From Proto-Athabaskan *ča(nʸ) ~ *čʷa(nʸ) (“to become exhausted”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna nininitsaan (“he came exhausted”), Chipewyan nínįtsąʼ (“he is tired”).

Occurs in Navajo in bases related to “fleeing” and “running”.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to flee, to run out

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ni + Ø	motion	S flees nichééh (Ø-MOM) anichééh díníchééh hanichééh yisdáníchééh tádíníchééh (DIV) neechééh (ni-MOM) chʼíneechééh nineechééh naniché (CONT) noochééł (PROG)	S chases O yiniłchééh (Ø-MOM) iiniłchééh ? hainiłchééh yisdéiniłchééh táidíníłchééh (DIV) yineełchééh (ni-MOM) chʼííłneechééh niineełchééh neiniłché (CONT) yinoołchééł (PROG)
ahi + ni + l	motion	two S run hiʼnilchééh (Ø-MOM) ahiʼnilchééh ahidíʼníilchééh hahiʼnilchééh yisdáhiʼnilchééh táhidíʼnílchééh (DIV) ahineelchééh (ni-MOM) chʼíhiʼneelchééh ? naʼahinilché (CONT) ahinoolchééł (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-chééh	-chą́ą́ʼ	-chééł	-chééh	-chééł
CONT	-ché	-chą́ą́ʼ	-chééł	-chééh	-chééł

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to run:

• -WOD
• -JÉÉʼ

to flee:

• -YOOD

to run out, to exhaust:

• -DĮĮD
• -NAʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (flee)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Athabaskan *čən (“to smell, to stink”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna ukoltsen (“it smells”), Gwich'in yahtsan (“he smells it”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to smell, to sniff

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ł / l	adjectival	S smells halchin niłchin hółchon (hółchxon) niłchon (niłchxon)
ł	conversive	S smells O yiʼniiłchįįh (MOM) yiłchin (CONCL) ↳ ałchin ↳ ádílchin
di + l	motion	S sniffs dilchį́į́h (CON) hadilchą́ą́ʼ (REP?) ndilchą́ą́ʼ (CONT) doolchį́į́ł (PROG)	S sniffs for O táʼdíłchįįh (MOM) yiyiiłchįh (SEM) (w/o prefix)
Ø / l	?	S knows about áhálchįįh yiyiichįih

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-chįįh	-chą́ą́ʼ	-chįįł	-chįįh	-chą́ą́ʼ
CONCL	-chin	-chą́ą́ʼ	-chį́į́ł	-chįįh	-chą́ą́ʼ
CONT	-chą́ą́ʼ	-chą́ą́ʼ	-chį́į́ł	-chį́į́h	-chą́ą́ʼ
CON	-chį́į́h	-	-	-	-
REP	-chą́ą́ʼ	-	-	-	-
SEM	-chįh	-chįh	-chįh	-chįh	-chįh
NEUTER	-chin	-	-	-	-
NEUTER	-chon	-	-	-	-
NEUTER	-chxon	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

odor floats:

• -CHʼAAL
• -YOH

to know:

• -NIIʼ
• -ZĮĮD

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (smell)

-CHʼĄ́Ą́L

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to move suspended by means of a handle or cord

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
l	motion	S moves suspended yilchˊąął (Ø-MOM) iilchʼąął dilchʼąął diilchʼąął haalchʼąął naalchʼąął yisdálchʼąął yílchʼąął (ni-MOM) chʼélchʼąął niilchʼąął naalchʼąął (CONT) yilchʼął (PROG)	S moves O suspended yiłchˊąął (Ø-MOM) iiłchʼąął yidiłchʼąął yidiiłchʼąął haiłchʼąął neiłchʼąął yisdéíłchʼąął yíłchʼąął (ni-MOM) chʼííłchʼąął niyíłchʼąął neiłchʼąął (CONT) yoołchʼął (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-chʼąął	-chʼą́ą́l	-chʼął	-chʼął	-chʼąął
CONT	-chʼąął	-chʼą́ą́l	-chʼął	-chʼął	-chʼąął

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

SFO verbs:

• -DÉÉL (SFO moves)
• -LÁ (handle SFO)
• -TʼIʼ (SFO extends)
• -LOʼ (act with rope)
• -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (pull a rope)

to hang:

• -BAAL
• -LOʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (move suspended)

-CHĮ́

Etymology

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. come into being
   1. be born
      1. (-Ø-) there is birth, to be born.
      2. (-ł- causative) to bring into being, to give birth; to make, to build.
      3. (-l- passive) to be born; to be related by clan.
      4. (-l- causative-reflexive) to cause oneself to be, to bring oneself into being; to feign, to pretend.
   2. write
      1. (ʼakʼiʼa- + -ł- transitive) to write, to mark, to tattoo.
      2. (ʼakʼiʼa- + -l- reflexive) to tattoo oneself.
2. collect (maybe original meaning?)
   1. (-ł-) to collect money, donations.
3. crowd (maybe a different root?)
   1. (-l-) to gather, to form a crowd.
   2. (-l-) (uncertain derivation) to have a nightmare.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM / TRANS	-chííh	-chį́	-chííł	-chííh	-chííł
CONCL	-chí	-chį́	-chííł	-chííh	-chííł

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (come into being)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (collect)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (crowd)

-CHIIʼ

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *čig (“to be red ochre”). Often occurs with intensive infix -x- indicating a deeper, browner color tone.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. red

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
łi + Ø	adjectival	S is red (neuter impf.) łichííʼ dinilchííʼ halchííʼ
d		S is red (neuter perf.) deeshchiiʼ haachiiʼ haashchiiʼ kʼíjíchiiʼ naashchiiʼ naachiiʼ náshchiiʼ
Ø		S becomes — yiichiih diichiih hoogááh	S makes O — yiyiiłchiih ↳ ádiilchiih (+d refl.)
Ø	motion	red S moves dziigááh (MOM) naachiih (CONT) yichih (PROG)
Ø	conversive	S put ochre on O yichííh (CONCL) ↳ ádíchííh (+d refl.)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
CONCL	-chííh	-chííʼ	-chih	-chih	-chííh
TRANS	-chííh	-chiiʼ	-chih	-chih	-chííh
CONT	-chiih	-chiiʼ	-chih	-chih	-chiih
REP	-chih	-	-	-	-
NEUT	-chííʼ	-chiiʼ	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Antonyms

Colors:

• -BAʼ (gray)
• -GAII (white)
• -TSOII (yellow)
• -TŁʼIIZH (blue, green)
• -ZHĮ́Į́ʼ (black)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (red)

See also: -chʼiizh and -chʼíízh

-CHʼIIZH

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *čʼʷičʼʷ (“to be rough, chapped”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna atsʼiis (“it is chapped”), Chipewyan dɛts’iz (“it is rough and hard”).

Related to -CHʼÍÍZH (“make a dry rustling sound”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to abrade, to saw, to file, to scrub

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + Ø	adjectival	S is rough dichʼíízh (NEUT)
di + Ø		S hardens, becomes chapped dichʼish (?)
Ø	successive	S saws, files, scrubs yichʼish (MOM) yiʼniichʼiish haidiichʼiish niyíchʼiish yichʼiish (REP?) ↳ achʼiish ↳ ádíchʼiish yiyiichʼish (SEM)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM / REP	-chʼiish	-chʼiizh	-chʼish	-chʼish	-chʼiish
MOM	-chʼish	-chʼiizh	-chʼish	-chʼish	-chʼish
SEM	-chʼish	-chʼish	-chʼish	-chʼish	-chʼish
NEUTER	-chʼíízh	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to saw:

• -ZHÍÍʼ

rough:

• -DĄZH
• -GÓÓN
• -JÉÉL
• -WOL
• -ZHÍÍʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (abrade)

See also: chʼil and -chʼil

-CHʼIL

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *čʷ’ə̓tɬ’ (“to shrivel”), with multiple extended meanings.

Cognate roots found in Ahtna naʼugheltsʼetlʼ (“it shrank”), yiłtsʼetlʼ (“he scorched it”), neltsʼetlʼ (“he has his eyes closed”), deltsʼetlʼ (“fire pops”), Koyukon tsʼetł (“shrubs, small willows”), Gwich'in diltrʼal (“fire crackled”), niltrʼal (“he had his eyes closed”), trʼał (“brush, undergrowth”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to curl, to shrivel

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
l	adjectival	S is curly yishchʼil (NEUT)
l	motion	S curls, peels off yiilchʼííł (TRANS) — — bélchʼil (CON)	S curls O yiiłchʼííł (TRANS) yiʼniiłchʼííł neiłchʼil (CONT)
Ø	conversive	S is undercooked shichʼil (NEUT)	S undercooks O, shrivels O by heat yiłchʼil (CONCL)
ni + l	successive	S closes eyes, blinks niilchʼííł (TRANS) niłchʼil (REP) niilchʼił (SEM)

  2. fire crackles

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + l	?	burning wood crackles dilchʼił (REP)
ʼa + di + l	?	lightning strikes łeʼdilchʼííł (MOM) nʼdilchʼil (CONT) adiilchʼił (SEM)

  3. plant

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + ł	adjectival	S is dense, brushy díłchʼil (NEUT) hodíłchʼil

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-chʼííł	-chʼil	-chʼił	-chʼił	-chʼííł
TRANS	-chʼííł	-chʼiil	-chʼił	-chʼił	-chʼííł
CON	-chʼiił	-chʼil	-chʼił	-chʼił	-chʼiił
CONT / CONCL	-chʼil	-chʼil	-chʼił	-chʼił	-chʼil
REP	-chʼił	-	-	-	-
SEM	-chʼił	-chʼił	-chʼił	-chʼił	-chʼił
NEUTER	-	-chʼil	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to curl:

• -MÁÁZ
• -TAAZ
• -ZHAʼ

to blink:

• -KʼOL

lightning strikes:

• -GĘSH
• -GIZH

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (curl)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (lightning)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (plant)

-CHOZH

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *ču̓ž (“to shatter”).

Often appears with intensive infix -x- in bases related to popping or bursting.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to pop, to bubble, to burst

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
l	adjectival	S is effervescent dilchxosh (NEUT)
l	successive	S pops — yiilchxosh (MOM) diilchxosh	S pops O ahehełchxóósh (MOM) yiyiiłchxosh (SEM) yidiiłchxosh

  2. to eat leafy matter, to graze

Theme	Category	Bases	+ Unspec object
O + ł	operative	S eats O yiʼniiłchóósh (MOM) niyíłchóósh — — yiłchozh (DUR)	S eats yiʼniiłchóósh (MOM) niʼíłchóósh táʼdíłchóósh (DIV) naʼałchozh (CONT) ałchozh (DUR)
O + l	operative	S overeats O néineeshchóósh (MOM) ńdínílchóósh	S overeats náʼneeshchóósh (MOM)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-chóósh	-chozh	-chosh	-chosh	-chóósh
DUR	-chozh	-chozh	-chosh	-chosh	-chosh
SEM	-chosh	-chosh	-chosh	-chosh	-chosh
NEUTER	-chosh	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to eat:

• -ʼAAL (hard O)
• -DÉÉL (plural O)
• -DLĄ́Ą́ʼ (liquid O)
• -GHAL (meat)
• -KID (chunky O)
• -TSʼEEʼ (mushy O)
• -YĄ́Ą́ʼ
• -MAL

to pop:

• -DO
• -DON
• -TÁÁL

to bubble:

• -GHAAZH

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (pop)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat leafy)

-DÉÉL

Etymology 1

From Proto-Athabaskan *detɬʼ (“plural or rope-like subject falls or moves abruptly”).

Found in a wide range of extended meanings across all Athabaskan languages including Navajo, with potentially convergence in shape with other roots (see below Proto-Athabaskan *dətɬʼ “to jolt”), making the analyzis quite difficult.

Cognate root found in Ahtna Ø+daetlʼ (“plural S go, fly”), ałdaetlʼ (“I threw them, moved them quickly”), niłdełdeł (“he struck them together”), yaldaetlʼ (“he ate them”), Gwich'in kʼeegiidàl (“they arrived”), naljil (“I ate them”).

The Navajo root describes the movement of a slender flexible object (as a rope, a chain, a wire,...), of objects coming in pairs (as gloves, shoes, scissors,...), or of a group of animate objects (as a band, a tribe, a herd). Extended meanings include the eating of plural objects (as berries), the slamming of an object (like a rope but not exclusively) against another one, and the conception of a baby or egg.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. SFO moves or falls (a rope, a pair of shoes, a tribe)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion	S moves or falls yideeł (Ø-MOM) iideeł dideeł diideeł haadeeł naadeeł nádeeł tádideeł yídeeł (ni-MOM) chʼédeeł niideeł — (CONT) yidił (PROG)	S throws O yiłdeeł (Ø-MOM) iiłdeeł — — haiłdeeł neiłdeeł — — — (ni-MOM) chʼííłdeeł — — (CONT) — (PROG)
Ø		S is conceived (a baby) yiideeł (MOM) oodił (PROG)	S conceives O yiiłdeeł (MOM)
Ø	successive	S bounces, hits — (MOM) — — (REP) — nikídidił — nikídiidił (SEM)	S bounces O, hits P with SFO néidiiłdeeł (MOM) yíníiłdeeł néiniłdił (REP) adiłdił (“play dice”) nikíidiłdił yíidiłdił nikíidiiłdił (SEM) yíidiiłdił

  2. to eat plural objects

Theme	Category	Bases	+ Unspec object
l	operative	S eats O yiʼniildeeł (MOM) niyíldeeł néineesdéél néidíníldeeł yildeeł (DUR)	S eats iʼniildeeł (MOM) — náʼneesdéél — aldeeł (DUR)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM / DUR	-deeł	-déél	-dił	-dił	-deeł
REP	-dił	-déél	-dił	-dił	-dił
SEM	-dił	-dił	-dił	-dił	-dił

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

SFO verbs:

• -LÁ (handle SFO)
• -TʼIʼ (SFO extends)
• -CHʼĄ́Ą́L (move suspended)
• -LOʼ (act with rope)
• -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (pull a rope)

crowd, herd moves:

• -NIIʼ
• -TEEL
• -YIZ (stampede)
• -YOL
• -ZĄ́

to bounce:

to hit:

to eat:

• -ʼAAL (hard O)
• -CHOZH (leafy O)
• -DÉÉL (plural O)
• -DLĄ́Ą́ʼ (liquid O)
• -GHAL (meat)
• -KID (chunky O)
• -TSʼEEʼ (mushy O)
• -YĄ́Ą́ʼ
• -MAL

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (SFO moves)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat plural)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Athabaskan *də̓tɬʼ (“to jolt”). Maybe related to -DÉÉL above from Proto-Athabaskan *detɬʼ, with its extended meaning related to “hitting”, “striking” or “slamming”.

Cognate root found in Koyukon əłdəł (“he shook, quivered”), Carrier usdił (“to be nervous”), Gwich'in gwaahdàl (“it is trembling”), Chipewyan dɛldɛ́l (“(teeth) are rattling”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to jolt, to jar, to shake

Theme	Category	Bases	Passive (+d)
ł	successive	S jolts O yiłdil (REP) yiiłdił (SEM)	S is jolted — (REP) yiildił (SEM) hooldił

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
REP	-dil	-	-	-	-
SEM	-dił	-dił	-dił	-dił	-dił

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to shake:

• -DZID (pan, bottle)
• -GHÁÁD
• -JĄH (rattle)
• -MÁÁZ (finger, hat)
• -NAAʼ (earth, body)
• -TŁID
• -TSIZ (nervous)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (jolt)

See also: -dįįd and diid

-DĮĮD

Etymology

Root

Navajo roots - backup Several unrelated stems may be involved.

1. disappear
   1. (ʼá- + -Ø- thematic) to disappear, to become non-existent, to die.
   2. (ʼá- + -ł- causative) to get rid of, to destroy.
2. endure
   1. (-ł- thematic) (to stand it, found only in the negative) to be bored, to dislike, to despise.
   2. (ʼa- 3rd person + -ł- thematic) to survive, to live.
   3. (ʼa- 3rd person + -l- mediopassive) to enjoy.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-dįįh	-dįįd	-dįįł	-dįįh	-dįįh
NEUTER	-din	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (disappear)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (endure)

See also: diin and díin

-DÍÍN

Etymology

From . Always occurs with di- thematic "fire" in associated verb bases.

Root

Navajo roots - backup (usually perfective, sometimes imperfective)

1. light
   1. (di- "fire" + -Ø-) light shines.
   2. (di- "fire" + -ł- causative) to cause light to shine; to direct light.

Usage notes

The root -díín is irregular, since *-dį́ would be expected. -díín is invariable in shape (i.e., there are no other forms for different aspects or tenses).

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (light)

See also: diz and -diz

-DIZ

Etymology

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. twist
   1. (-Ø- or -ł- ) to twist it, to spin it, to wrap it, to bandage.
   2. (-l- reflexive) to roll dirt off of oneself.
   3. (-d- or -l- passive) to be tangled, snarled, to wind around.
   4. Misc.
      1. (-ł-) to clean one's gun (by twisting the cleaning patch back out).
      2. (-ł-) to catch a rabbit (by twisting it out of its hole), to go rabbit hunting.
      3. (di- "legs" + -l- causative-reflexive) to move with swift short steps (as in throwing a javelin).

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-díís	-diz	-dis	-dis	-díís
NEUTER	-	-	-diz	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (twist)

-DLĄ́Ą́ʼ

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *də-nanʸ (“to drink”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to drink

Theme	Category	Bases	+ Unspec object
O + d	operative	S drinks O yiʼniidlį́į́h (MOM) niyídlį́į́h (MOM) ? néineesdlááʼ (perf) yidlą́ (DUR)	S drinks ? ? ńdíʼnídį́į́h (MOM) náʼneesdlą́ą́ʼ (perf) adlą́ (DUR) naʼayą́ʼ (CONT) oodlį́į́ł (PROG)
O + ł	operative	S makes P drink O yiyiiłdlą́ (DUR)	S makes P drink yiʼiiłdlą́ (DUR)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-dlį́į́h	-dlą́ą́ʼ	-dlį́į́ł	-dlį́į́h	-dlį́į́h
DUR	-dlą́	-dlą́ą́ʼ	-dlį́į́ł	-dlį́į́h	-dlį́į́h
CONT	-dlą́ʼ	-dlą́ʼ	-dlįįh	-dlįįh	-dląʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to eat:

• -ʼAAL (hard O)
• -CHOZH (leafy O)
• -DÉÉL (plural O)
• -GHAL (meat)
• -KID (chunky O)
• -TSʼEEʼ (mushy O)
• -MAL
• -YĄ́Ą́ʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (drink)

See also: -dloʼ

-DLOʼ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *də-ləqʼʷ > *dlʊ̓q’ (“to laugh”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna dloqʼ (“laughter”), Carrier dlo, Chipewyan dloɣ.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to laugh, to smile

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion?	S laughs iidlóóh (+d refl.) niidlóóh yidloh
di + l	motion?	S smiles, chuckles chʼídeedlóóh	S makes O smile chʼíídeełdlóóh (chʼíbidi-)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-dlóóh	-dloʼ	-dloh	-dloh	-dlóóh

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Antonyms

to cry:

• -CHA

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (laugh)

-DLOOZH

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *dlu̓ž (“quadruped trots”). Occurs only in Southern Athabaskan languages.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to go on all four, to creep, to trot (a horse)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
l	motion	S goes on all four yildlóósh (Ø-MOM) iildlóósh dildlóósh diildlóósh haaldlóósh kʼéldlóósh tádildlóósh yisdáldlóósh yíldlóósh (ni-MOM) chʼéldlóósh niildlóósh naaldloosh (CONT) yildlosh (PROG)
l	positional	S is on all four yishdloozh (NEUT)
l		S gets on hands and knees yiildlóósh (TRANS)	S sets O on all four yiiłdlóósh

Usage notes

Each entry can appear in the unspecified subject person with preposed P-ił (“with P”), expressing the motion of P riding (a horse), ex:

Shił aldlóósh (from yildlóósh). ― I ride (a horse).

Shił chʼéʼéldlóósh (from chʼéldlóósh). ― I ride out horizontally (on a horse).

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-dlóósh	-dloozh	-dlosh	-dlosh	-dlóósh
CONT	-dloosh	-dloozh	-dlosh	-dlosh	-dloosh
NEUT	-	-dloozh	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to trot:

• -TŁʼÁ (biped)

to creep:

• -NAʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (go on all four)

-DO

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *dʊɣ̇ (“gas moves”).

Describes the movement of gas (air, cloud, smoke) in motion themes and the bursting of gas containers (as a sack of air, a tyre) in successive themes.

Cognate root found in Ahtna kekuldogh (“area becomes foggy”), ldogh (“it cracked”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to float in the air (smoke, cloud, balloon)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
l	motion	S floats — (Ø-MOM) iildóóh dildóóh diildóóh haaldóóh yíldóóh (ni-MOM) chʼéldóóh niildóóh naaldo (CONT) yildoh (PROG)	S sails O (a balloon) — (Ø-MOM) iiłdóóh yidiłdóóh yidiiłdóóh — yíłdóóh (ni-MOM) — — neiłdo (CONT) yoołdoh (PROG)
l	successive	S bursts yiildoh (SEM)	S bursts O yiyiiłdoh (SEM)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-dóóh	-do	-doh	-doh	-dóóh
CONT	-do	-do	-doh	-doh	-do
CONT	-doh	-doh	-doh	-doh	-doh

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to float:

• -ʼÉÉL (in water)

to pop:

• -CHOZH
• -DON
• -TÁÁL

cloud floats (smoke, fog, dust, stench):

• -GOʼ
• -JOOL
• -TSXAAZ
• -YOH (aroma)
• -ZIʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (gas floats)

-DOII

Etymology

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. hot

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-dóóh	-doii	-doh	-doh	-dóóh
NEUTER	--	-do	--	--	--
NEUTER	--	-doi	--	--	--

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (hot)

-DZAʼ

Etymology

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. stagger

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + d	motion	S staggers, stumbles adidzééh chʼídeedzééh diidzééh hadidzééh ndeedzééh didzééh (Ø-MOM) doodzah (PROG) hadidzaʼ (?) ...

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-dzééh	-dzaʼ	-dzah	-dzah	-dzééh
DUR	-dzaʼ	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to stagger:

• -TʼIʼ
• -TŁʼIIZH

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (stagger)

See also: -dzííʼ

-DZÍÍʼ

Etymology

Navajo roots - backup

1. breathe
   1. (ʼa- / di-) to breathe.
   2. (ha-) to speak, to exclaim, to make a speech.
   3. (hadi-) to vow, to promise, to swear.
   4. (yíní-) to curse.
2. remain
   1. (Ø) to remain, to survive, to be left over.
3. heal
   1. (ná-) to heal (as a wound).

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-dziih	-dzííʼ	-dzih	-dzih	-dziih

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (breathe)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (remain)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (heal)

-DZĮ́Į́Z

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *hus (“to stretch”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *həwəs. Cognate with -LÓÓZ (“to lead”) and -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (“to pull”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to pull, to drag, to tow

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	motion	S pulls O, drags O yidzį́į́s (Ø-MOM) iidzį́į́s yididzį́į́s yidiidzį́į́s haidzį́į́s neidzį́į́s néidiidzį́į́s (ńdii-, “pick up”) táididzį́į́s yisdéídzį́į́s yídzį́į́s (ni-MOM) chʼíídzį́į́s niyídzį́į́s neidzį́į́s (CONT) yoodzį́į́s (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM / CONT	-dzį́į́s	-dzį́į́z	-dzį́į́s	-dzį́į́s	-dzį́į́s

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to pull, to drag:

• -TSʼǪ́Ǫ́D
• -ZHÓÓD
• -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (pull)

-ʼÉÉL

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *’etɬʼ ~ *’ʷətɬ’ (“plural subjects float or swim”).

Occurs in a very productive motion theme related to floating or sailing, but also occurs in a couple of unproductive bases related to the action of water (flush, sift, sweat, dissolve), and in a neuter theme (to droop or hang down).

Cognate root found in Ahtna ilʼaetlʼ (“they arrived swimming”), tezʼaetlʼ (“(a dam) washed out”), tełʼaetlʼ (“he hung it up”), with similar extended meanings.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to float

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion	S floats yiʼeeł (Ø-MOM) iiʼeeł diʼeeł diiʼeeł haaʼeeł kʼéʼeeł tádiʼeeł yisdáʼeeł yíʼeeł (ni-MOM) chʼéʼeeł niiʼeeł naaʼeeł (CONT) yiʼoł (PROG) ...	S sails, rows O yiłʼeeł (Ø-MOM) iiłʼeeł yidiłʼeeł yidiiłʼeeł haiłʼeeł — — yisdéíłʼeeł yíłʼeeł (ni-MOM) chʼííłʼeeł niyíłʼeeł neiłʼeeł (CONT) yoołʼoł (PROG) ...
Ø/ł	?	S dissolves ńdíʼeeł moisture soaks bigháłʼeeł haałʼeeł S sweats niiʼeeł	S dissolves O ńdíʼeeł
ni + l	adjectival	S droops nanilʼeeł nanoolʼoł

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM / CONT	-ʼeeł	-ʼéél	-ʼoł	-ʼoł	-ʼeeł

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to float:

• -DO (in the air)

action of water, moisture:

• -GIZH (wash)
• -TŁÉÉʼ (dampen)
• -TŁʼIIZH (soak)
• -TSEED / -TSIZ (sink)
• -ZHO (dampen)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (float)

-ʼEEZH

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼe̓ž (“to string fish or beads”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna *inezʼaes (“he strung them”).

Evolved in Navajo to mean “lead 2+ objects”, in contradiction with -LÓÓZ, “lead a single object”.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

 1. to lead plural object

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	motion	S leads O yiʼéésh (Ø-MOM) iiʼéésh yidiʼéésh yidiiʼéésh haiʼéésh táidiʼéésh yisdéíʼéésh yíʼéésh (ni-MOM) chʼííʼéésh niyíʼéésh neiʼeesh (CONT) yooʼish (PROG)
O + ł	adjectival	S is a leader, is in charge of O yishʼeezh (NEUT) ashʼeezh

  2. to string beads

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	conversive	S strings beads yiʼeesh (CONCL)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-ʼéésh	-ʼeezh	-ʼish	-ʼish	-ʼéésh
CONT / CONCL	-ʼeesh	-ʼeezh	-ʼish	-ʼish	-ʼeesh

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to lead:

• -LÓÓZ (single O)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (lead)

-GAII

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɢɑɣ ~ *ɢɑy (“to be white”). Cognate root found in Ahtna lggay, Gwich'in daagąįį.

The extended meanings of “to be hot” and “to hurt” seem to be proper to Navajo among Athabascan languages.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. white

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
łi + Ø	adjectival	S is white (neuter impf.) łigai dinilgai halgai
d		S is white (neuter perf.) deesgai dzígai haagai haasgai kʼídzígai naasgai naagai násgai
Ø		S becomes white yiigááh adiigááh hoogááh	S makes O white yiyiiłgááh adiiłgááh hoołgááh
Ø	motion	white S moves dziigááh (MOM) naagaah (CONT) yigah (PROG)

2. hot

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ni + Ø	adjectival	S is hot, hurts neezgai honeezgai	S causes heat, pain neesgai honeesgai
ni + Ø		S becomes hot, hurts niigááh honiigááh	S makes O hot, hurts O yiniiłgááh honiiłgááh yiʼniiłgááh

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
TRANS	-gááh	-gaii	-gah	-gah	-gááh
CONT	-gaah	-	-	-	-
NEUT	-gai	-gai	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

warm, hot:

• -DOII
• -ZIIL

to hurt:

• -NIIʼ

Antonyms

Colors:

• -BAʼ (gray)
• -CHIIʼ (red)
• -TSOII (yellow)
• -TŁʼIIZH (blue, green)
• -ZHĮ́Į́ʼ (black)

cold, cool:

• -DLÍ
• -KʼAAZ
• -KʼEʼ (cool off, stop hurting)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (white)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (hot)

See also: -ghą́ą́ʼ

-GHĄ́Ą́ʼ

Etymology 1

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. kill
   1. (-Ø-) to kill two or more objects.
   2. (-d- reciprocal) to kill each other, to fight; (reflexive) to kill themselves, to commit suicide.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-ghą́	-ghą́ą́ʼ	-ghą́ą́ł	-ghą́ą́h	-ghą́ą́h

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (kill)

Etymology 2

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. snore
   1. (a- + -ł-) to snore.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-ghą́ą́h	-ghą́ą́ʼ	-ghą́ą́ł	-ghą́ą́h	-ghą́ą́ʼ
DUR	-ghą́ą́ʼ	-ghą́ą́ʼ	-ghą́ą́ł	-ghą́ą́h	-ghą́ą́ʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (snore)

-GHAAZH

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʷa̓ž ~ *ɣ̇ʊš (“to make a bubbling noise”).

Occurs in Navajo in bases of disparate meanings related to “bubbling”, “shouting” and “sleeping”, probably originating in distinct roots that merged in shape.

These meanings are found in parts in other Athabaskan languages too:

• in Ahtna tnelghots (“it is boiling”), telghaas (“fish started swimming (bubbling?)”), delghos (“they are shouting”);
• in Koyukon nilɣos (“melted”), dəlɣʊs (“they are making noise”);
• in Chipewyan nɛ́sɣáz (“my face swole up”), níłxáz (“I boiled it”), dɛlɣus (“it barks”), ɛ’ɛłxus (“he snored”);
• in Mattole ’iłgwóxw (“you snore, are sound asleep”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to bubble, to boil

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ni + l		S bubbles, boils hanilgháásh (MOM)	S boils O, S spurts (unspec obj) hainiłháásh (MOM) ↳ hadaʼniłháásh naʼniłháásh iiniiłgháásh hadaʼniłhosh (DUR)

  2. to shout

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
(di) + l		S shouts hadilgháásh (MOM) dilwosh (REP) naalghaash (CONT)

  3. to sleep

Theme	Category	Bases	Reflexive / Reversionary (+ d)
a + ł		S sleeps, puts P to sleep iiłháásh (MOM)   yiʼiiłháásh ńdíʼníiłháásh — ałhosh (REP) naʼashhaazh (CONT)	S sleeps náʼiilgháásh (rev.) áhodiilgháásh (refl.) ádiʼiilgháásh (refl.) — adiniilgháásh (?) áhodiilwosh (refl.)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-gháásh	-ghaazh	-wosh	-wosh	-gháásh
REP	-wosh	-ghaazh	-wosh	-wosh	-gháázh
CONT	-ghaash	-ghaazh	-ghash	-ghash	-ghaash

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to bubble:

• -CHOZH

to boil:

• -BÉÉZH

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (bubble)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (shout)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (sleep)

See also: -ghaazh, -GHAAZH, and -gháázh

-GHÁÁZH

Etymology

Closely related to root -GHAZH, "to bite".

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. gnaw
   1. (-Ø-) to gnaw, to nibble.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-gháásh	-gháázh	-ghash	-gháásh	-gháázh
SEM	-ghash	-ghash	-ghash	-ghash	-ghash

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (gnaw)

See also: -ghazh

-GHAZH

Etymology

Closely related to root -GHÁÁZH, "to gnaw".

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. bite
   1. (-ł- thematic) to bite.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-gháásh	-ghazh	-ghash	-ghash	-gháásh
REP	-ghash	-ghazh	-ghash	-ghash	-ghash
SEM	-ghash	-ghash	-ghash	-ghash	-ghash

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (bite)

-GOʼ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢʊ̓k’ (“to bump into, to rush”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to fall (animate), to rush (stream), to billow (fog)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion	AnO falls, stream rushes yigeeh (Ø-MOM) iigeeh digeeh haageeh naageeh yígeeh (ni-MOM) chʼégeeh niigeeh naagoʼ (CONT) yigoh (PROG)	S pushes AnO, causes AnO to fall yiłgeeh (Ø-MOM) iiłgeeh — — neiłgeeh — (ni-MOM) chʼííłgeeh niyíłgeeh
ʼa + Ø	motion	gassy matter billows eʼegeeh (Ø-MOM) haʼageeh chʼéʼégeeh (ni-MOM) oogoh (PROG)
Ø		S is kneeling ntsidííníshgoʼ (NEUT)

  2. to tackle, to butt, to collide; (tr.) to bang O, to hit O

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
(dzi) + Ø	successive	S tackles Motion: adzigeeh ayídzígeeh naʼagoʼ (CONT) Successive: ahógeeh (yíní-) adigoh (iter.) nánígoh (SER) yiigoh (SEM) —	S bangs O   — — naʼałgoʼ (CONT)   — — néiniłgoh (SER) yiyiiłgoh (SEM) nikʼíidiiłgeeh

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-geeh	-goʼ	-goh	-goh	-geeh
CONT	-goʼ	-goʼ	-goh	-goh	-goʼ
SEM / SER	-goh	-goh	-goh	-goh	-goh

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

AnO verbs:

• -TĮ́ (handle AnO)
• -TʼEʼ (propel AnO)
• -TŁIZH (AnO moves)
• -TĮ́ (AnO lies — 1S)
• -TÉÉZH (AnO lie — 2S)
• -JÉÉʼ (AnO lie — 3+S)

water flows:

• -LĮ́ (river)
• -NAʼ (sheet)
• -TSʼĄʼ (trickle)
• -YĘĘZH (slowly, muddy)

cloud floats (smoke, fog, dust, stench):

• -DO
• -JOOL
• -TSXAAZ
• -YOH (aroma)
• -ZIʼ

to hit:

• -GHAAL (club)
• -KAAD (slap)
• -TSEED (hammer)
• -TSʼIN (fist)
• -TSXAS (lash)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (fall)

See also: -ʼįįd

-ʼĮĮD

Etymology 1

The future and optative modes use expletive stems from the root -LAA.

Verb bases with thematized d-classifier are often re-analyzed as Ø-classifier stems (*d-ʼįįh = *Ø-tʼįįh), as evidenced by the perfective forms using Ø/ł-class subject prefixes rather than the d/l-class ones.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

This root shows a wide range of semantic themes as it relates to such broad categories as "making" and "acting". The actual meaning often relies on thematic prefix compounds.

1. act
   1. (ʼá-) to do it; to do thus; (mediopassive) to make one's own; (causative-reflexive) to turn into, to become.
   2. (-d-) to be the cause of an event; to be getting along, to be doing (good or bad).
   3. (ni- + -ł-) to take possession of, to make something one's own.
   4. (ʼá-/kó- + ha- + -d-) to happen, to take place.
   5. Misc. thematic
      1. (tí-) to injure; to deprive oneself, to self-sacrifice.
      2. (choini-) to be useful; to use.
      3. (kééha-) to live.
      4. (yiní-) to discuss, to bother, to harass.
      5. (bi-) to imitate.
      6. (ʼáhodi-) to pretend, to fake, to play like.
      7. to pay attention.
      8. (ʼááhoo-) to quit, to surrender.
2. wealthy (root -TʼĮĮD?)
   1. (-d- thematized) to be wealthy.
3. dislike
   1. (-Ø-) to dislike, to oppose, to be picky.
   2. (-d-) to be denied to (as a right to someone); to be lost (as eyesight or a relative to someone).

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-ʼįįh	-ʼįįd	-nííł	-ʼįįh	-neʼ
DUR	-ʼį́	-ʼįįd	-nííł	-ʼįįh	-neʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (make)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (wealthy)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (dislike)

Etymology 2

Probably related to -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ, “to see, to look”.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. bark

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-ʼįįh	-ʼįįd	-ʼįįł	-ʼįįh	-ʼįįh
DUR	-ʼin	-ʼįįd	-ʼįįł	-ʼįįh	-ʼįįʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (bark)

-JÉÉʼ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *džeq’, a root with multiple meanings throughout the Athabaskan languages, related to sticky matter, and to the handling or movement of a liquid, viscous or granular mass or of a plurality of objects.

Compare Carrier dzeh (“gum, resin”), esdzeh (“to glue, to weld”), nenesdzeh (“to put liquid, grease”), nedisdzeh (“to put hay or moss”), Mattole dehdidžeɣ (“they float”), Koyukon nitoxadaniłdzaq (“a lot of driftwood has accumulated in the water”), Dena'ina -džax (“pl. S run”), nə-džax (“pl. S fly”).

Occurs in Navajo in bases related to the parallel positioning of plural elongated subjects (sticks, ropes or animated), to the running of plural subjects (see also yideeł and yilé for a similar connection between the movement of rope-like objects (SFO) and running), and to the greasing or sticking of objects.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. plural S lie, recline

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	positional	3+ S are lying shijééʼ (NEUT) naazhjééʼ déeshjééʼ héeshjééʼ	S keeps 3+ yiniłjeeh (NEUT)
hi + yíní + Ø	positional	3+ S are partly lying or dangling hííjééʼ (NEUT) ahííjééʼ hidéjééʼ hahííjééʼ nahííjééʼ
ni + Ø		3+ S recline nijeeh (Ø-MOM)	S lays 3+ O yiniłjeeh (Ø-MOM) niiyíłjeeh (ni-MOM)

  2. plural S run

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion	plural S run yijeeh (Ø-MOM) iijeeh dijeeh diijeeh haajeeh yisdájeeh tádíjeeh (DIV) yíjeeh (ni-MOM) chʼéjeeh niijeeh naajeeh (CONT) yijah (PROG)

  3. to stick, to cause to adhere, to smear, to grease

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	conversive	S smears O yiʼniijeeh (MOM) yijeeh (CONCL)
Ø	?	S sticks to P yídiijeeh (MOM)	S sticks O to P yíidiiłjeeh
Ø	adjectival	S is sticky, viscous dijééʼ

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-jeeh	-jééʼ	-jah	-jah	-jeeh
CONT / CONCL	-jeeh	-jééʼ	-jah	-jah	-jeeh
NEUT	-jééʼ	-jééʼ	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to lie, to recline:

• -TĮ́
• -TÉÉZH

to run:

• -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ
• -WOD

to stick, to adhere:

• -TŁʼIN

to grease, to coat:

• -TŁAH

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (lie)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (run)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (adhere)

-JID

Etymology

Derivation uncertain. This root is not found outside of Navajo.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to lug, to carry a burden on one's back

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	motion	S lugs O yiłjiid (Ø-MOM) iiłjiid yidiłjiid yidiiłjiid haiłjiid néidiiłjiid (ńdii-, “pick up”) yisdéíłjiid yíłjiid (ni-MOM) chʼéłjiid niiłjiid neiłjid (CONT) yoołjił (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-jiid	-jid	-jił	-jiʼ	-jiid
CONT	-jid	-jid	-jił	-jiʼ	-jid

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

LPB verbs:

• -YĮ́ (handle LPB)
• -YĘ́Ę́ZH (LPB moves)
• -ZHÓÓD (bulky moves)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (carry on one's back)

See also: Jool and -jool

-JOOL

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *džəɣ̇ʷətɬ’ (“ball”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. NCM moves

   Classificatory root for non-compact matter as hair, a wig, or hay, and by extension, smoke, steam, dust, or a stench. The base Ø-classifier theme is intransitive and applies to NCM's independent motion or state, while the ł-classifier theme is transitive-causative and applies to the handling (carry, bring, give...) and propelling (throw, toss, drop,...) of NCM.

   1. (Ø) NCM moves freely, NCM is at rest.
   2. (ł) to handle or propel NCM, to keep NCM at rest.
2. spherical
   1. to be ball-shaped, globular, round, plump.
   2. to huddle, to draw oneself together, to bend, to sneak.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-jooł	-jool	-joł	-joł	-jooł
NEUTER	-jool	-jool	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (NCM moves)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (spherical)

-KʼAAZ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *q’ɑ̓ts’ (“to be cold”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna nezkʼatsʼ (“it is cold”), Carrier sək’əz (“to be cold”), Chipewyan huk’að (“cold weather”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to be cold

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	adjectival	S is cold sikʼaz sikʼází hoozkʼaz
ni + Ø	adjectival	S is cold neezkʼaz honeezkʼaz honeezkʼází
ni + Ø	transitional	S gets cold niikʼáás ↳ nániikʼáás (+d refl.) honiikʼáás	S makes O cold
ł	motion	cold moves yiłkʼaas (Ø-MOM) iiłkʼáás diłkʼáás / deeskʼaaz haałkʼáás tádíłkʼáás yíłkʼáás (ni-MOM) chʼíníłkʼaaz niiłkʼáás naałkʼaas (CONT)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-kʼáás	-kʼaaz	-kʼas	-kʼas	-kʼáás
CONT	-kʼaas	-kʼaaz	-kʼas	-kʼas	-kʼaas
NEUT	-	-kʼaz / -kʼází	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

cold, cool:

• -DLÍ
• -KʼEʼ (cool off, stop hurting)

Antonyms

warm, hot:

• -DOII
• -GAII
• -ZIIL

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (cold)

-KÉÉZ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʊs-x (“to cough”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna delkos (“he is coughing”), Carrier dəlkwəs (“he coughs”).

Occurs in Southern Athabaskan along with tsí-thematic in bases related to thinking. This meaning is probably rather related to the non-nasalized form of -KĘ́Ę́Z (in which the nazalization is non-etymological).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to cough

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + l	successive	S coughs hadilkees (MOM) dilkos (REP) diilkos (SEM)

  2. to think, to ponder, to decide

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
tsí + Ø		S thinks atsékees (Ø-MOM) tsídíkees ńtsídiikees (ńdii-, “start to”) ntsékees (ni-MOM) ntsékees (CONT) ↳ ntsáhákees

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM / CONT	-kees	-kééz	-kos	-kos	-kees
REP	-kos	-	-	-	-
SEM	-kos	-kos	-kos	-kos	-kos

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to think:

• -ZĮĮD

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (cough)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (think)

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʷetsʼ (“stick-like or heavy object falls”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna naghilkaetsʼ (“(knife, box) fell down”), Chipewyan -kɛ́θ (“long object drops”).

The nasal vowel, found only in Navajo, is unexplained. See also -KÉÉZ where some confusion has arisen.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. SSO moves, falls (as a stick, a pencil)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion	SSO falls yikęęs (Ø-MOM) iikęęs dikęęs diikęęs haakęęs naakęęs nʼdiikęęs (“breaks loose”) yíkęęs (ni-MOM) chʼékęęs niikęęs yikǫs (PROG) náhookǫs
Ø	successive	SSO bounces nikídíkǫs (REP) nikídiikǫs (SEM)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-kęęs	-kę́ę́z	-kǫs	-kǫs	-kęęs
REP	-kǫs	-	-	-	-
SEM	-kǫs	-kǫs	-kǫs	-kǫs	-kǫs

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

SSO verbs:

• -TĄ́ (handle SSO)
• -TʼEʼ (propel SSO)
• -ʼÁ (SSO extends)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (SSO moves)

-KID

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *qə̓t’ (“to slip, to slide”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to slide

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
l	motion	S slides yilkeed (Ø-MOM) chʼíʼiilkeed dilkeed haalkeed iilkeed nálkeed (reversionary) yílkeed (ni-MOM) niilkeed naalkid (CONT) yilkił (PROG) náʼoolkił ...	S slides O yiłkeed chʼíʼiiłkeed yidiłkeed haiłkeed     yíłkeed (ni-MOM) niiłkeed neiłkid (CONT) yoołkił (PROG) ...
ł	positional	S is in position (scale, gunsight) siłkid	S keeps O in position siłkid

  2. to eat chunky object

Theme	Category	Bases	+ Unspec object
O + l	operative	S eats O yiʼniilkeed (MOM) niyílkeed néidíníkeed (MOM) néineeskid (perf.) yilkeed (DUR)	S eats iʼniilkeed (MOM) niʼílkeed (MOM) ? náʼneeskid (perf.) alkeed (DUR)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-keed	-kid	-kił	-kiʼ	-keed
DUR	-kid	-kid	-kił	-kiʼ	-kid
CONT	-kid	-kid	-kił	-kiʼ	-kid

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to slide:

• -DÁÁZ (rocks, seeds)
• -TÉÉL (animate O)
• -YIZ (large O)
• -ZHÓÓD (massive O)
• -ZHOOZH (rocks, seeds)

to eat:

• -ʼAAL (hard O)
• -CHOZH (leafy O)
• -DÉÉL (plural O)
• -DLĄ́Ą́ʼ (liquid O)
• -GHAL (meat)
• -TSʼEEʼ (mushy O)
• -MAL
• -YĄ́Ą́ʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (slide)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat chunky)

See also: laa, láa, lãa, la'a, -laa, and lå

-LAA

Etymology

-LAA exhibits quite irregular stem alternations, and uses a number of expletive roots (see -ʼĮĮD).

-LAA ultimately derives from -YAA.

D-effect in the 1st person duoplural, passive and reflexive forms undergoes special alternations.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. make
   1. to make.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-lééh	-laa	-lííł	-ʼįįh	-leʼ
MOM d-effect	-nééh	-lyaa	-nííł	-ʼįįh	-neʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (make)

See also: -lį́į́ʼ

-LĮ́Į́ʼ

Etymology

Closely related to -LǪ́.

This root seems to only take si-Perfectives in all verb bases.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. become
   1. to become; to bring into being.
   2. (a-) an event happens; to bring about an event.
   3. (ho-) to come into being, to come up, to be born.
   4. (ani-) to be of value; to set a high price.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-leeh	-lį́į́ʼ	-leeł	-leeh	-leʼ
NEUTER	-lį́	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (become)

See also: -lizh

-LIZH

Etymology

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. urinate
   1. (-Ø-) to urinate

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-líísh	-lizh	-lish	-lish	-líísh
CONCL	-lizh	-lizh	-lish	-(d)lish	-lizh

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (urinate)

-LÓÓZ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *lus (“to drag, usually with a rope”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *ł-həwəs. Cognate with -DZĮ́Į́Z (“to drag”) and -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (“to pull, to tear”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna daluus (“he is dragging it”), Koyukon yolułtł (“he is dragging it along”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to lead a single animate object

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	motion	S leads O yilóós (Ø-MOM) iilóós yidilóós yidiilóós hailóós táidilóós yisdéílóós yílóós (ni-MOM) chʼíílóós niyílóós neilóóz (CONT) yoolóós (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-lóós	-lóóz	-lóós	-lóós	-lóós
MOM	-lóóz	-lóóz	-lóós	-lóós	-lóóz

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to lead:

• -ʼEEZH (plural O)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (lead)

-MÁÁZ

Etymology

The root -MÁÁZ (“globular, spherical, ball-like shape”) is cognate with the root -BĄ́Ą́Z (“hooplike, ringlike shape”), both possibly originating from Proto-Athabaskan *wątsʼ (“roll”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. roll

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion	S rolls yimáás (Ø-MOM) iimáás dimáás diimáás haamáás yímáás (ni-MOM) chʼémáás naamaas (CONT) yimas (PROG) ...	S rolls O yiłmáás (Ø-MOM) iiłmáás yidiłmáás yidiiłmáás haiłmáás yíłmáás (ni-MOM) chʼííłmáás neiłmaas (CONT) yoołmas (PROG) ...
Ø	successive		S twirls or shakes O (finger, head, stick) yiłmaz (REP) yiyiiłmas (SEM)
ni + Ø	adjectival	S is spherical, round nímaz (NEUT)
ni + Ø		S becomes — niimas	S makes O — yiniiłmas yiniłmas (SEM or CONCL ?)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-máás	-mááz	-mas	-mas	-máás
CONT	-maas	-mááz	-mas	-mas	-maas
REP	-maz	-	-	-	-
SEM	-mas	-mas	-mas	-mas	-mas
NEUTER	-maz	-mas	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to roll:

• -BĄ́Ą́Z (hooplike O)

to curl:

• -CHʼIL
• -TAAZ
• -ZHAʼ

spherical:

• -JOOL

to shake:

• -DÉÉL
• -DZID (pan, bottle)
• -GHÁÁD
• -JĄH (rattle)
• -NAAʼ (earth, body)
• -TŁID
• -TSIZ (nervous)

to twirl:

• -TAAZ
• -YIZ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (roll)

-MAL

Etymology

Root not found in other Athabaskan languages. Maybe related to mąʼii (“coyote”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to gobble, to eat quickly

Theme	Category	Bases	+ Unspec object
Ø	operative	S eats O yiʼniimaał (MOM) yimal (DUR)	S eats ? (MOM) amal (DUR)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-maał	-mal	-mał	-mał	-maał
DUR	-mal	-mal	-mał	-mał	-mal

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to eat:

• -ʼAAL (hard O)
• -CHOZH (leafy O)
• -DÉÉL (plural O)
• -DLĄ́Ą́ʼ (liquid O)
• -GHAL (meat)
• -KID (chunky O)
• -TSʼEEʼ (mushy O)
• -YĄ́Ą́ʼ

gluttonous:

• -BID

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (gobble)

-NAʼ

Etymology 1

From Proto-Athabaskan *na (“to live, to move, to work”). Related to -NÁÁʼ (“to move”) and to -NÁÁD (“to last”). Maybe originating in several distinct roots.

Cognate root found in Ahtna ghetnaa (“he is working”), Chipewyan ɣɛna (“he is alive”), Carrier nelnaʼ (“to be slow, sluggish”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

 1. to live

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
hi + Ø	adjectival	S is alive hiná (ni-NEUT)
hi + Ø		S comes to life hidinaah (Ø-MOM) hiinaah (TRANS)	S brings O to life, generates O — yiiiłnaah (TRANS)

 2. to last, to endure (supplies)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + Ø	operative	S lasts dinaʼ (DUR) hodinaʼ

 3. to act slowly

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + l	motion?	S acts slowly ndilnaʼ (CONT)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-naah	-naʼ	-naah	-naał	-naah
DUR / CONT	-naʼ	-naʼ	-naah	-naał	-naʼ
NEUT	-ná	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to live, to come to life:

• -CHĮ́
• -DÉÉL
• -DĮĮD
• -GHAN

to last, to endure:

• -NAʼ (FFO moves)

Antonyms

to die:

• -DĮĮD
• -NÁ
• -TSĄ́

to run out, to exhaust:

• -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ
• -DĮĮD
• -NAʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (live)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Athabaskan *nə̓q’ (“to swallow”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna itełnaʼ (“he swallowed it”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to swallow, to regurgitate, to choke

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + ł	motion	S swallows iiłneeh (MOM) hanéíłneeh ↳ hááʼiiłneeh (“ruminate”) néíłneeh
ni + l	?	S chokes yinilneeh ↳ náʼniłnah (“hiccup”)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
DUR / CONT	-naʼ	-naʼ	-naah	-naał	-naʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to regurgitate:

• -KWI

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (swallow)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Athabaskan *nəɢ, with a wide semantic range including “a flat flexible object (as sheets) moves”, “to last, to endure, to become tired”.

Compare with -NAʼ above for the meaning "to last, to endure".

Cognate root found in Ahtna naghinak (“(a blanket) fell down”), łdaniniłnak (“it lasted a long time”), taatnak (“he is tired”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. FFO moves, falls (blanket, surface of water)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion	FFO moves yinééh (Ø-MOM) iinééh dinééh diinééh haanééh naanééh nʼdiinééh (“break loose”) yínééh (ni-MOM) chʼénééh niinééh yinah (PROG)
Ø	successive	FFO flaps, bounces nikídínah (REP) nikídiinah (SEM)
di + ł	?	S infects P yiʼdiłnééh
ni + ł	motion?	S lasts, runs out; S wilts, tires out aneełnééh chʼíhiniłnééh díníłnééh naniłnééh neełnééh nineełnééh niiłnééh noołnah (PROG)

  2. to crawl, to creep

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
d	motion	S crawls yinééh (Ø-MOM) iiʼnééh diʼnééh diiʼnééh diniʼnééh (“stuck”) haaʼnééh kʼéʼnééh naaʼnééh ńdíníiʼnééh (“good start”) nʼdiiʼnééh (“break loose”) ńdiiʼnééh (“get up”) yisdáʼnééh tádíʼnééh (DIV) yíʼnééh (ni-MOM) chʼéʼnééh niiʼnééh naaʼnaʼ (CONT) yiʼnah (PROG)	S stands O up                     néidiiłʼnééh

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-nééh	-naʼ	-nah	-nah	-nééh
CONT	-nah	-naʼ	-nah	-nah	-nééh
REP	-nah	-	-	-	-
SEM	-nah	-nah	-nah	-nah	-nah

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to crawl, to creep:

• -DLOOZH

to wilt:

• -GAN

to last, to endure:

• -NAʼ (live)

to run out, to exhaust:

• -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ
• -DĮĮD

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (FFO moves)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (crawl)

See also: -niiʼ

-NIIʼ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *ni̓gʸ, from pre-Proto-Athabaskan *niʼg, a root with many disparate meanings, perhaps resulting in the merger of originally distinct roots.

A first meaning involves action with the hand (squeeze, touch). Another meaning relates to the passing of an invisible or hazy entity, as an epidemic, a cold wave, a fad, a swarm, and also relates to pain, ache. A last meaning relates to mental actions as to know, to be aware, to remember.

-NIIʼ shares many stems with the roots -NÍÍʼ, -NIID, -NÍÍD, -NIʼ, -NÍ, -NIH, -NIIH ~ -LĮH and -NEʼ, each of these being themselves a conflation of several originally distinct roots with at times overlapping meanings, which makes their actual identification often speculative.

Maybe as a consequence, the themes in this root often do not behave as neatly as with other roots (classifiers, aspect, conjugations may follow irregular alternations).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to act with the hand

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	successive	S squeezes O, mixes O yiʼniinííh (MOM) ↳ iʼniinííh yitaayiniih (DIST) neiniih (CONT) néininih (SER) yiyiinih (SEM)
a + ł	motion?	S heads O off, set O free yiʼíłniih (MOM) yééʼíłniih
di + l	motion	S touches, reaches dilnííh (Ø-MOM) adilnííh didiilnííh didinilnííh (“stuck”) dinilnííh (“stuck”) yadidiilnííh yideelnííh (ni-MOM) chʼídeelnííh ndeelnííh ndilniih (CONT) doolnih (PROG) ↳ hodoonih (Ø-class.) déesniiʼ (NEUT)
hi + Ø	?	S is traded hidinííh (MOM) nahaniih (CONT)	S trades O yidiyiiłnííh (MOM) nayiiłniih (CONT)

 2. to hurt, to be painful

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + Ø	?	S becomes painful dinííh (MOM) ↳ adinííh ↳ hodinííh ndeezniiʼ (CONT)	S makes O painful yidiłnííh (MOM) ↳ hodiłnííh
di + Ø	adjectival	S hurts diniih (ni-NEUT) ↳ adiniih ↳ hodiniih hadiiniiʼ	S makes O hurt yidiłniih (ni-NEUT) ↳ hodiłniih

 3. a wave passes or spreads (epidemic, a heat wave, a crowd, a swarm, a fad)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ł	motion	S passes iiłnííh diłnííh hałnííh ńʼdiiłnííh (“start”) tádíłnííh yíłnííh (ni-MOM) niiłnííh naałniih (CONT) ↳ nahałnííh yiłnih (PROG)

 4. to know, to be aware

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	?	S knows aniih (NEUT) haniih yeʼeniih	S makes O know — — yiʼíłnííh
ná + l	?	S remembers yénálniih (DUR) bééhániih (Ø-class)	S reminds O yééyíłnííh (ni-MOM)
Ø	?	S hears, learns nihwiinííh (TRANS) yiniih (DUR) haniih

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-nííh	-niiʼ	-nih	-nih	-nííh
CONT / DUR	-niih	-niiʼ	-nih	-nih	-niih
REP / SER	-nih	-niiʼ	-nih	-nih	-nih
SEM	-nih	-nih	-nih	-nih	-nih
NEUT	-niih	-niiʼ	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to act with body:

• -ʼĄ́ (head)
• -CHID (hand)
• -ʼEEZ (foot)
• -NEʼ (head)
• -TÁÁL (foot)

to hurt:

• -GAII

crowd or herd moves:

• -DÉÉL
• -TEEL
• -YIZ (stampede)
• -YOL
• -ZĄ́

to know:

• -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ
• -ZĮĮD

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (act with hand)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (hurt)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (wave passes)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (know) ==-NISH==

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *nəš-x (“to move quickly”).

Cognate root found in Chipewyan násnís (“I move quickly”), Northern Tutchone naɣadəlniš (“he is working”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to work

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
l	motion	S works dilníísh (Ø-MOM) ńdínílníísh (“good start”) ńdiilniish (“start”) tádílníísh chʼélníísh (ni-MOM) niilníísh naalnish (CONT) yilnish (PROG)
ʼa + Ø	motion	work is done ndaʼiiníísh naʼanish (CONT) ooshnish (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-níísh	-nish	-nish	-nish	-níísh
CONT	-nish	-nish	-nish	-nish	-nish

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (work)

-TĄ́

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tan ~ *tən (“to handle stick-like objects or vessels”), probably one of the most polysemous root across all Athabascan languages.

Cognate root found in Ahtna deztaan (“(elongated object) is in position”), datiił (“he is counting”), natadghitaan (“water drips down”), hwghitaʼ (“it stops”), tinitaan (“there is a trail”), łtaan (“(enclosed object) is in position”), dełtaan (“(body of water) is in position”), sa dinhwtniłten (“explain to me!”), titahdiniłtaan (“they rushed off in a group”), l+taan (“animate rests”), among many other meanings in the sole Ahtna language.

Occurs in Navajo as momentaneous perfective -TÁ or -TĄ́Ą́ʼ, in themes related to the handling of stick-like objects (SSO), to raining, to teaching, to the gallopping of a horse, and also acts as the suppletive neuter stem of -BIN (plural S sit).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

 1. to handle SSO

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	motion	S handles SSO yitįįh (Ø-MOM) iitįįh yiditįįh yidiitįįh haitįįh neitįįh neidiitįįh (ńdii-, “pick up”) neidíníitįįh (ńdíníi-, “good start”) naʼiidiitįįh (nʼdii-, “detach”) táiditįįh yisdéítįįh yitįįh [shishtįįh] (si-MOM) yítįįh (ni-MOM) chʼíítįįh niyítįįh neitin (CONT) yootį́į́ł (PROG)
Ø	positional	SSO is in position sitą́ (NEUT) naaztą́ nítą́	S keeps SSO in position yistą́ (NEUT)
hi / di + yíní + Ø	positional	SSO hangs, dangles or protrudes détą́ hidétą́ chʼíhidétą́ hahíítą́ nahíítą́
Ø	positional	it hangs in mid-air (new moon, hummingbird) yiitįįh (TRANS?)

 2. to rain

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ho + ł	motion/operative?	it rains ahałtįįh (MOM) ahoʼniiłtįįh hahałtįįh hahodíníłtįįh (hadíní-, “too much”) hodiłtįįh hodiiłtįįh nihoołtįįh nahałtin (DUR) naałtin (without ho-) hoołtį́į́ł (PROG)
ni + ł	conversive?	it mists, clouds hangs in the air adahoniłtįįh neestin (NEUT)

 3. to teach; to understand, to guess

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ni + Ø/ł		S teaches neinitin (nani-) ↳ naʼnitin yíneiniłtin (bínabini-) yíneiniłtin (bínani-) ↳ yínaʼniłtin yínoołtį́į́ł (PROG)
di + Ø		S understands, guesses yikʼiʼdiitįįh ↳ akʼiʼdiitįįh yééʼdeetįįh (béédiʼni-) ↳ ééʼdeetįįh

 4. plural S sit

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
d	positional	plural S sit déestą́ naháaztą́

 5. to gallop

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ni + l	motion	S gallops — (Ø-MOM) aniltįįh díníltįįh (di-) díníiltįįh (dii-) haniltįįh neeltįįh (ni-MOM) chʼíneeltįįh nineeltįįh naniltin (CONT) nooltį́į́ł (PROG)

Stem set

The stem set of this root shows a great deal of variation and irregular alternations across the various meanings and aspects.

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tįįh	-tą́	-tį́į́ł	-tį́į́h	-tį́į́ł

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

SSO verbs:

• -TʼEʼ (propel SSO)
• -KĘ́Ę́Z (SSO moves)
• -ʼÁ (SSO extends)

to teach:

• -ʼĄ́Ą́ʼ

to understand:

• -TSʼĄ́Ą́ʼ

to sit:

• -DÁ
• -KÉ
• -BIN

to rain:

• -TSĄ́Ą́ʼ
• -ZHOŁ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (handle SSO)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (rain)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (teach)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (sit)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (gallop)

-TʼAʼ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼɑɢ (“to fly”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna nitʼak (“it arrived flying”), Gwich'in naałtʼak (“I flew a plane”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to fly

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
d	motion	S flies yitʼááh (Ø-MOM) iitʼááh ditʼááh diitʼááh haatʼááh kʼétʼááh nʼdiitʼááh (“break loose”) ńdiitʼááh (“take off”) yisdátʼááh tádítʼááh (DIV) yítʼááh (ni-MOM) chʼétʼááh niitʼááh naatʼaʼ (CONT) yitʼah (PROG)	S flies O yiłtʼááh (Ø-MOM) iiłtʼááh yidiłtʼááh yidiiłtʼááh — — — — yisdátʼááh tádítʼááh (DIV) yíłtʼááh (ni-MOM) chʼííłtʼááh niiłtʼááh ? neiłtʼaʼ (CONT) yoołtʼah (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tʼááh	-tʼaʼ	-tʼah	-tʼah	-tʼááh
CONT	-tʼaʼ	-tʼaʼ	-tʼah	-tʼah	-tʼaʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (fly)

-TÁÁL

Etymology 1

From Proto-Athabaskan *tatłʼ (“to act abruptly with the foot”), in bases related to stepping, stomping, kicking. Also occurs in a meaning related to bursting and exploding.

Cognate root found in Ahtna yiztał (“he shoved it once with his foot”), yuninitaatlʼ (“he kicked at it”), iʼdiiłtatlʼ (“I burst something”), Carrier əstał (“to kick”), dîstəł (“to explode”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to move the foot

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases
Ø	motion	S steps yitaał (Ø-MOM) yitádiitaał
l		S steps about, is angry, nervous, S pulsates ńdiiltaał naaltaał (CONT)
di + Ø	motion	S sticks his foot, steps to ditaał (Ø-MOM) dinitaał (“stuck”) haditaał deetaał (ni-MOM) ndeetaał ndadiltal (CONT)
(dzi) + Ø	successive	S kicks Motion: dzitaał (Ø-MOM) adzitaał dziditaał yitázdiitaał ndzítaał (ni-MOM) — Successive (without dzi-): aditał (Iter.) — — — — nikídíltał (REP) (with l-class.?) nikídiitał (SEM)	S kicks P   — ayídzíłtaał — — — ch'íyídzíłtaał   — yótaał (yíní-rep.) yííníitaał (yíníi-sem.) néinitał (SER) yiyiitał (SEM)
l	motion	S dashes ? (Ø-MOM) iiltaał diltaał diiltaał haaltaał naaltaał tádíltaał yisdáltaał yíltaał (ni-MOM) chʼéltaał naaltaał (CONT) yiltaał (PROG)

See also other roots of attacking like -DON (“to shoot”), -GHAAL (“to bat”), -TʼOH (“to shoot”), -TŁʼIN (“to sling”), -TSXIZ (“to whip”) etc, for a similar alternation between dzi- (“away into space”), yíní- (repetitive), yíníi- (semelfactive) and adi- (“to be given to —, to be a —er”, iterative) in successive themes.

  2. to pop, spurt, fly off

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
l	successive	S pops (bikʼídahaltaał) (hadahaltaał) nʼdiiltaał (“breaks loose”) diltał (REP) yiiltał (SEM)	S pops O — — — — yiyiiłtał (SEM)

The first two bases are seriative forms of the “dash” theme above.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-taał	-táál	-tał	-tał	-taał
CONT	-taał / tal	-táál	-tał	-tał	-taał
REP	-tał	-tał	-tał	-tał	-tał
SER	-tał	-táál	-tał	-tał	-tał
SEM	-tał	-tał	-tał	-tał	-tał

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to act with body:

• -ʼĄ́ (head)
• -CHID (hand)
• -ʼEEZ (foot)
• -NEʼ (head)
• -NIIʼ (hand)

to go swiftly, to dash:

• -TʼIʼ
• -TEEʼ
• -WOD
• -ZAAL

to pop:

• -CHOZH
• -DO
• -DON

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (move foot)

Etymology 2

Probably identical to the above root. Occurs in Southern Athabaskan in bases related to singing or holding a ceremony.

Compare Ahtna deltatl’ (“make a speech”), Lower Tanana deltutł (“he is talking loudly”), Carrier dəztəl (“to shout”), themselves extension of the bursting / explosion meaning above.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to sing, to hold a ceremony

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ho + Ø	operative	S sings ahoʼniitaał (MOM) nihótaał hataał (DUR)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM / DUR	-taał	-táál	-tał	-tał	-taał

Synonyms

to sing:

• -ʼĄ́
• -ʼAʼ
• -KʼAAZH (falsetto)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (sing)

See also: -tʼeʼ

-TʼEʼ

Etymology 1

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼe (“to be thus”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna ntʼae (“it is”), neltʼeʼ (“there are many”), Chipewyan bénɛłtʼɛ (“you're like him”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to be

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	adjectival	S is thus yitʼé (NEUT) átʼé ákótʼé kótʼé áátʼeeł (PROG)
l	adjectival	S is a certain number yistʼeʼ díkwíltʼeeh yiltʼé (NEUT-ABS) díkwíltʼé tʼááłah diltʼéhé ndiltʼé táltʼé dį́ltʼé ashdlaltʼé hastą́ltʼé tsostsʼiltʼé tseebíltʼé náhástʼéltʼé neeználtʼé néeltʼeʼ (NEUT-COMP) ánéeltʼeʼ ákónéeltʼeʼ kónéeltʼeʼ aheenéeltʼeʼ
ł	adjectival	S is similar, is like aheełtʼé yeełtʼé [Term?]

  2. Various meanings depending on thematic prefix

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
hashtʼe + Ø		S is calm or ready hashtʼehoditʼeeh hashtʼeetʼé hashtʼedítʼé
P + ni + ł		S causes P to lose everything yiniłtʼeeh
shó + Ø		S is acquired shóotʼeeh	S acquires O shóyoołtʼeeh

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tʼeeh	-tʼeʼ	-tʼeeł	-tʼeeh	-tʼeeh
NEUT	-tʼé	-	-	-	-
ABS	-tʼé	-	-	-	-
COMP	-tʼeʼ	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to be:

• -LĮ́Į́ʼ
• -LĮĮD

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (be)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼə̓qʼ (“animate or stick-like object moves”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna tiiłtʼak (“I threw it away (a stick)”), Koyukon kʼəltʼəx (“to hit something with a stick”).

Also occurs in Navajo along with hi-seriative in a motion theme related to hopping (literally, to “throw” oneself successively).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to propel a slender stiff object (SSO) or animate object (AnO)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + ł	motion	S propels SSO/AnO yiłtʼeʼ (Ø-MOM) iiłtʼeʼ haiłtʼeʼ neiłtʼeʼ néidiiłtʼeʼ (ńdii-, “pick up”) chʼííłtʼeʼ (ni-MOM)
O + ł	successive	S hits SSO/AnO (against P) yííníiłtʼeʼ (yíníi-, semelf.) yíidiłtʼeʼ (REP) nikíidiłtʼeʼ yíidiiłtʼeʼ (SEM) nikíidiiłtʼeʼ
hi + d	motion	S hops hitʼeʼ (Ø-MOM) ahitʼeʼ hiditʼeʼ hidiitʼeʼ hahatʼeʼ yisdáhátʼeʼ heetʼeʼ (ni-MOM) chʼíheetʼeʼ niheetʼeʼ nahatʼeʼ (CONT) hootʼeeł (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tʼeʼ	-tʼeʼ	-tʼeeł	-tʼeeh	-tʼeʼ
CONT	-tʼeʼ	-tʼeʼ	-tʼeeł	-tʼeeh	-tʼeʼ
REP	-tʼeeh	-	-	-	-
SEM	-tʼeeh	-tʼeeh	-tʼeeh	-tʼeeh	-tʼeeh

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

AnO verbs:

• -TĮ́ (handle AnO)
• -GOʼ (AnO moves)
• -TŁIZH (AnO moves)
• -TĮ́ (AnO lies — 1S)
• -TÉÉZH (AnO lie — 2S)
• -JÉÉʼ (AnO lie — 3+S)

SSO verbs:

• -TĄ́ (handle SSO)
• -KĘ́Ę́Z (SSO moves)
• -ʼÁ (SSO extends)

to hop:

• -CHAʼ
• -TŁÉÉʼ
• -TSAAD

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (propel SSO/AnO)

-TʼIʼ

Etymology 1

From Proto-Athabaskan *t’əkʸ’ (“to be stretched, taut”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna nic’et’ (“it is stretched”) (with metathesis), Gwich'in niint’aii (“it is extended”), Chipewyan nįtʼiy (“it is tight”).

Describes the extension into a line of a slender flexible object as a rope, a wire, and by extension, a fence, a road, rails or a line of people.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. SFO extends

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	extensional	S extends yitʼééh (Ø-MOM) iitʼééh ditʼééh ↳ hoditʼééh haatʼééh — náztʼiʼ (REV) yítʼééh (ni-MOM) chʼétʼééh niitʼééh naatʼiʼ (CONT) yitʼih (PROG) ↳ hootʼih ?	S extends O yiłtʼééh (Ø-MOM) iiłtʼééh yidiłtʼééh   haiłtʼééh neiłtʼééh néíłtʼih (REV) yíłtʼééh (ni-MOM) chʼííłtʼééh niyíłtʼééh neiłtʼiʼ (CONT) yoołtʼih (PROG)   náyoołtʼih
Ø		S extends (above bases in the perf.) íítʼiʼ (NEUT) yítʼiʼ ninítʼiʼ ...

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tʼééh	-tʼiʼ	-tʼih	-tʼih	-tʼééh
CONT	-tʼiʼ	-tʼiʼ	-tʼih	-tʼih	-tʼiʼ
REV	-tʼih	-tʼiʼ	-tʼih	-tʼih	-tʼih
NEUTER	-	-tʼiʼ	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

SFO verbs:

• -DÉÉL (SFO moves)
• -LÁ (handle SFO)
• -CHʼĄ́Ą́L (move suspended)
• -LOʼ (act with rope)
• -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (pull a rope)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (SFO extends)

Etymology 2

Etymology uncertain. Cognate not found in other Athabaskan languages.

There is some variation in the actual stems of the imperfective and perfective modes, both -tʼiʼ and -tʼi being reported by various sources. Perhaps an influence of -TʼIʼ above.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to stagger, to wobble

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ʼa + ni + Ø	motion	S staggers adínítʼééh (MOM) ńdíʼníitʼééh naʼnitʼi (CONT) anootʼih (PROG)

  2. to go swiftly, to streak

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
dzi + d	motion	S goes swiftly tázdítʼééh (MOM) ndzitʼi (CONT) dzootʼih (PROG)

  3. to beat hard, to pound (the heart of a frightened person)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
dzi + d	successive	S beats hard bízdítʼih (REP)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tʼééh	-tʼiʼ	-tʼih	-tʼih	-tʼééh
CONT	-tʼi	-tʼi	-tʼih	-tʼih	-tʼi
REP	-tʼih	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to stagger:

• -DZAʼ
• -TŁʼIIZH

to go swiftly, to dash:

• -TÁÁL
• -TEEʼ
• -WOD
• -ZAAL

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (stagger)

-TŁʼÁ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tłʼa ~ *tłʼe (“herd moves”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna teltłʼaa (“a herd started moving”), Chipewyan ɛltłʼɛł (“it (a caribou) is trotting”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to trot, to jog (a biped)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
l	motion	S trots yiltłʼééh (Ø-MOM) iiltłʼééh diltłʼééh diiltłʼééh haaltłʼééh tádiltłʼééh yisdáltłʼééh yíltłʼééh (ni-MOM) chʼéltłʼééh niiltłʼééh naaltłʼé (CONT) yiltłʼééł (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tłʼééh	-tłʼá	-tłʼééł	-tłʼééh	-tłʼééł
CONT	-tłʼé	-tłʼá	-tłʼeeł	-tłʼeeh	-tłʼé

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to trot:

• -DLOOZH (quadruped)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (trot)

-TŁÉÉʼ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tłeqʼʷ, classificatory root for mushy or decrepit objects (as mud, butter, a rotten rag), or animate object sharing such characteristics (as a frog, a drunken person).

Cognate root found in Ahtna ghitlaeʼ (“he handed (some mud)”), nałtloʼ (“it became wet”), Gwich'in naałtłik (“I threw it (a rotten cloth) down”).

Also occurs in Navajo along with hi-seriative in a motion theme describing the hopping of a frog (literally, a mushy object throwing itself successively).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to handle or propel mushy matter (as butter, mud)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	motion	S handles MM yitłeeh (Ø-MOM) iitłeeh yiditłeeh yidiitłeeh haitłeeh neitłeeh néidíníitłeeh (ńdíníi-, “good start”) néidiitłeeh (ńdii-, “pick up”) naʼiidiitłeeh (nʼdii-, “detach”) yisdéítłeeh yitłeeh [shishtłeeh] (si-MOM) yítłeeh (ni-MOM) chʼíítłeeh niitłeeh neitłeeh (CONT) yootłoh (PROG)
(dzi) + Ø	successive	S throws MM Motion: dzitłeeh adzitłeeh dziditłeeh dzídzadzitłeeh chʼídzítłeeh Successive: yótłeeh (yíní-, rep.) yííníitłeeh (yíníi-, semelf.)
Ø	positional	MM is in position sitłééʼ (NEUT) naaztłééʼ chʼíhinítłééʼ nítłééʼ	S keeps MM in position yistłééʼ (NEUT)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
hi + d	motion	S hops (a frog) hitłeeh (Ø-MOM) ahatłeeh hiditłeeh hidiitłeeh hahatłeeh yisdéítłeeh heetłeeh (ni-MOM) chʼíheetłeeh niheetłeeh nahatłeeh (CONT) hootłoh (PROG)

  2. to be wet

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	adjectival	S is wet ditłééʼ (NEUT) hoditłééʼ
Ø	transitional	S gets wet náhoniitłeeh
l	conversive	S gets wet náltłeeh	S makes O wet néíłtłeeh

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM / CONT / CONCL	-tłeeh	-tłéé	-tłoh	-tłoh	-tłeeh
DIST	-tłeʼ	-tłéé	-tłoh	-tłoh	-tłeʼ
REV / CON	-tłoh	-tłéé	-tłoh	-tłoh	-tłoh
NEUT	-tłééʼ	-tłééʼ	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

MM verbs:

• -YĘ́Ę́ZH (MM moves)

to hop:

• -CHAʼ
• -TʼEʼ
• -TSAAD

action of water, moisture:

• -ʼÉÉL (flush)
• -GIZH (wash)
• -TŁʼIIZH (soak)
• -TSEED / -TSIZ (sink)
• -ZHO (dampen)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (handle MM)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (wet)

-TŁIIZH

Etymology

Cognate root found in Koyukon tłɨs (“crushed, distorted”) and Tsuut'ina dlish (“spotted”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. dark brown, bruised, stained or spotted with brown

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	adjectival	S is dark, bruised yítłizh (NEUT) yishtłizh
Ø	transitional	S becomes dark, stained yiitłíísh (TRANS) hootłíízh	S makes O dark, stains O yiyiiłtłíísh
l	successive	S gets bruised yiiltłish (SEM)	S bruises O yiyiiłtłish

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
TRANS	-tłíísh	-tłiizh	-tłish	-tłish	-tłíísh
SEM	-tłish	-tłish	-tłish	-tłish	-tłish
NEUT	-	-tłizh	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

dark:

• -YÉÉL
• -ZHĮ́Į́ʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (dark brown)

-TŁʼIIZH

Etymology 1

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’i̓dž (“to be blue, green”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. blue, green

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
łi / l	adjectival	S is blue, green (neuter perf.) dinootłʼizh
di + d	extensional	S is blue, green (neuter perf.) dootłʼizh dzideetłʼizh kʼízhdeetłʼizh náshtłʼizh
di + Ø	transitional	S becomes blue diitłʼíísh (TRANS)	S makes O blue yidiiłtłʼíísh ↳ ádidiiltłʼíísh (+d refl.)
di + Ø	transitional	S gets soaked diniitłʼíísh (TRANS)	S makes O soaked yidiniiłtłʼíísh ↳ ádiniiltłʼíísh (+d refl.)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
TRANS	-tłʼíísh	-tłʼizh	-tłʼish	-tłʼish	-tłʼíísh
NEUT	-	-tłʼizh	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

action of water, moisture:

• -ʼÉÉL (flush)
• -GIZH (wash)
• -TŁÉÉʼ (dampen)
• -TSEED / -TSIZ (sink)
• -ZHO (dampen)

Antonyms

Colors:

• -BAʼ (gray)
• -CHIIʼ (red)
• -GAII (white)
• -TSOII (yellow)
• -ZHĮ́Į́ʼ (black)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (blue)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’əɣəš (“snake”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. wriggle

Theme	Category	Bases	Pseudo-transitive (a + ł)
ni + l	motion	S wriggles díníltłʼiish (MOM) – nooltłʼish (PROG)	S wriggles (it)   naʼniłtłʼish (CONT)
ni + l	adjectival	S is curvy, serpentine nooltłʼish (NEUT) honooltłʼish naneeshtłʼish

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tłʼiish	-tłʼizh	-tłʼish	-tłʼish	-tłʼiish
CONT	-tłʼiish	-tłʼizh	-tłʼish	-tłʼish	-tłʼiish
NEUT	-	-tłʼiizh	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to wiggle, to squirm:

• -GHAL
• -TAAZ
• -YIZ

to stagger:

• -DZAʼ
• -TʼIʼ

to be curved, bent:

• -BĄ́Ą́Z
• -TAAZ
• -YIIZH
• -ZHAʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (wriggle)

-TŁIZH

Etymology

Cognate root not found outside of Southern Athabaskan.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. AnO moves, falls

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
l	motion	AnO moves, falls yitłíísh (Ø-MOM) iitłíísh ditłíísh haatłíísh kʼétłíísh naatłíísh nʼdiitłíísh (“break loose”) tádítłíísh yítłíísh (ni-MOM) chʼétłíísh niitłíísh naatłizh (CONT) yitłish (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tłíísh	-tłizh	-tłish	-tłish	-tłíísh
CONT	-tłizh	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

AnO verbs:

• -TĮ́ (handle AnO)
• -TʼEʼ (propel AnO)
• -GOʼ (AnO moves)
• -TĮ́ (AnO lies — 1S)
• -TÉÉZH (AnO lie — 2S)
• -JÉÉʼ (AnO lie — 3+S)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (AnO moves)

See also: -tłʼó and -tłʼǫ́

-TŁʼǪ́

Etymology

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to weave
   1. to weave, to tie, to lace.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tłʼóóh	-tłʼǫ́	-tłʼóół	-tłʼóóh	-tłʼóół
CONCL	-tłʼó	-tłʼǫ́	-tłʼóół	-tłʼóóh	-tłʼóół

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (weave)

-TʼOD

Etymology 1

Exact identification of the root is difficult.

Possibly cognate with -TʼÓÓD (“to suck”) from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼutʼ (“to suck, or muddy matter moves”) describing the subject's mud-like texture. Compare Ahtna kultʼotʼ (“ground is soft”), Koyukon xɑltʼut (“area is muddy”), Tsuut'ina -t’ùd-ā (“to be boiled soft”), Tsuut'ina -t’ùh-ā (“to be silky, velvety”).

Alternatively, cognate with -TʼÓÓD (“to tear”) from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼučʼ (“to peel, to strip”), describing the subject's tearing apart from being too soft or overboiled.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to be soft, tender, flexible, over-boiled

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + Ø		S is soft, over-boiled ditʼod (Ø-MOM) ditʼódí (NEUT) naatʼood (CONT?)	S over-boils O yidiłtʼod

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tʼod	-tʼod	-tʼoł	-tʼod	-tʼod
CONT	-tʼood	-	-	-	-
NEUT	-tʼódí	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to be soft:

• -CHÁÁZH
• -ZHÓLÍ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (soft)

Etymology 2

Perhaps from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼʊɢ (“to shoot an arrow”), with an irregular coda evolution (*-g> -ʼ or -h would be expected). The original velar resurfaces in béésh astʼogii (“flint arrowhead”). See -TʼOH for the regularly derived root.

Alternatively, from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼut’ (“to suck”). Compare Koyukon utʼʊtʼ (“it sticks by succion, (fabric) sticks to the needle”). See -TʼÓÓD for the regularly derived root.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. arrow is stuck (into flesh)

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø		S is stuck in P biztʼod

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (stuck arrow)

-TʼÓÓD

Etymology 1

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼutʼ (“to suck”). Related to -TʼOD (“to be soft”) and -TʼOH (“to smoke”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna ighiłtʼuutʼ (“he sucked it”), kultʼotʼ (“ground is soft”), Koyukon yiltʊt (“he sucked it on it once”), Carrier əst’ət (“to smoke”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to suck, to nurse, to pump, to inject

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + ł	motion	S pumps O yiłtʼood (Ø-MOM) iiłtʼood yidiłtʼood haiłtʼood haatʼood yíłtʼood (ni-MOM) chʼííłtʼood niiłtʼood yoołtʼoł (PROG)
O + ł	successive	S sucks O yiłtʼoʼ (REP) néinitʼod (SER) yiyiiłtʼoʼ (SEM)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tʼood	-tʼóód	-tʼoł	-tʼoʼ	-tʼood
REP	-tʼoʼ	-tʼóód	-tʼoł	-tʼoʼ	-tʼoʼ
SER	-tʼod	-tʼóód	-tʼoł	-tʼoʼ	-tʼod
SEM	-tʼod	-tʼod	-tʼod	-tʼod	-tʼod

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to suck:

• -TSʼǪ́Ǫ́Z

to inject, to pour:

• -KÁ
• -ZIID

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (suck)

Etymology 2

Perhaps from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼučʼ (“to peel, to strip”), with an irregular coda evolution (*-čʼ> -sh would be expected). See also -TʼOD (“arrow sticks”) for a similar issue.

Compare Ahtna idghiltʼuutsʼ (“he peels it”), Carrier əst’us (“to strip”), hanəzt’ûz (“to be bald”), with meanings identical to the ones found in Navajo.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to tear, to peel, to wear out

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive base (O + Ø)
Ø	motion	S tears, balds, peels iitʼood (Ø-MOM) bétʼood yikʼeetʼood haatʼood niitʼood (ni-MOM)	S tears O, plucks O, peels O iitʼood (Ø-MOM) yétʼood yikʼeetʼood

  2. to wipe

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	successive	S wipes O yitʼood (Ø-MOM) ↳ hatʼood ↳ ádítʼood yiʼniitʼood néinitʼood (REP) yiyiitʼood (SEM)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tʼood	-tʼóód	-tʼoł	-tʼoʼ	-tʼood
REP	-tʼod	-tʼóód	-tʼoł	-tʼoʼ	-tʼod
SEM	-tʼod	-tʼod	-tʼod	-tʼod	-tʼod

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to tear, to rip:

• -DLÁÁD (roughly)
• -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (gently)

to pluck:

• -NIZH
• -TSʼIʼ

to wear out:

• -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ
• -ZHAAZH

to wipe:

• -DEEʼ
• -JOOL

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (tear)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (wipe)

-TSʼEEʼ

Etymology 1

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsʼeq’ (“to lick”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to eat mushy object (as cornmeal)

Theme	Category	Bases	+ Unspec object
O + ł	operative	S eats O yiʼniiłtsʼééh (MOM) yiłtsʼééh (DUR)	S eats iʼniiłtsʼééh (MOM) ałtsʼééh (DUR)
O + l	operative	S overeats O néidíníltsʼééh (MOM) néineestsʼééh (perf.)	S overeats ńʼdíníltsʼééh (MOM) náʼneestsʼééh (perf.)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tsʼééh	-tsʼeeʼ	-tsʼah	-tsʼah	-tsʼééh
MOM	-tsʼééh	-tsʼeeʼ	-tsʼah	-tsʼah	-tsʼééh

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to eat:

• -ʼAAL (hard O)
• -CHOZH (leafy O)
• -DÉÉL (plural O)
• -DLĄ́Ą́ʼ (liquid O)
• -GHAL (meat)
• -KID (chunky O)
• -MAL
• -YĄ́Ą́ʼ

Etymology 2

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsʼe̓ɣ (“to wiggle, to wind, to coil”). Found only in some neuter perfective bases. Probably related to this root, a secondary meaning also occurs in neuter bases describing objects parallel to one another as rails, poles, columns of smoke.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to be coiled, spiraled

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ná/ni + d	adjectival	S is coiled hanootsʼeeʼ (NEUT) haʼnootsʼeeʼ nástsʼaaʼ náhineetsʼeeʼ

  2. to lie parallel

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ni + Ø/d	adjectival	S lie parallel áłtaʼneetsʼeeʼ (NEUT) neetsʼeeʼ náhoneetsʼeeʼ yaniitsʼeeʼ nanootsʼeeʼ

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-	-tsʼeeʼ / tsʼaaʼ	-	-	-

Synonyms

to coil:

• -ZHAʼ

to lie parallel:

• -JÉÉʼ
• -ZHOOZH

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat mushy)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (coil)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (lie parallel)

See also: -tsʼíísí

-TSʼÍÍSÍ

Etymology

Alternative shapes : -TSʼÍSÍ, -TSʼÍHÍ.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to be small.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
NEUTER	- tsʼíísí	-	-	-	-

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (small)

See also: tsoh and -tsoh

-TSOH

Etymology

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. big

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
NEUTER	-tso	-	-	-	-
NEUTER	-tsoh	-	-	-	-

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (big)

-TSOII

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsu̓ɢ (“to be yellow, tan”). Also occurs with intensive infix -x- indicating a darker color tone as orange.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. yellow

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
łi + Ø	adjectival	S is yellow (neuter impf.) łitso (NEUT) diniltso haltso
d		S is yellow (neuter perf.) deestso (NEUT) dzítso haatso haastso kʼídzítso naastsxo naatso nástso
Ø		S becomes — yiitsóóh (TRANS)	S makes O — yiyiiłtsóóh (TRANS) ↳ ádiiltsóóh (+d refl.) yidiniiłtsóóh

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
TRANS	-tsóóh	-tsoii	-tsoh	-tsoh	-tsóóh
NEUT	-tso	-tso	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Antonyms

Colors:

• -BAʼ (gray)
• -CHIIʼ (red)
• -GAII (white)
• -TŁʼIIZH (blue, green)
• -ZHĮ́Į́ʼ (black)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (yellow)

-TSʼǪ́Ǫ́D

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸʼə̓tʼ (“to stretch”). Maybe cognate with -TSʼID (“tough, sinewy”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna nicʼetʼ (“it is stretched out”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to stretch, to become taut

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion	S stretches, S stretches his neck yitsʼǫǫd (Ø-MOM) iitsʼǫǫd ditsʼǫǫd haatsʼǫǫd yítsʼǫǫd (ni-MOM) chʼétsʼǫǫd niitsʼǫǫd naatsʼǫǫd (CONT)   yitsʼǫł (PROG)	S stretches O, pulls O taut yiłtsʼǫǫd (Ø-MOM) iiłtsʼǫǫd yidiłtsʼǫǫd haiłtsʼǫǫd yíłtsʼǫǫd (ni-MOM) chʼííłtsʼǫǫd niyíłtsʼǫǫd neiłtsʼǫǫd (CONT) ↳ naʼádíltsʼǫǫd yoołtsʼǫł (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM / CONT	-tsʼǫǫd	-tsʼǫ́ǫ́d	-tsʼǫł	-tsʼǫʼ	-tsʼǫǫd

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to stretch, to straighten:

• -DǪǪD
• -KʼĄ́Ą́Z
• -TʼIʼ

to pull:

• -DZĮ́Į́Z
• -NIZH
• -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z
• -ZHÓÓD

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (stretch)

-TSOOZ

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸu̓z, classificatory root for flat flexible objects, as fabric, skins or paper.

Cognate root found in Koyukon yitłkuł (“he has it (a blanket) there”), Carrier tətšus (“to carry it off (as sheets)”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

 1. to handle FFO

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + ł	motion	S handles FFO yiłtsóós (Ø-MOM) iiłtsóós yidiłtsóós yidiiłtsóós haiłtsóós neiłtsóós neidiiłtsóós (ńdii-, “pick up”) neidíníiłtsóós (ńdíníi-, “good start”) naʼiidiiłtsóós (nʼdii-, “detach”) yisdéíłtsóós yiłtsóós [sistsóós] (si-MOM) yíłtsóós (ni-MOM) chʼííłtsóós niyíłtsóós neiłtsoos (CONT) yoołtsos (PROG)
ł	positional	FFO is in position siłtsooz (NEUT) naastsooz déłtsooz níłtsooz	S keeps FFO in position yistsooz (NEUT)
hi + yíní + ł	positional	FFO hangs or dangles hííłtsooz (NEUT) hidéłtsooz chʼíhiníłtsooz hahííłtsooz nahííłtsooz

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-tsóós	-tsóóz	-tsos	-tsos	-tsóós
CONT	-tsoos	-tsóóz	-tsos	-tsos	-tsoos
NEUT	-	-tsooz	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

FFO verbs:

• -ʼAH (propel FFO)
• -NAʼ (FFO moves)
• -BAAL (FFO hangs)
• -KAAD (flatness lies, hangs)
• -TIʼ (spread a FFO)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (handle FFO)

-TSʼÓÓZÍ

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to be slender.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (slender)

-WOD

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʊ̓t’ (“to be bent, curved”). Occurs also in a secondary meaning related to wriggling, jiggling, and by extension, in some Athabaskan languages including Navajo, to being agile and running.

Cognate root found in Ahtna dezghotʼ (“it is bent”), Carrier nəlɣwət (“to wriggle”), nəsɣwət (“to be agile, rapid”).

Occurs in Navajo in two additional extended meanings related to limping and to rocking. The “rock” theme uses a different momentaneous stem set, and might be a different root altogether.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to bend, to flex, to disjoint; to limp

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø		S disjoints, bends aháyeed haayeed — niiyeed (ni-MOM) niiyeed (yii-MOM)	S bends O aháłheed — kʼéłheed — niiłheed (yii-MOM)
ʼa + ni + ł	motion	S is lame, limps haʼniłheed naʼniłhod (CONT)

  2. to rock

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	successive	S rocks — — yiwod (REP)	S rocks O, shakes O neidíníłhóód (ndíní-) naʼiidíníłhóód (ndíʼní-) yiłhod (REP)

  3. to run

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (Ø + ł + l)
l	motion	S runs yilyeed (Ø-MOM) iilyeed dilyeed diilyeed dinilyeed (“stuck”) haalyeed kʼélyeed naalyeed nʼdiilyeed (“breaks loose”) tádílyeed yisdályeed yílyeed (ni-MOM) chʼélyeed niilyeed naasyeed (CONT) (perf. only) yilwoł (PROG)	S runs O                               yiyoołwoł
l	adjectival	S is a runner dilwoʼ

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-yeed	-wod	-woł	-woʼ	-yeed
MOM	-wóód	-wóód	-woł	-woʼ	-wóód
CONT / REP	-wod	-wod	-woł	-woʼ	-wod

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to run:

• -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ (2 subjects)
• -JÉÉʼ (3+ subjects)

to go swiftly, to dash:

• -TAAL
• -TEEʼ
• -TʼIʼ
• -ZAAL

to bend:

• -DÉÉL
• -JOOL
• -TAAZ
• -YIIZH

to rock:

• -KAAD
• -YIZ

to shake:

• -DÉÉL (jolt)
• -DZID (pan, bottle)
• -GHÁÁD
• -JĄH (rattle)
• -MÁÁZ (finger, hat)
• -NAAʼ (earth, body)
• -TŁID
• -TSIZ (nervous)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (bend)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (rock)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (run)

See also: yaa

-YAA

Etymology

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. do
   1. (-Ø-/ʼá-/kó-) to do, to act.
   2. (-Ø-/ʼá-/kó- + ho-) to happen.
   3. Misc. thematic
      1. (hadi-/hashtʼe-) to get ready; to prepare it.
      2. (tí-) to injure.
      3. (biʼa-) to copy it, to take a picture of it.
      4. (áná-) to repair.
      5. (kó-) to attract.
      6. (bi-) to be just in time for it.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

See also: -yą́ą́ʼ and yaaʼ

-YĄ́Ą́ʼ

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *hanʸ (“to eat”).

The first consonant fuses with the preceding consonant from classifiers or subject prefixes, resulting in various alternations : YĄ́Ą́ʼ, DĄ́Ą́ʼ, SĄ́Ą́ʼ, SHĄ́Ą́ʼ, ZĄ́Ą́ʼ.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to eat

Theme	Category	Bases	+ Unspec object
O + Ø	operative	S eats O yiʼniiyį́į́h niyíyį́į́h yiyą́ (DUR)	S eats iʼniiyį́į́h (MOM) niʼíyį́į́h (MOM) ayą́ (DUR) naʼayą́ʼ (CONT) táʼdíyį́į́h (DIV)
O + d	operative	S overeats O ? néidínídį́į́h (MOM) néineesdááʼ (perf.) yidą́ (DUR)	S overeats iʼniidį́į́h (MOM) ńdíʼnídį́į́h náʼneesdą́ą́ʼ (perf.) adą́ (DUR)
O + ł	operative	S feeds P with O yiyiisą́	S feeds P yiʼiisą́ (DUR)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-yį́į́h	-yą́ą́ʼ	-yį́į́ł	-yį́į́h	-yą́ą́ʼ
DUR	-yą́	-yą́ą́ʼ	-yį́į́ł	-yį́į́h	-yą́ą́ʼ
CONT	-yą́ʼ	-yą́ą́ʼ	-yįįł	-yįįh	-yą́ʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to eat:

• -ʼAAL (hard O)
• -CHOZH (leafy O)
• -DÉÉL (plural O)
• -DLĄ́Ą́ʼ (liquid O)
• -GHAL (meat)
• -KID (chunky O)
• -TSʼEEʼ (mushy O)
• -MAL

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat)

-YÉÉL

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇etɬ’ (“to become dark; to be quiet, calm”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna naghighaetlʼ (“it got dark”), dezghaetlʼ (“it is calm”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. dark

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ł	adjectival	S is dark chahałheeł (NEUT) díníłhéél kʼízdiníłhéél diłhił hodiłhił
ł		S becomes dark, night yiłheeł (MOM) béłheeł chahałheeł chahoʼniiłheeł
yi + Ø	?	S dreams néidiiyeeł (TRANS) neiyeeł (CONT)

  2. calm, quiet

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
di + ł (ho) + di + Ø	adjectival	S is calm déesxéél (NEUT) hodéezyéél
di + ł (ho) + di + Ø		S becomes calm diiłheeł (TRANS) hodiiyeeł	S calms O down yidiiłheeł

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-yeeł	-yéél	-yił	-yił	-yeeł
TRANS /CONT	-yeeł	-yeel	-yił	-yił	-yeeł
NEUT	-yeeł, yił	-yéél	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

dark:

• -TŁIIZH
• -ZHĮ́Į́ʼ

calm:

• -ZEEʼ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (dark)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (calm)

-YIZ

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇əz (“to turn, to whirl”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to turn

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
Ø	motion	S slides (as a boulder) yiyéés (Ø-MOM) iiyéés chʼéyéés diyéés diiyéés naayéés yíyéés (ni-MOM) niiyéés naayiz (“rock”) (CONT) yiyis (PROG) ...
ná + Ø	successive	S turns around slowly náyéés     nááyis (PROG)	S turns O around slowly néíłhéés yiłhiz (REP) yiyiiłhis (SEM) náyoołhis (PROG)
l	motion	S rushes, stampedes (a crowd, a herd) iilyéés chʼélyéés diilyéés ńdiilyéés ...
l	?	S wiggles, zigzags, jerks, dodges dilyéés nánílyéés (“to balk”) ńdílyis (iter.) naalyiz (“to rock”) (CONT)	S wiggles O       neiłhiz (CONT)
		S is startled dilyéés hodilyéés tsídíyéés	S startles O   hodiłhéés tsíyidíłhéés
ni + Ø	adjectival	S is cylindrical, tubular níyiz (NEUT)
		S gets —	S makes O — yiniłhis (SEM or CONCL ?)

Note: cf. The pair níyiz / yiniłhis parallels the pair nímas / yiniłmas, but YM doesn't call the latter a Conclusive aspect?

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-yéés	-yiz	-yis	-yis	-yéés
CONT	-yiz	-yiz	-yis	-yis	-yiz
REP	-yiz	-	-	-	-
SEM	-yis	-yis	-yis	-yis	-yis
CONCL	-yis	-yis	-yis	-yis	-yis
NEUT	-	-yiz	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to slide:

• -DÁÁZ (rocks, seeds)
• -KID (small O)
• -TÉÉL (animate O)
• -ZHÓÓD (massive O)
• -ZHOOZH (rocks, seeds)

to wiggle, to squirm:

• -GHAL
• -TAAZ
• -TŁʼIIZH

to rock, to sway:

• -KAAD
• -WOD

to turn:

• -BAAL (quickly)
• -DIZ
• -GIZ

to twirl:

• -MÁÁZ (baton, hat)
• -TAAZ

crowd or herd moves:

• -DÉÉL
• -NIIʼ
• -TEEL
• -YOL
• -ZĄ́

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (turn)

-ZHĮ́Į́ʼ

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *žənʸ (“to be dark,black”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna delzen (“dark colored”), Gwich'in azhrąįį.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. black

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
łi + Ø	adjectival	S is black (neuter impf.) łizhin (NEUT) dinilzhin halzhin
d		S is black (neuter perf.) deeshjin (NEUT) jíjin haajin haashjin kʼíjíjin naashjin naajin náshjin
d		S becomes — yiijį́į́h (TRANS) hoojį́į́h hiłiijį́į́h	S makes O — yiyiishį́į́h, yiyiiłjį́į́h (TRANS) ↳ ádiilzhį́į́h (+d refl.)
d	motion	black S moves naajįʼ (CONT) yijį́į́ł (PROG)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
TRANS	-zhį́į́h	-zhį́į́ʼ	-zhį́į́ł	-zhį́į́h	-zhį́į́h
NEUT	-zhin	-zhin	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

dark:

• -TŁIIZH
• -YÉÉL

to blacken:

• -TʼÉÉZH

Antonyms

Colors:

• -BAʼ (gray)
• -CHIIʼ (red)
• -GAII (white)
• -TŁʼIIZH (blue, green)
• -TSOII (yellow)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (black)

See also: -zhiizh

-ZHIIZH

Etymology

This root appears on a number of disparate meanings, possibly all derived from an underlying meaning "to poke about, to move rhythmically".

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. poke
   1. (-ł-) to poke.
2. rise
   1. (-l-) to rise, to reach a level, to break out.
3. dance
   1. (a- + -l-) to dance.
4. time passes
   1. (ha- + -l-) time passes.

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-zhíísh	-zhiizh	-zhish	-zhish	-zhíísh
REP	-zhish	-zhiizh	-zhiish	-zhish	-zhish

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (poke)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (rise)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (dance)

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (time passes)

-ZĮĮD

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *zən (“to think”). Relates to the mind.

Cognate root found in Ahtna nizen (“he thinks”), Chipewyan yɛnɛsθən (“I think”), Gwich'in yiyindhan (“he wants it”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to think, to want, to know

Theme	Category	Bases	Corresponding active base
Ø		S feels, thinks, is aware nízin (NEUT) yinízin ákonízin aheenízin ákwíinízin íinízin	niizįįh (TRANS) yiniizįįh ákoniizįįh
d		S thinks nidzin hwiinidzin	niidzįįh hwiiniidzįįh
ho + ł		S causes feeling hasin	hasįįh
yíní + ł		S keeps O in a condition áyósin áhósin kóyósin
P-éé + ho + ł		S knows P (a person) yééhósin (NEUT)	yééhoosįįh ↳ ádééhoolzįįh (+d refl.) ↳ ahééhoolzįįh (+d recip.)
P-éé + ho + Ø		there is knowledge about P bééhózin (NEUT)	bééhoozįįh

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-zįįh	-zįįd / -zį́į́ʼ / -zin	-zįįł	-zįįh	-zį́į́ʼ / -zįįh
NEUT	-zin	-	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to know:

• -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ
• -NIIʼ

to want:

• -NIID

to think:

• -KÉÉZ

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (know)

-ZIIL

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *zəl (“to be hot”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna ʼiziił (“it got warm”), Carrier hodinzil (“weather is warm”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

1. to be warm, tepid

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
(ni) + Ø	adjectival	S is warm neezílí honeezílí sizílí
(ni) + Ø	transitional	S gets warm niizííł honiizííł náʼiidzííł (+d refl.)	S makes O warm yiniisííł honiisííł
ł	motion?	heat moves háásiil

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
TRANS	-zííł	-ziil	-ził	-ził	-zííł
NEUT	-	-zílí	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

warm, hot:

• -DOII
• -GAII

Antonyms

cold, cool:

• -DLÍ
• -KʼAAZ
• -KʼEʼ (cool off, stop hurting)

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (warm)

-ZO

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *zʊɣ̇ (“to scrape”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna ighizogh (“he scraped it”), Carrier təszoh (“to rake it”).

In Southern Athabaskan, the root evolved to mean “to mark”, “to draw a line or a border”. In Navajo, it is also found in bases related to the four operations.

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to mark, to write

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	successive	S marks hoodzo (+d passive) naʼazo (CONT) yoozoh (PROG) yiyiizoh (SEM)

  2. to add, to subtract, to multiply

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	?	S adds... yíizóóh (+) ↳ ahíizóóh yiidizóóh (-) néízóóh (×) ałtsʼéízóóh (÷)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-zóóh	-zo	-zoh	-zoh	-zóóh
CONT	-zo	-zo	-zoh	-zoh	-zo
SEM	-zoh	-zoh	-zoh	-zoh	-zoh

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to write:

• -CHĮ́

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (mark)

-ZǪ́Ǫ́Z

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *hus (“to stretch”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *həwəs. Cognate with -LÓÓZ (“to lead”) and -DZĮ́Į́Z (“to drag”).

Cognate root found in Ahtna niniyuus (“stretch it out!”), Koyukon kʼətalhuł (“to spread something out”), Chipewyan tɛsθuθ (“I am dragging it”), naasdðuθ (“I usually turn it inside out”), Mattole -yoos (“to skin it”).

Root

Navajo roots - backup

  1. to pull or tear gently

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
O + Ø	motion	S pulls O, tears O yizǫ́ǫ́s (Ø-MOM) iizǫ́ǫ́s yidizǫ́ǫ́s yidiizǫ́ǫ́s haizǫ́ǫ́s néízǫ́ǫ́s (“turn inside out”) naʼiidiizǫ́ǫ́s (nʼdii-, “detach”) yisdéízǫ́ǫ́s yízǫ́ǫ́s (ni-MOM) chʼíízǫ́ǫ́s niyízǫ́ǫ́s neizǫ́ǫ́z (CONT) yoozǫ́ǫ́s (PROG)

  2. to be striped

Theme	Category	Bases	Transitive bases (O + ł)
ni + d	adjectival	S is striped noodǫ́ǫ́z (NEUT) ałnánoodǫ́ǫ́z (“checkered”)

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-zǫ́ǫ́s	-zǫ́ǫ́z	-zǫ́ǫ́s	-zǫ́ǫ́s	-zǫ́ǫ́s
CONT	-zǫ́ǫ́z	-zǫ́ǫ́z	-zǫ́ǫ́s	-zǫ́ǫ́s	-zǫ́ǫ́z
NEUT	-	-zǫ́ǫ́z	-	-	-

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Synonyms

to pull, to drag:

• -DZĮ́Į́Z
• -TSʼǪ́Ǫ́D
• -ZHÓÓD

to tear:

• -DLÁÁD (roughly)
• -TʼÓÓD

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (pull gently)