User:Julien Daux/Navajo roots - backup
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼa (“to handle compact object”), with nasalized perfective *ʼa-nʸ.
One of the most productive root occurring in all Athabaskan languages, in a wide range of themes and specialized meanings.
Cognate root found in Ahtna zʼaan (“it is in position”), yiniʼaan (“he arrived carrying it”), diniʼaan (“he brought the news”), nikuniʼaan (“it is planned”), [Term?] (“sun moves”), with similar extended meanings.
Root
[edit]- to handle SRO
Motion themes:
Theme | O + Ø | ʼa + Ø | O + di + Ø | O + ł + d | ni + d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
S handles SRO |
S moves
|
S handles abstract O
|
S carries O
|
S moves head |
ni-MOM
|
|
|
|
|
|
CONT PROG |
|
|
|||
Misc. |
Theme | ho + Ø | O + di + d | ádąąh O + d |
---|---|---|---|
|
S carries food
|
S puts O on self
| |
ni-MOM
|
|
|
|
CONT PROG |
Other themes:
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | positional |
SRO is in position
|
S keeps SRO in position
|
||||
Ø |
SRO gets in position
|
S sets SRO in position
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -ʼaah | -ʼą́ | -ʼááł | -ʼááh | -ʼááł |
CONT | -ʼá | -ʼą́ | -ʼaał | -ʼaah | -ʼaał |
TRANS | -ʼaah | -ʼaʼ | -ʼaał | -ʼaah | -ʼaah |
NEUT | - | -ʼą́ | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]SRO verbs:
to sing:
to act with body:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (handle SRO)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼa̓tɬʼ (“to chew, to bite”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna cʼeʼaał (“he is chewing sth”), yizʼał (“he bit it once”), Gwich'in iiʼàal (“I ate it”), Chipewyan ɣɛsʼaíł (“Iʼm chewing it”)
Found in Navajo in bases related to the eating of hard or crispy food like peanut, candy, celery, bacon.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | + Unspec object | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | operative |
S eats O
|
S eats
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -ʼaał | -ʼaal | -ʼał | -ʼał | -ʼaał |
DUR | -ʼaał | -ʼaal | -ʼał | -ʼał | -ʼaał |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to eat:
- -CHOZH (leafy O)
- -DÉÉL (plural O)
- -DLĄ́Ą́ʼ (liquid O)
- -GHAL (meat)
- -KID (chunky O)
- -TSʼEEʼ (mushy O)
- -YĄ́Ą́ʼ
- -MAL
to chew, to bite:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat hard)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *wa’ (“to be gray”).
Root
[edit]- 1. gray
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
łi + Ø | adjectival |
S is gray (neuter impf.) |
|||||
d |
S is gray (neuter perf.) |
||||||
Ø |
S becomes — |
S makes O —
|
|||||
Ø | motion |
gray S moves |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRANS | -bááh | -baʼ | -bah | -bah | -bááh |
TRANS | -bééh | -baʼ | -bééł | -bééh | -bééh |
CONT | -bé | - | - | - | - |
NEUT | -bá | -bá | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (gray)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *wa̓l (“to hang”).
Root
[edit]- FFO hangs
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | positional |
S hangs
|
S hangs O
|
||||
ná + Ø | ? |
S turns quickly |
S turns O quickly |
||||
Ø | successive |
S flaps, waves |
S flaps or waves O |
||||
Ø | ? |
S careens
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -baał | -baal | -bał | -bał | -baał |
REV | -bał | -baal | -bał | -bał | -bał |
REP | -bal | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -bał | -bał | -bał | -bał | -bał |
NEUTER | - | -baal | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]FFO verbs:
- -TSOOZ (handle FFO)
- -ʼAH (propel FFO)
- -NAʼ (FFO moves)
- -KAAD (flatness lies, hangs)
- -TIʼ (spread a FFO)
to turn, to whirl:
to hang:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (FFO hangs)
Etymology
[edit]The root -BĄ́Ą́Z (“hooplike, ringlike shape”) is cognate with the root -MÁÁZ (“globular, spherical, ball-like shape”), both possibly originating from Proto-Athabaskan *wątsʼ (“roll”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghalbas (“it is rolling along”), nelbaatsʼ (“it is spherical”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
S rolls |
S rolls O, drives O
|
||||
Ø | adjectival |
S is circular, curved |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM / CONT | -bąąs | -bą́ą́z | -bąs | -bąs | -bąąs |
NEUTER | - | -bąs | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (roll)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *čʷanʼ ~ *čʷənʼ (“to defecate”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tsaanʼ (“excrement”), estsenʼ (“I defecate”), Gwich'in tryąʼ (“excrement”).
Root
[edit]- to defecate, to cover with filth, to masturbate
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | conversive |
S defecates, produces filth (on P)
|
S defecates O, dirties O (on P)
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -chįįh | -chąąʼ | -chįįł | -chįįh | -chįįh |
CONCL / CONT | -chįʼ | -chąąʼ | -chįįł | -chįįh | -chįʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (defecate)
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *ča(nʸ) ~ *čʷa(nʸ) (“to become exhausted”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nininitsaan (“he came exhausted”), Chipewyan nínįtsąʼ (“he is tired”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases related to “fleeing” and “running”.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ni + Ø | motion |
S flees
|
S chases O
|
||||
ahi + ni + l | motion |
two S run
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -chééh | -chą́ą́ʼ | -chééł | -chééh | -chééł |
CONT | -ché | -chą́ą́ʼ | -chééł | -chééh | -chééł |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (flee)
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *čən (“to smell, to stink”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ukoltsen (“it smells”), Gwich'in yahtsan (“he smells it”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ł / l | adjectival |
S smells |
|||||
ł | conversive |
S smells O
|
|||||
di + l | motion |
S sniffs
|
S sniffs for O
|
||||
Ø / l | ? |
S knows about |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -chįįh | -chą́ą́ʼ | -chįįł | -chįįh | -chą́ą́ʼ |
CONCL | -chin | -chą́ą́ʼ | -chį́į́ł | -chįįh | -chą́ą́ʼ |
CONT | -chą́ą́ʼ | -chą́ą́ʼ | -chį́į́ł | -chį́į́h | -chą́ą́ʼ |
CON | -chį́į́h | - | - | - | - |
REP | -chą́ą́ʼ | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -chįh | -chįh | -chįh | -chįh | -chįh |
NEUTER | -chin | - | - | - | - |
NEUTER | -chon | - | - | - | - |
NEUTER | -chxon | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (smell)
Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | motion |
S moves suspended
|
S moves O suspended
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -chʼąął | -chʼą́ą́l | -chʼął | -chʼął | -chʼąął |
CONT | -chʼąął | -chʼą́ą́l | -chʼął | -chʼął | -chʼąął |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]SFO verbs:
to hang:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (move suspended)
Etymology
[edit]Root
[edit]- come into being
- be born
- write
- collect (maybe original meaning?)
- crowd (maybe a different root?)
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM / TRANS | -chííh | -chį́ | -chííł | -chííh | -chííł |
CONCL | -chí | -chį́ | -chííł | -chííh | -chííł |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (come into being)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (collect)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (crowd)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *čig (“to be red ochre”). Often occurs with intensive infix -x- indicating a deeper, browner color tone.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
łi + Ø | adjectival |
S is red (neuter impf.) |
|||||
d |
S is red (neuter perf.) |
||||||
Ø |
S becomes — |
S makes O —
|
|||||
Ø | motion |
red S moves |
|||||
Ø | conversive |
S put ochre on O
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONCL | -chííh | -chííʼ | -chih | -chih | -chííh |
TRANS | -chííh | -chiiʼ | -chih | -chih | -chííh |
CONT | -chiih | -chiiʼ | -chih | -chih | -chiih |
REP | -chih | - | - | - | - |
NEUT | -chííʼ | -chiiʼ | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (red)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *čʼʷičʼʷ (“to be rough, chapped”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna atsʼiis (“it is chapped”), Chipewyan dɛts’iz (“it is rough and hard”).
Related to -CHʼÍÍZH (“make a dry rustling sound”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + Ø | adjectival |
S is rough
|
|||||
di + Ø |
S hardens, becomes chapped
|
||||||
Ø | successive |
S saws, files, scrubs
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM / REP | -chʼiish | -chʼiizh | -chʼish | -chʼish | -chʼiish |
MOM | -chʼish | -chʼiizh | -chʼish | -chʼish | -chʼish |
SEM | -chʼish | -chʼish | -chʼish | -chʼish | -chʼish |
NEUTER | -chʼíízh | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (abrade)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *čʷ’ə̓tɬ’ (“to shrivel”), with multiple extended meanings.
Cognate roots found in Ahtna naʼugheltsʼetlʼ (“it shrank”), yiłtsʼetlʼ (“he scorched it”), neltsʼetlʼ (“he has his eyes closed”), deltsʼetlʼ (“fire pops”), Koyukon tsʼetł (“shrubs, small willows”), Gwich'in diltrʼal (“fire crackled”), niltrʼal (“he had his eyes closed”), trʼał (“brush, undergrowth”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | adjectival |
S is curly
|
|||||
l | motion |
S curls, peels off
|
S curls O
|
||||
Ø | conversive |
S is undercooked
|
S undercooks O, shrivels O by heat
|
||||
ni + l | successive |
|
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + l | ? | burning wood crackles
|
|||||
ʼa + di + l | ? |
lightning strikes
|
3. plant
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + ł | adjectival |
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -chʼííł | -chʼil | -chʼił | -chʼił | -chʼííł |
TRANS | -chʼííł | -chʼiil | -chʼił | -chʼił | -chʼííł |
CON | -chʼiił | -chʼil | -chʼił | -chʼił | -chʼiił |
CONT / CONCL | -chʼil | -chʼil | -chʼił | -chʼił | -chʼil |
REP | -chʼił | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -chʼił | -chʼił | -chʼił | -chʼił | -chʼił |
NEUTER | - | -chʼil | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (curl)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (lightning)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (plant)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *ču̓ž (“to shatter”).
Often appears with intensive infix -x- in bases related to popping or bursting.
Root
[edit]1. to pop, to bubble, to burst
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | adjectival |
S is effervescent
|
|||||
l | successive |
S pops
|
S pops O
|
2. to eat leafy matter, to graze
Theme | Category | Bases | + Unspec object | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + ł | operative |
S eats O
|
S eats
|
||||
O + l | operative |
S overeats O
|
S overeats
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -chóósh | -chozh | -chosh | -chosh | -chóósh |
DUR | -chozh | -chozh | -chosh | -chosh | -chosh |
SEM | -chosh | -chosh | -chosh | -chosh | -chosh |
NEUTER | -chosh | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to eat:
- -ʼAAL (hard O)
- -DÉÉL (plural O)
- -DLĄ́Ą́ʼ (liquid O)
- -GHAL (meat)
- -KID (chunky O)
- -TSʼEEʼ (mushy O)
- -YĄ́Ą́ʼ
- -MAL
to pop:
to bubble:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (pop)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat leafy)
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *detɬʼ (“plural or rope-like subject falls or moves abruptly”).
Found in a wide range of extended meanings across all Athabaskan languages including Navajo, with potentially convergence in shape with other roots (see below Proto-Athabaskan *dətɬʼ “to jolt”), making the analyzis quite difficult.
Cognate root found in Ahtna Ø+daetlʼ (“plural S go, fly”), ałdaetlʼ (“I threw them, moved them quickly”), niłdełdeł (“he struck them together”), yaldaetlʼ (“he ate them”), Gwich'in kʼeegiidàl (“they arrived”), naljil (“I ate them”).
The Navajo root describes the movement of a slender flexible object (as a rope, a chain, a wire,...), of objects coming in pairs (as gloves, shoes, scissors,...), or of a group of animate objects (as a band, a tribe, a herd). Extended meanings include the eating of plural objects (as berries), the slamming of an object (like a rope but not exclusively) against another one, and the conception of a baby or egg.
Root
[edit]1. SFO moves or falls (a rope, a pair of shoes, a tribe)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
S moves or falls |
S throws O
|
||||
Ø |
S is conceived (a baby) |
S conceives O
|
|||||
Ø | successive |
S bounces, hits
|
S bounces O, hits P with SFO
|
2. to eat plural objects
Theme | Category | Bases | + Unspec object | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | operative |
S eats O
|
S eats
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM / DUR | -deeł | -déél | -dił | -dił | -deeł |
REP | -dił | -déél | -dił | -dił | -dił |
SEM | -dił | -dił | -dił | -dił | -dił |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]SFO verbs:
- -LÁ (handle SFO)
- -TʼIʼ (SFO extends)
- -CHʼĄ́Ą́L (move suspended)
- -LOʼ (act with rope)
- -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (pull a rope)
crowd, herd moves:
to bounce:
to hit:
to eat:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (SFO moves)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat plural)
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *də̓tɬʼ (“to jolt”). Maybe related to -DÉÉL above from Proto-Athabaskan *detɬʼ, with its extended meaning related to “hitting”, “striking” or “slamming”.
Cognate root found in Koyukon əłdəł (“he shook, quivered”), Carrier usdił (“to be nervous”), Gwich'in gwaahdàl (“it is trembling”), Chipewyan dɛldɛ́l (“(teeth) are rattling”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Passive (+d) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ł | successive |
S jolts O |
S is jolted |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
REP | -dil | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -dił | -dił | -dił | -dił | -dił |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to shake:
- -DZID (pan, bottle)
- -GHÁÁD
- -JĄH (rattle)
- -MÁÁZ (finger, hat)
- -NAAʼ (earth, body)
- -TŁID
- -TSIZ (nervous)
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (jolt)
Etymology
[edit]Root
[edit]Navajo roots - backup Several unrelated stems may be involved.
- disappear
- endure
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -dįįh | -dįįd | -dįįł | -dįįh | -dįįh |
NEUTER | -din | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (disappear)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (endure)
Etymology
[edit]From Lua error in Module:links at line 217: The specified language Proto-Athabaskan is unattested, while the given term does not begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed.. Always occurs with di- thematic "fire" in associated verb bases.
Root
[edit]Navajo roots - backup (usually perfective, sometimes imperfective)
- light
Usage notes
[edit]The root -díín is irregular, since *-dį́ would be expected. -díín is invariable in shape (i.e., there are no other forms for different aspects or tenses).
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (light)
Etymology
[edit]Root
[edit]- twist
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -díís | -diz | -dis | -dis | -díís |
NEUTER | - | - | -diz | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (twist)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *də-nanʸ (“to drink”).
Root
[edit]- to drink
Theme | Category | Bases | + Unspec object | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + d | operative |
S drinks O
|
S drinks
|
||||
O + ł | operative |
S makes P drink O
|
S makes P drink
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -dlį́į́h | -dlą́ą́ʼ | -dlį́į́ł | -dlį́į́h | -dlį́į́h |
DUR | -dlą́ | -dlą́ą́ʼ | -dlį́į́ł | -dlį́į́h | -dlį́į́h |
CONT | -dlą́ʼ | -dlą́ʼ | -dlįįh | -dlįįh | -dląʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to eat:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (drink)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *də-ləqʼʷ > *dlʊ̓q’ (“to laugh”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna dloqʼ (“laughter”), Carrier dlo, Chipewyan dloɣ.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion? |
S laughs |
|||||
di + l | motion? |
S smiles, chuckles |
S makes O smile
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -dlóóh | -dloʼ | -dloh | -dloh | -dlóóh |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Antonyms
[edit]to cry:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (laugh)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *dlu̓ž (“quadruped trots”). Occurs only in Southern Athabaskan languages.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | motion |
S goes on all four
|
|||||
l | positional |
S is on all four yishdloozh (NEUT) |
|||||
l |
S gets on hands and knees
|
S sets O on all four |
Usage notes
[edit]Each entry can appear in the unspecified subject person with preposed P-ił (“with P”), expressing the motion of P riding (a horse), ex:
- Shił aldlóósh (from yildlóósh). ― I ride (a horse).
- Shił chʼéʼéldlóósh (from chʼéldlóósh). ― I ride out horizontally (on a horse).
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -dlóósh | -dloozh | -dlosh | -dlosh | -dlóósh |
CONT | -dloosh | -dloozh | -dlosh | -dlosh | -dloosh |
NEUT | - | -dloozh | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (go on all four)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *dʊɣ̇ (“gas moves”).
Describes the movement of gas (air, cloud, smoke) in motion themes and the bursting of gas containers (as a sack of air, a tyre) in successive themes.
Cognate root found in Ahtna kekuldogh (“area becomes foggy”), ldogh (“it cracked”).
Root
[edit]- to float in the air (smoke, cloud, balloon)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | motion |
S floats |
S sails O (a balloon) |
||||
l | successive |
S bursts
|
S bursts O
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -dóóh | -do | -doh | -doh | -dóóh |
CONT | -do | -do | -doh | -doh | -do |
CONT | -doh | -doh | -doh | -doh | -doh |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (gas floats)
Etymology
[edit]Root
[edit]- hot
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -dóóh | -doii | -doh | -doh | -dóóh |
NEUTER | -- | -do | -- | -- | -- |
NEUTER | -- | -doi | -- | -- | -- |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (hot)
Etymology
[edit]Root
[edit]- stagger
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + d | motion | S staggers, stumbles |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -dzééh | -dzaʼ | -dzah | -dzah | -dzééh |
DUR | -dzaʼ | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (stagger)
Etymology
[edit]- breathe
- remain
- (Ø) to remain, to survive, to be left over.
- heal
- (ná-) to heal (as a wound).
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -dziih | -dzííʼ | -dzih | -dzih | -dziih |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (breathe)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (remain)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (heal)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *hus (“to stretch”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *həwəs. Cognate with -LÓÓZ (“to lead”) and -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (“to pull”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | motion |
S pulls O, drags O
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM / CONT | -dzį́į́s | -dzį́į́z | -dzį́į́s | -dzį́į́s | -dzį́į́s |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (pull)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *’etɬʼ ~ *’ʷətɬ’ (“plural subjects float or swim”).
Occurs in a very productive motion theme related to floating or sailing, but also occurs in a couple of unproductive bases related to the action of water (flush, sift, sweat, dissolve), and in a neuter theme (to droop or hang down).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ilʼaetlʼ (“they arrived swimming”), tezʼaetlʼ (“(a dam) washed out”), tełʼaetlʼ (“he hung it up”), with similar extended meanings.
Root
[edit]- to float
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
S floats |
S sails, rows O
|
||||
Ø/ł | ? |
S dissolves moisture soaks S sweats |
S dissolves O |
||||
ni + l | adjectival |
S droops |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM / CONT | -ʼeeł | -ʼéél | -ʼoł | -ʼoł | -ʼeeł |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (float)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼe̓ž (“to string fish or beads”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna *inezʼaes (“he strung them”).
Evolved in Navajo to mean “lead 2+ objects”, in contradiction with -LÓÓZ, “lead a single object”.
Root
[edit]1. to lead plural object
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | motion |
S leads O
|
|||||
O + ł | adjectival |
S is a leader, is in charge of O |
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | conversive |
S strings beads
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -ʼéésh | -ʼeezh | -ʼish | -ʼish | -ʼéésh |
CONT / CONCL | -ʼeesh | -ʼeezh | -ʼish | -ʼish | -ʼeesh |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to lead:
- -LÓÓZ (single O)
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (lead)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɢɑɣ ~ *ɢɑy (“to be white”). Cognate root found in Ahtna lggay, Gwich'in daagąįį.
The extended meanings of “to be hot” and “to hurt” seem to be proper to Navajo among Athabascan languages.
Root
[edit]- 1. white
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
łi + Ø | adjectival |
S is white (neuter impf.) |
|||||
d |
S is white (neuter perf.) |
||||||
Ø |
S becomes white |
S makes O white |
|||||
Ø | motion |
white S moves |
- 2. hot
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ni + Ø | adjectival |
S is hot, hurts |
|||||
ni + Ø |
S becomes hot, hurts |
S makes O hot, hurts O |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRANS | -gááh | -gaii | -gah | -gah | -gááh |
CONT | -gaah | - | - | - | - |
NEUT | -gai | -gai | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]Colors:
cold, cool:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (white)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (hot)
Etymology 1
[edit]Root
[edit]- kill
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -ghą́ | -ghą́ą́ʼ | -ghą́ą́ł | -ghą́ą́h | -ghą́ą́h |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (kill)
Etymology 2
[edit]Root
[edit]Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -ghą́ą́h | -ghą́ą́ʼ | -ghą́ą́ł | -ghą́ą́h | -ghą́ą́ʼ |
DUR | -ghą́ą́ʼ | -ghą́ą́ʼ | -ghą́ą́ł | -ghą́ą́h | -ghą́ą́ʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (snore)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʷa̓ž ~ *ɣ̇ʊš (“to make a bubbling noise”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases of disparate meanings related to “bubbling”, “shouting” and “sleeping”, probably originating in distinct roots that merged in shape.
These meanings are found in parts in other Athabaskan languages too:
- in Ahtna tnelghots (“it is boiling”), telghaas (“fish started swimming (bubbling?)”), delghos (“they are shouting”);
- in Koyukon nilɣos (“melted”), dəlɣʊs (“they are making noise”);
- in Chipewyan nɛ́sɣáz (“my face swole up”), níłxáz (“I boiled it”), dɛlɣus (“it barks”), ɛ’ɛłxus (“he snored”);
- in Mattole ’iłgwóxw (“you snore, are sound asleep”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ni + l |
S bubbles, boils
|
S boils O, S spurts (unspec obj)
|
2. to shout
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(di) + l |
S shouts
|
3. to sleep
Theme | Category | Bases | Reflexive / Reversionary (+ d) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a + ł |
S sleeps, puts P to sleep
|
S sleeps
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -gháásh | -ghaazh | -wosh | -wosh | -gháásh |
REP | -wosh | -ghaazh | -wosh | -wosh | -gháázh |
CONT | -ghaash | -ghaazh | -ghash | -ghash | -ghaash |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (bubble)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (shout)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (sleep)
Etymology
[edit]Closely related to root -GHAZH, "to bite".
Root
[edit]Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -gháásh | -gháázh | -ghash | -gháásh | -gháázh |
SEM | -ghash | -ghash | -ghash | -ghash | -ghash |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (gnaw)
Etymology
[edit]Closely related to root -GHÁÁZH, "to gnaw".
Root
[edit]Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -gháásh | -ghazh | -ghash | -ghash | -gháásh |
REP | -ghash | -ghazh | -ghash | -ghash | -ghash |
SEM | -ghash | -ghash | -ghash | -ghash | -ghash |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (bite)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢʊ̓k’ (“to bump into, to rush”).
Root
[edit]1. to fall (animate), to rush (stream), to billow (fog)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
AnO falls, stream rushes |
S pushes AnO, causes AnO to fall
|
||||
ʼa + Ø | motion |
gassy matter billows
|
|||||
Ø |
S is kneeling
|
2. to tackle, to butt, to collide; (tr.) to bang O, to hit O
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(dzi) + Ø | successive |
S tackles Motion:
Successive: |
S bangs O
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -geeh | -goʼ | -goh | -goh | -geeh |
CONT | -goʼ | -goʼ | -goh | -goh | -goʼ |
SEM / SER | -goh | -goh | -goh | -goh | -goh |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]AnO verbs:
- -TĮ́ (handle AnO)
- -TʼEʼ (propel AnO)
- -TŁIZH (AnO moves)
- -TĮ́ (AnO lies — 1S)
- -TÉÉZH (AnO lie — 2S)
- -JÉÉʼ (AnO lie — 3+S)
water flows:
cloud floats (smoke, fog, dust, stench):
to hit:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (fall)
Etymology 1
[edit]The future and optative modes use expletive stems from the root -LAA.
Verb bases with thematized d-classifier are often re-analyzed as Ø-classifier stems (*d-ʼįįh = *Ø-tʼįįh), as evidenced by the perfective forms using Ø/ł-class subject prefixes rather than the d/l-class ones.
Root
[edit]This root shows a wide range of semantic themes as it relates to such broad categories as "making" and "acting". The actual meaning often relies on thematic prefix compounds.
- act
- (ʼá-) to do it; to do thus; (mediopassive) to make one's own; (causative-reflexive) to turn into, to become.
- (-d-) to be the cause of an event; to be getting along, to be doing (good or bad).
- (ni- + -ł-) to take possession of, to make something one's own.
- (ʼá-/kó- + ha- + -d-) to happen, to take place.
- Misc. thematic
- wealthy (root -TʼĮĮD?)
- dislike
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -ʼįįh | -ʼįįd | -nííł | -ʼįįh | -neʼ |
DUR | -ʼį́ | -ʼįįd | -nííł | -ʼįįh | -neʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (make)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (wealthy)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (dislike)
Etymology 2
[edit]Probably related to -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ, “to see, to look”.
Root
[edit]- bark
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -ʼįįh | -ʼįįd | -ʼįįł | -ʼįįh | -ʼįįh |
DUR | -ʼin | -ʼįįd | -ʼįįł | -ʼįįh | -ʼįįʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (bark)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *džeq’, a root with multiple meanings throughout the Athabaskan languages, related to sticky matter, and to the handling or movement of a liquid, viscous or granular mass or of a plurality of objects.
Compare Carrier dzeh (“gum, resin”), esdzeh (“to glue, to weld”), nenesdzeh (“to put liquid, grease”), nedisdzeh (“to put hay or moss”), Mattole dehdidžeɣ (“they float”), Koyukon nitoxadaniłdzaq (“a lot of driftwood has accumulated in the water”), Dena'ina -džax (“pl. S run”), nə-džax (“pl. S fly”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases related to the parallel positioning of plural elongated subjects (sticks, ropes or animated), to the running of plural subjects (see also yideeł and yilé for a similar connection between the movement of rope-like objects (SFO) and running), and to the greasing or sticking of objects.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | positional |
3+ S are lying |
S keeps 3+
|
||||
hi + yíní + Ø | positional |
3+ S are partly lying or dangling |
|||||
ni + Ø |
3+ S recline
|
S lays 3+ O
|
2. plural S run
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
plural S run |
3. to stick, to cause to adhere, to smear, to grease
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | conversive |
S smears O
|
|||||
Ø | ? |
S sticks to P
|
S sticks O to P |
||||
Ø | adjectival |
S is sticky, viscous |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -jeeh | -jééʼ | -jah | -jah | -jeeh |
CONT / CONCL | -jeeh | -jééʼ | -jah | -jah | -jeeh |
NEUT | -jééʼ | -jééʼ | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to lie, to recline:
to run:
to stick, to adhere:
to grease, to coat:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (lie)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (run)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (adhere)
Etymology
[edit]Derivation uncertain. This root is not found outside of Navajo.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | motion |
S lugs O
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -jiid | -jid | -jił | -jiʼ | -jiid |
CONT | -jid | -jid | -jił | -jiʼ | -jid |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (carry on one's back)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *džəɣ̇ʷətɬ’ (“ball”).
Root
[edit]- NCM moves
- Classificatory root for non-compact matter as hair, a wig, or hay, and by extension, smoke, steam, dust, or a stench. The base Ø-classifier theme is intransitive and applies to NCM's independent motion or state, while the ł-classifier theme is transitive-causative and applies to the handling (carry, bring, give...) and propelling (throw, toss, drop,...) of NCM.
- (Ø) NCM moves freely, NCM is at rest.
- (ł) to handle or propel NCM, to keep NCM at rest.
- spherical
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -jooł | -jool | -joł | -joł | -jooł |
NEUTER | -jool | -jool | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (NCM moves)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (spherical)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *q’ɑ̓ts’ (“to be cold”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nezkʼatsʼ (“it is cold”), Carrier sək’əz (“to be cold”), Chipewyan huk’að (“cold weather”).
Root
[edit]- to be cold
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | adjectival |
S is cold |
|||||
ni + Ø | adjectival |
S is cold |
|||||
ni + Ø | transitional |
S gets cold
|
S makes O cold |
||||
ł | motion |
cold moves
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -kʼáás | -kʼaaz | -kʼas | -kʼas | -kʼáás |
CONT | -kʼaas | -kʼaaz | -kʼas | -kʼas | -kʼaas |
NEUT | - | -kʼaz / -kʼází | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (cold)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *qʊs-x (“to cough”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna delkos (“he is coughing”), Carrier dəlkwəs (“he coughs”).
Occurs in Southern Athabaskan along with tsí-thematic in bases related to thinking. This meaning is probably rather related to the non-nasalized form of -KĘ́Ę́Z (in which the nazalization is non-etymological).
Root
[edit]1. to cough
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + l | successive |
S coughs |
2. to think, to ponder, to decide
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tsí + Ø |
S thinks
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM / CONT | -kees | -kééz | -kos | -kos | -kees |
REP | -kos | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -kos | -kos | -kos | -kos | -kos |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to think:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (cough)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (think)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *qʷetsʼ (“stick-like or heavy object falls”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghilkaetsʼ (“(knife, box) fell down”), Chipewyan -kɛ́θ (“long object drops”).
The nasal vowel, found only in Navajo, is unexplained. See also -KÉÉZ where some confusion has arisen.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
SSO falls |
|||||
Ø | successive |
SSO bounces
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -kęęs | -kę́ę́z | -kǫs | -kǫs | -kęęs |
REP | -kǫs | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -kǫs | -kǫs | -kǫs | -kǫs | -kǫs |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (SSO moves)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *qə̓t’ (“to slip, to slide”).
Root
[edit]- to slide
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | motion |
S slides |
S slides O |
||||
ł | positional |
S is in position (scale, gunsight) |
S keeps O in position |
2. to eat chunky object
Theme | Category | Bases | + Unspec object | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + l | operative |
S eats O
|
S eats
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -keed | -kid | -kił | -kiʼ | -keed |
DUR | -kid | -kid | -kił | -kiʼ | -kid |
CONT | -kid | -kid | -kił | -kiʼ | -kid |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to slide:
to eat:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (slide)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat chunky)
Etymology
[edit]-LAA exhibits quite irregular stem alternations, and uses a number of expletive roots (see -ʼĮĮD).
-LAA ultimately derives from -YAA.
D-effect in the 1st person duoplural, passive and reflexive forms undergoes special alternations.
Root
[edit]- make
- to make.
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -lééh | -laa | -lííł | -ʼįįh | -leʼ |
MOM d-effect | -nééh | -lyaa | -nííł | -ʼįįh | -neʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (make)
Etymology
[edit]Closely related to -LǪ́.
This root seems to only take si-Perfectives in all verb bases.
Root
[edit]- become
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -leeh | -lį́į́ʼ | -leeł | -leeh | -leʼ |
NEUTER | -lį́ | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (become)
Etymology
[edit]Root
[edit]- urinate
- (-Ø-) to urinate
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -líísh | -lizh | -lish | -lish | -líísh |
CONCL | -lizh | -lizh | -lish | -(d)lish | -lizh |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (urinate)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *lus (“to drag, usually with a rope”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *ł-həwəs. Cognate with -DZĮ́Į́Z (“to drag”) and -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (“to pull, to tear”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna daluus (“he is dragging it”), Koyukon yolułtł (“he is dragging it along”).
Root
[edit]- to lead a single animate object
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | motion |
S leads O |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -lóós | -lóóz | -lóós | -lóós | -lóós |
MOM | -lóóz | -lóóz | -lóós | -lóós | -lóóz |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to lead:
- -ʼEEZH (plural O)
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (lead)
Etymology
[edit]The root -MÁÁZ (“globular, spherical, ball-like shape”) is cognate with the root -BĄ́Ą́Z (“hooplike, ringlike shape”), both possibly originating from Proto-Athabaskan *wątsʼ (“roll”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
S rolls |
S rolls O
|
||||
Ø | successive | ||||||
ni + Ø | adjectival |
S is spherical, round
|
|||||
ni + Ø |
S becomes — |
S makes O — |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -máás | -mááz | -mas | -mas | -máás |
CONT | -maas | -mááz | -mas | -mas | -maas |
REP | -maz | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -mas | -mas | -mas | -mas | -mas |
NEUTER | -maz | -mas | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (roll)
Etymology
[edit]Root not found in other Athabaskan languages. Maybe related to mąʼii (“coyote”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | + Unspec object | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | operative |
S eats O
|
S eats
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -maał | -mal | -mał | -mał | -maał |
DUR | -mal | -mal | -mał | -mał | -mal |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to eat:
- -ʼAAL (hard O)
- -CHOZH (leafy O)
- -DÉÉL (plural O)
- -DLĄ́Ą́ʼ (liquid O)
- -GHAL (meat)
- -KID (chunky O)
- -TSʼEEʼ (mushy O)
- -YĄ́Ą́ʼ
gluttonous:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (gobble)
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *na (“to live, to move, to work”). Related to -NÁÁʼ (“to move”) and to -NÁÁD (“to last”). Maybe originating in several distinct roots.
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghetnaa (“he is working”), Chipewyan ɣɛna (“he is alive”), Carrier nelnaʼ (“to be slow, sluggish”).
Root
[edit]1. to live
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hi + Ø | adjectival |
S is alive
|
|||||
hi + Ø |
S comes to life |
S brings O to life, generates O
|
2. to last, to endure (supplies)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + Ø | operative | S lasts |
3. to act slowly
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + l | motion? | S acts slowly
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -naah | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naah |
DUR / CONT | -naʼ | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naʼ |
NEUT | -ná | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (live)
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *nə̓q’ (“to swallow”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna itełnaʼ (“he swallowed it”).
Root
[edit]- to swallow, to regurgitate, to choke
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + ł | motion |
S swallows
|
|||||
ni + l | ? |
S chokes
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DUR / CONT | -naʼ | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to regurgitate:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (swallow)
Etymology 3
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *nəɢ, with a wide semantic range including “a flat flexible object (as sheets) moves”, “to last, to endure, to become tired”.
Compare with -NAʼ above for the meaning "to last, to endure".
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghinak (“(a blanket) fell down”), łdaniniłnak (“it lasted a long time”), taatnak (“he is tired”).
Root
[edit]1. FFO moves, falls (blanket, surface of water)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
FFO moves |
|||||
Ø | successive |
FFO flaps, bounces
|
|||||
di + ł | ? |
S infects P |
|||||
ni + ł | motion? |
S lasts, runs out; S wilts, tires out |
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d | motion |
S crawls |
S stands O up |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -nééh | -naʼ | -nah | -nah | -nééh |
CONT | -nah | -naʼ | -nah | -nah | -nééh |
REP | -nah | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -nah | -nah | -nah | -nah | -nah |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (FFO moves)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (crawl)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *ni̓gʸ, from pre-Proto-Athabaskan *niʼg, a root with many disparate meanings, perhaps resulting in the merger of originally distinct roots.
A first meaning involves action with the hand (squeeze, touch). Another meaning relates to the passing of an invisible or hazy entity, as an epidemic, a cold wave, a fad, a swarm, and also relates to pain, ache. A last meaning relates to mental actions as to know, to be aware, to remember.
-NIIʼ shares many stems with the roots -NÍÍʼ, -NIID, -NÍÍD, -NIʼ, -NÍ, -NIH, -NIIH ~ -LĮH and -NEʼ, each of these being themselves a conflation of several originally distinct roots with at times overlapping meanings, which makes their actual identification often speculative.
Maybe as a consequence, the themes in this root often do not behave as neatly as with other roots (classifiers, aspect, conjugations may follow irregular alternations).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | successive |
S squeezes O, mixes O
|
|||||
a + ł | motion? |
S heads O off, set O free
|
|||||
di + l | motion |
S touches, reaches
|
|||||
hi + Ø | ? |
S is traded |
S trades O
|
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + Ø | ? |
S becomes painful
|
S makes O painful
|
||||
di + Ø | adjectival |
S hurts
|
S makes O hurt
|
3. a wave passes or spreads (epidemic, a heat wave, a crowd, a swarm, a fad)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ł | motion |
S passes
|
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | ? |
S knows |
S makes O know
|
||||
ná + l | ? |
S remembers |
S reminds O
|
||||
Ø | ? |
S hears, learns
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -nííh | -niiʼ | -nih | -nih | -nííh |
CONT / DUR | -niih | -niiʼ | -nih | -nih | -niih |
REP / SER | -nih | -niiʼ | -nih | -nih | -nih |
SEM | -nih | -nih | -nih | -nih | -nih |
NEUT | -niih | -niiʼ | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to act with body:
to hurt:
crowd or herd moves:
to know:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (act with hand)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (hurt)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (wave passes)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (know) ==-NISH==
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *nəš-x (“to move quickly”).
Cognate root found in Chipewyan násnís (“I move quickly”), Northern Tutchone naɣadəlniš (“he is working”).
Root
[edit]1. to work
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | motion |
S works
|
|||||
ʼa + Ø | motion |
work is done
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -níísh | -nish | -nish | -nish | -níísh |
CONT | -nish | -nish | -nish | -nish | -nish |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (work)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tan ~ *tən (“to handle stick-like objects or vessels”), probably one of the most polysemous root across all Athabascan languages.
Cognate root found in Ahtna deztaan (“(elongated object) is in position”), datiił (“he is counting”), natadghitaan (“water drips down”), hwghitaʼ (“it stops”), tinitaan (“there is a trail”), łtaan (“(enclosed object) is in position”), dełtaan (“(body of water) is in position”), sa dinhwtniłten (“explain to me!”), titahdiniłtaan (“they rushed off in a group”), l+taan (“animate rests”), among many other meanings in the sole Ahtna language.
Occurs in Navajo as momentaneous perfective -TÁ or -TĄ́Ą́ʼ, in themes related to the handling of stick-like objects (SSO), to raining, to teaching, to the gallopping of a horse, and also acts as the suppletive neuter stem of -BIN (plural S sit).
Root
[edit]1. to handle SSO
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | motion |
S handles SSO
|
|||||
Ø | positional |
SSO is in position |
S keeps SSO in position
|
||||
hi / di + yíní + Ø |
positional |
SSO hangs, dangles or protrudes |
|||||
Ø | positional |
it hangs in mid-air
|
2. to rain
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ho + ł | motion/operative? |
it rains
|
|||||
ni + ł | conversive? |
it mists, clouds hangs in the air
|
3. to teach; to understand, to guess
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ni + Ø/ł |
S teaches
|
||||||
di + Ø |
S understands, guesses
|
4. plural S sit
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d | positional |
plural S sit |
5. to gallop
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ni + l | motion |
S gallops
|
Stem set
[edit]The stem set of this root shows a great deal of variation and irregular alternations across the various meanings and aspects.
Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tįįh | -tą́ | -tį́į́ł | -tį́į́h | -tį́į́ł |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]SSO verbs:
to teach:
to understand:
to sit:
to rain:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (handle SSO)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (rain)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (teach)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (sit)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (gallop)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼɑɢ (“to fly”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nitʼak (“it arrived flying”), Gwich'in naałtʼak (“I flew a plane”).
Root
[edit]- to fly
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d | motion |
S flies |
S flies O
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tʼááh | -tʼaʼ | -tʼah | -tʼah | -tʼááh |
CONT | -tʼaʼ | -tʼaʼ | -tʼah | -tʼah | -tʼaʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (fly)
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tatłʼ (“to act abruptly with the foot”), in bases related to stepping, stomping, kicking. Also occurs in a meaning related to bursting and exploding.
Cognate root found in Ahtna yiztał (“he shoved it once with his foot”), yuninitaatlʼ (“he kicked at it”), iʼdiiłtatlʼ (“I burst something”), Carrier əstał (“to kick”), dîstəł (“to explode”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
S steps
|
|||||
l | |||||||
di + Ø | motion | ||||||
(dzi) + Ø | successive |
S kicks Motion:
Successive (without dzi-):
|
S kicks P
|
||||
l | motion |
S dashes |
- See also other roots of attacking like -DON (“to shoot”), -GHAAL (“to bat”), -TʼOH (“to shoot”), -TŁʼIN (“to sling”), -TSXIZ (“to whip”) etc, for a similar alternation between dzi- (“away into space”), yíní- (repetitive), yíníi- (semelfactive) and adi- (“to be given to —, to be a —er”, iterative) in successive themes.
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | successive |
S pops
|
S pops O
|
- The first two bases are seriative forms of the “dash” theme above.
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -taał | -táál | -tał | -tał | -taał |
CONT | -taał / tal | -táál | -tał | -tał | -taał |
REP | -tał | -tał | -tał | -tał | -tał |
SER | -tał | -táál | -tał | -tał | -tał |
SEM | -tał | -tał | -tał | -tał | -tał |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to act with body:
to go swiftly, to dash:
to pop:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (move foot)
Etymology 2
[edit]Probably identical to the above root. Occurs in Southern Athabaskan in bases related to singing or holding a ceremony.
Compare Ahtna deltatl’ (“make a speech”), Lower Tanana deltutł (“he is talking loudly”), Carrier dəztəl (“to shout”), themselves extension of the bursting / explosion meaning above.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ho + Ø | operative |
S sings
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM / DUR | -taał | -táál | -tał | -tał | -taał |
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (sing)
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼe (“to be thus”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ntʼae (“it is”), neltʼeʼ (“there are many”), Chipewyan bénɛłtʼɛ (“you're like him”).
Root
[edit]1. to be
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | adjectival |
S is thus |
|||||
l | adjectival |
S is a certain number |
|||||
ł | adjectival |
S is similar, is like |
2. Various meanings depending on thematic prefix
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hashtʼe + Ø |
S is calm or ready |
||||||
P + ni + ł |
S causes P to lose everything |
||||||
shó + Ø |
S is acquired |
S acquires O |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tʼeeh | -tʼeʼ | -tʼeeł | -tʼeeh | -tʼeeh |
NEUT | -tʼé | - | - | - | - |
ABS | -tʼé | - | - | - | - |
COMP | -tʼeʼ | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (be)
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼə̓qʼ (“animate or stick-like object moves”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tiiłtʼak (“I threw it away (a stick)”), Koyukon kʼəltʼəx (“to hit something with a stick”).
Also occurs in Navajo along with hi-seriative in a motion theme related to hopping (literally, to “throw” oneself successively).
Root
[edit]- to propel a slender stiff object (SSO) or animate object (AnO)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + ł | motion |
S propels SSO/AnO
|
|||||
O + ł | successive |
S hits SSO/AnO (against P)
|
|||||
hi + d | motion |
S hops |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tʼeʼ | -tʼeʼ | -tʼeeł | -tʼeeh | -tʼeʼ |
CONT | -tʼeʼ | -tʼeʼ | -tʼeeł | -tʼeeh | -tʼeʼ |
REP | -tʼeeh | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -tʼeeh | -tʼeeh | -tʼeeh | -tʼeeh | -tʼeeh |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]AnO verbs:
- -TĮ́ (handle AnO)
- -GOʼ (AnO moves)
- -TŁIZH (AnO moves)
- -TĮ́ (AnO lies — 1S)
- -TÉÉZH (AnO lie — 2S)
- -JÉÉʼ (AnO lie — 3+S)
SSO verbs:
to hop:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (propel SSO/AnO)
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *t’əkʸ’ (“to be stretched, taut”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nic’et’ (“it is stretched”) (with metathesis), Gwich'in niint’aii (“it is extended”), Chipewyan nįtʼiy (“it is tight”).
Describes the extension into a line of a slender flexible object as a rope, a wire, and by extension, a fence, a road, rails or a line of people.
Root
[edit]- SFO extends
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | extensional |
S extends
|
S extends O
|
||||
Ø |
S extends |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tʼééh | -tʼiʼ | -tʼih | -tʼih | -tʼééh |
CONT | -tʼiʼ | -tʼiʼ | -tʼih | -tʼih | -tʼiʼ |
REV | -tʼih | -tʼiʼ | -tʼih | -tʼih | -tʼih |
NEUTER | - | -tʼiʼ | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]SFO verbs:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (SFO extends)
Etymology 2
[edit]Etymology uncertain. Cognate not found in other Athabaskan languages.
There is some variation in the actual stems of the imperfective and perfective modes, both -tʼiʼ and -tʼi being reported by various sources. Perhaps an influence of -TʼIʼ above.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ʼa + ni + Ø | motion |
S staggers
|
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dzi + d | motion |
S goes swiftly
|
3. to beat hard, to pound (the heart of a frightened person)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dzi + d | successive |
S beats hard
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tʼééh | -tʼiʼ | -tʼih | -tʼih | -tʼééh |
CONT | -tʼi | -tʼi | -tʼih | -tʼih | -tʼi |
REP | -tʼih | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (stagger)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tłʼa ~ *tłʼe (“herd moves”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna teltłʼaa (“a herd started moving”), Chipewyan ɛltłʼɛł (“it (a caribou) is trotting”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | motion |
S trots
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tłʼééh | -tłʼá | -tłʼééł | -tłʼééh | -tłʼééł |
CONT | -tłʼé | -tłʼá | -tłʼeeł | -tłʼeeh | -tłʼé |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to trot:
- -DLOOZH (quadruped)
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (trot)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tłeqʼʷ, classificatory root for mushy or decrepit objects (as mud, butter, a rotten rag), or animate object sharing such characteristics (as a frog, a drunken person).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghitlaeʼ (“he handed (some mud)”), nałtloʼ (“it became wet”), Gwich'in naałtłik (“I threw it (a rotten cloth) down”).
Also occurs in Navajo along with hi-seriative in a motion theme describing the hopping of a frog (literally, a mushy object throwing itself successively).
Root
[edit]1. to handle or propel mushy matter (as butter, mud)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | motion |
S handles MM
|
|||||
(dzi) + Ø | successive |
S throws MM Motion: Successive:
|
|||||
Ø | positional |
MM is in position
|
S keeps MM in position
|
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hi + d | motion |
|
2. to be wet
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | adjectival |
S is wet |
|||||
Ø | transitional |
S gets wet |
|||||
l | conversive |
S gets wet |
S makes O wet |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM / CONT / CONCL | -tłeeh | -tłéé | -tłoh | -tłoh | -tłeeh |
DIST | -tłeʼ | -tłéé | -tłoh | -tłoh | -tłeʼ |
REV / CON | -tłoh | -tłéé | -tłoh | -tłoh | -tłoh |
NEUT | -tłééʼ | -tłééʼ | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (handle MM)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (wet)
Etymology
[edit]Cognate root found in Koyukon tłɨs (“crushed, distorted”) and Tsuut'ina dlish (“spotted”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | adjectival |
S is dark, bruised |
|||||
Ø | transitional |
S becomes dark, stained |
S makes O dark, stains O |
||||
l | successive |
S gets bruised
|
S bruises O |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRANS | -tłíísh | -tłiizh | -tłish | -tłish | -tłíísh |
SEM | -tłish | -tłish | -tłish | -tłish | -tłish |
NEUT | - | -tłizh | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (dark brown)
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’i̓dž (“to be blue, green”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
łi / l | adjectival |
S is blue, green (neuter perf.) |
|||||
di + d | extensional |
S is blue, green (neuter perf.) |
|||||
di + Ø | transitional |
S becomes blue
|
S makes O blue
|
||||
di + Ø | transitional |
S gets soaked
|
S makes O soaked
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRANS | -tłʼíísh | -tłʼizh | -tłʼish | -tłʼish | -tłʼíísh |
NEUT | - | -tłʼizh | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]action of water, moisture:
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (blue)
Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’əɣəš (“snake”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Pseudo-transitive (a + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ni + l | motion |
S wriggles
|
S wriggles (it)
|
||||
ni + l | adjectival |
S is curvy, serpentine
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tłʼiish | -tłʼizh | -tłʼish | -tłʼish | -tłʼiish |
CONT | -tłʼiish | -tłʼizh | -tłʼish | -tłʼish | -tłʼiish |
NEUT | - | -tłʼiizh | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to wiggle, to squirm:
to stagger:
to be curved, bent:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (wriggle)
Etymology
[edit]Cognate root not found outside of Southern Athabaskan.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | motion |
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tłíísh | -tłizh | -tłish | -tłish | -tłíísh |
CONT | -tłizh | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]AnO verbs:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (AnO moves)
Etymology
[edit]Root
[edit]
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tłʼóóh | -tłʼǫ́ | -tłʼóół | -tłʼóóh | -tłʼóół |
CONCL | -tłʼó | -tłʼǫ́ | -tłʼóół | -tłʼóóh | -tłʼóół |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (weave)
Etymology 1
[edit]Exact identification of the root is difficult.
Possibly cognate with -TʼÓÓD (“to suck”) from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼutʼ (“to suck, or muddy matter moves”) describing the subject's mud-like texture. Compare Ahtna kultʼotʼ (“ground is soft”), Koyukon xɑltʼut (“area is muddy”), Tsuut'ina -t’ùd-ā (“to be boiled soft”), Tsuut'ina -t’ùh-ā (“to be silky, velvety”).
Alternatively, cognate with -TʼÓÓD (“to tear”) from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼučʼ (“to peel, to strip”), describing the subject's tearing apart from being too soft or overboiled.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + Ø |
S is soft, over-boiled |
S over-boils O |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tʼod | -tʼod | -tʼoł | -tʼod | -tʼod |
CONT | -tʼood | - | - | - | - |
NEUT | -tʼódí | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (soft)
Etymology 2
[edit]Perhaps from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼʊɢ (“to shoot an arrow”), with an irregular coda evolution (*-g> -ʼ or -h would be expected). The original velar resurfaces in béésh astʼogii (“flint arrowhead”). See -TʼOH for the regularly derived root.
Alternatively, from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼut’ (“to suck”). Compare Koyukon utʼʊtʼ (“it sticks by succion, (fabric) sticks to the needle”). See -TʼÓÓD for the regularly derived root.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø |
S is stuck in P |
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (stuck arrow)
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼutʼ (“to suck”). Related to -TʼOD (“to be soft”) and -TʼOH (“to smoke”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ighiłtʼuutʼ (“he sucked it”), kultʼotʼ (“ground is soft”), Koyukon yiltʊt (“he sucked it on it once”), Carrier əst’ət (“to smoke”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + ł | motion |
S pumps O
|
|||||
O + ł | successive |
S sucks O
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tʼood | -tʼóód | -tʼoł | -tʼoʼ | -tʼood |
REP | -tʼoʼ | -tʼóód | -tʼoł | -tʼoʼ | -tʼoʼ |
SER | -tʼod | -tʼóód | -tʼoł | -tʼoʼ | -tʼod |
SEM | -tʼod | -tʼod | -tʼod | -tʼod | -tʼod |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (suck)
Etymology 2
[edit]Perhaps from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼučʼ (“to peel, to strip”), with an irregular coda evolution (*-čʼ> -sh would be expected). See also -TʼOD (“arrow sticks”) for a similar issue.
Compare Ahtna idghiltʼuutsʼ (“he peels it”), Carrier əst’us (“to strip”), hanəzt’ûz (“to be bald”), with meanings identical to the ones found in Navajo.
Root
[edit]1. to tear, to peel, to wear out
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive base (O + Ø) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
S tears, balds, peels
|
S tears O, plucks O, peels O
|
2. to wipe
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | successive |
S wipes O
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tʼood | -tʼóód | -tʼoł | -tʼoʼ | -tʼood |
REP | -tʼod | -tʼóód | -tʼoł | -tʼoʼ | -tʼod |
SEM | -tʼod | -tʼod | -tʼod | -tʼod | -tʼod |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to tear, to rip:
to pluck:
to wear out:
to wipe:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (tear)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (wipe)
Etymology 1
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsʼeq’ (“to lick”).
Root
[edit]- to eat mushy object (as cornmeal)
Theme | Category | Bases | + Unspec object | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + ł | operative |
S eats O
|
S eats
|
||||
O + l | operative |
S overeats O
|
S overeats
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tsʼééh | -tsʼeeʼ | -tsʼah | -tsʼah | -tsʼééh |
MOM | -tsʼééh | -tsʼeeʼ | -tsʼah | -tsʼah | -tsʼééh |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to eat:
Etymology 2
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsʼe̓ɣ (“to wiggle, to wind, to coil”). Found only in some neuter perfective bases. Probably related to this root, a secondary meaning also occurs in neuter bases describing objects parallel to one another as rails, poles, columns of smoke.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ná/ni + d | adjectival |
S is coiled |
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ni + Ø/d | adjectival |
S lie parallel |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | - | -tsʼeeʼ / tsʼaaʼ | - | - | - |
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat mushy)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (coil)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (lie parallel)
Etymology
[edit]Alternative shapes : -TSʼÍSÍ, -TSʼÍHÍ.
Root
[edit]- to be small.
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEUTER | - tsʼíísí | - | - | - | - |
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (small)
Etymology
[edit]Root
[edit]Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEUTER | -tso | - | - | - | - |
NEUTER | -tsoh | - | - | - | - |
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (big)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsu̓ɢ (“to be yellow, tan”). Also occurs with intensive infix -x- indicating a darker color tone as orange.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
łi + Ø | adjectival |
S is yellow (neuter impf.) |
|||||
d |
S is yellow (neuter perf.) |
||||||
Ø |
S becomes —
|
S makes O —
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRANS | -tsóóh | -tsoii | -tsoh | -tsoh | -tsóóh |
NEUT | -tso | -tso | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (yellow)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸʼə̓tʼ (“to stretch”). Maybe cognate with -TSʼID (“tough, sinewy”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nicʼetʼ (“it is stretched out”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
S stretches, S stretches his neck
|
S stretches O, pulls O taut
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM / CONT | -tsʼǫǫd | -tsʼǫ́ǫ́d | -tsʼǫł | -tsʼǫʼ | -tsʼǫǫd |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (stretch)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸu̓z, classificatory root for flat flexible objects, as fabric, skins or paper.
Cognate root found in Koyukon yitłkuł (“he has it (a blanket) there”), Carrier tətšus (“to carry it off (as sheets)”).
Root
[edit]1. to handle FFO
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + ł | motion |
S handles FFO
|
|||||
ł | positional |
FFO is in position |
S keeps FFO in position
|
||||
hi + yíní + ł | positional |
FFO hangs or dangles |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -tsóós | -tsóóz | -tsos | -tsos | -tsóós |
CONT | -tsoos | -tsóóz | -tsos | -tsos | -tsoos |
NEUT | - | -tsooz | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]FFO verbs:
- -ʼAH (propel FFO)
- -NAʼ (FFO moves)
- -BAAL (FFO hangs)
- -KAAD (flatness lies, hangs)
- -TIʼ (spread a FFO)
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (handle FFO)
Root
[edit]- to be slender.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (slender)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʊ̓t’ (“to be bent, curved”). Occurs also in a secondary meaning related to wriggling, jiggling, and by extension, in some Athabaskan languages including Navajo, to being agile and running.
Cognate root found in Ahtna dezghotʼ (“it is bent”), Carrier nəlɣwət (“to wriggle”), nəsɣwət (“to be agile, rapid”).
Occurs in Navajo in two additional extended meanings related to limping and to rocking. The “rock” theme uses a different momentaneous stem set, and might be a different root altogether.
Root
[edit]1. to bend, to flex, to disjoint; to limp
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø |
S bends O |
||||||
ʼa + ni + ł | motion |
|
2. to rock
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | successive |
S rocks
|
|
3. to run
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (Ø + ł + l) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
l | motion |
S runs |
S runs O |
||||
l | adjectival |
S is a runner |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -yeed | -wod | -woł | -woʼ | -yeed |
MOM | -wóód | -wóód | -woł | -woʼ | -wóód |
CONT / REP | -wod | -wod | -woł | -woʼ | -wod |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to run:
to go swiftly, to dash:
to bend:
to rock:
to shake:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (bend)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (rock)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (run)
Etymology
[edit]Root
[edit]- do
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *hanʸ (“to eat”).
The first consonant fuses with the preceding consonant from classifiers or subject prefixes, resulting in various alternations : YĄ́Ą́ʼ, DĄ́Ą́ʼ, SĄ́Ą́ʼ, SHĄ́Ą́ʼ, ZĄ́Ą́ʼ.
Root
[edit]- to eat
Theme | Category | Bases | + Unspec object | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | operative |
S eats O
|
S eats
|
||||
O + d | operative |
S overeats O
|
S overeats
|
||||
O + ł | operative |
S feeds P with O |
S feeds P
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -yį́į́h | -yą́ą́ʼ | -yį́į́ł | -yį́į́h | -yą́ą́ʼ |
DUR | -yą́ | -yą́ą́ʼ | -yį́į́ł | -yį́į́h | -yą́ą́ʼ |
CONT | -yą́ʼ | -yą́ą́ʼ | -yįįł | -yįįh | -yą́ʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to eat:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (eat)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇etɬ’ (“to become dark; to be quiet, calm”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghighaetlʼ (“it got dark”), dezghaetlʼ (“it is calm”).
Root
[edit]1. dark
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ł | adjectival |
S is dark |
|||||
ł |
S becomes dark, night |
||||||
yi + Ø | ? |
S dreams
|
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + ł (ho) + di + Ø |
adjectival |
S is calm
|
|||||
di + ł (ho) + di + Ø |
S becomes calm |
S calms O down |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -yeeł | -yéél | -yił | -yił | -yeeł |
TRANS /CONT | -yeeł | -yeel | -yił | -yił | -yeeł |
NEUT | -yeeł, yił | -yéél | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (dark)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (calm)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇əz (“to turn, to whirl”).
Root
[edit]- to turn
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø | motion |
S slides (as a boulder) |
|||||
ná + Ø | successive |
S turns around slowly |
S turns O around slowly |
||||
l | motion | ||||||
l | ? |
S wiggles O
|
|||||
S is startled |
S startles O |
||||||
ni + Ø | adjectival |
S is cylindrical, tubular
|
|||||
S gets — |
S makes O —
|
Note: cf. The pair níyiz / yiniłhis parallels the pair nímas / yiniłmas, but YM doesn't call the latter a Conclusive aspect?
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -yéés | -yiz | -yis | -yis | -yéés |
CONT | -yiz | -yiz | -yis | -yis | -yiz |
REP | -yiz | - | - | - | - |
SEM | -yis | -yis | -yis | -yis | -yis |
CONCL | -yis | -yis | -yis | -yis | -yis |
NEUT | - | -yiz | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to slide:
to wiggle, to squirm:
to rock, to sway:
to turn:
to twirl:
crowd or herd moves:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (turn)
Etymology
[edit]Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *žənʸ (“to be dark,black”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna delzen (“dark colored”), Gwich'in azhrąįį.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
łi + Ø | adjectival |
S is black (neuter impf.) |
|||||
d |
S is black (neuter perf.) |
||||||
d |
S becomes —
|
S makes O —
|
|||||
d | motion |
black S moves |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRANS | -zhį́į́h | -zhį́į́ʼ | -zhį́į́ł | -zhį́į́h | -zhį́į́h |
NEUT | -zhin | -zhin | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (black)
Etymology
[edit]This root appears on a number of disparate meanings, possibly all derived from an underlying meaning "to poke about, to move rhythmically".
Root
[edit]- poke
- rise
- dance
- time passes
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -zhíísh | -zhiizh | -zhish | -zhish | -zhíísh |
REP | -zhish | -zhiizh | -zhiish | -zhish | -zhish |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (poke)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (rise)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (dance)
Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (time passes)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *zən (“to think”). Relates to the mind.
Cognate root found in Ahtna nizen (“he thinks”), Chipewyan yɛnɛsθən (“I think”), Gwich'in yiyindhan (“he wants it”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Corresponding active base | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ø |
S feels, thinks, is aware |
|
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d |
S thinks |
|
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ho + ł |
S causes feeling |
|
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yíní + ł |
S keeps O in a condition |
||||||
P-éé + ho + ł |
S knows P (a person)
|
|
|||||
P-éé + ho + Ø |
there is knowledge about P
|
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -zįįh | -zįįd / -zį́į́ʼ / -zin | -zįįł | -zįįh | -zį́į́ʼ / -zįįh |
NEUT | -zin | - | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (know)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *zəl (“to be hot”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ʼiziił (“it got warm”), Carrier hodinzil (“weather is warm”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(ni) + Ø | adjectival |
S is warm |
|||||
(ni) + Ø | transitional |
S gets warm
|
S makes O warm |
||||
ł | motion? |
heat moves |
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRANS | -zííł | -ziil | -ził | -ził | -zííł |
NEUT | - | -zílí | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (warm)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *zʊɣ̇ (“to scrape”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ighizogh (“he scraped it”), Carrier təszoh (“to rake it”).
In Southern Athabaskan, the root evolved to mean “to mark”, “to draw a line or a border”. In Navajo, it is also found in bases related to the four operations.
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | successive |
S marks |
2. to add, to subtract, to multiply
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | ? |
S adds...
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -zóóh | -zo | -zoh | -zoh | -zóóh |
CONT | -zo | -zo | -zoh | -zoh | -zo |
SEM | -zoh | -zoh | -zoh | -zoh | -zoh |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]to write:
Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (mark)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Athabaskan *hus (“to stretch”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *həwəs. Cognate with -LÓÓZ (“to lead”) and -DZĮ́Į́Z (“to drag”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna niniyuus (“stretch it out!”), Koyukon kʼətalhuł (“to spread something out”), Chipewyan tɛsθuθ (“I am dragging it”), naasdðuθ (“I usually turn it inside out”), Mattole -yoos (“to skin it”).
Root
[edit]Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + Ø | motion |
S pulls O, tears O
|
2. to be striped
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ni + d | adjectival |
S is striped
|
Stem set
[edit]Aspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -zǫ́ǫ́s | -zǫ́ǫ́z | -zǫ́ǫ́s | -zǫ́ǫ́s | -zǫ́ǫ́s |
CONT | -zǫ́ǫ́z | -zǫ́ǫ́z | -zǫ́ǫ́s | -zǫ́ǫ́s | -zǫ́ǫ́z |
NEUT | - | -zǫ́ǫ́z | - | - | - |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Navajo terms belonging to the root Julien Daux (pull gently)