이
|
이익읶읷인읹읺 읻일읽읾읿잀잁 잂잃임입잆잇있 잉잊잋잌잍잎잏 | |
의 ← | → 자 |
---|
Cia-Cia
[edit]Preposition
[edit]이 (’i)
Jeju
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Sino-Korean word from 二. Cognate with Korean 이 (i).
Numeral
[edit]이 (i)
Etymology 2
[edit]Determiner
[edit]이 (i)
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- “이” in Jeju's culture and language, Digital museum.
Korean
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle Korean 이〮 (í, “this”), from Old Korean 是, 利 (*i, “this”)
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i]
- Phonetic hangul: [이]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | i |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | i |
McCune–Reischauer? | i |
Yale Romanization? | i |
- South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 이의 / 이에 / 이까지
Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch and also heightens the next suffixed syllable, unless it is 에.
Determiner
[edit]이 • (i)
Pronoun
[edit]이 • (i)
Usage notes
[edit]In spoken Korean, the word is used only as a determiner. To say "this person", "this thing", etc., a noun must be present: 이 사람 (i saram, “this person”), 이 것 (i geot, “this thing”), etc.
See also
[edit]Korean demonstratives edit | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Determiner | 이 | 그 | 저 | 어느 | |
Pronoun | Human | 이이 | 그이 | 저이 | 뉘 |
이분 | 그분 | 저분 | 어느 분 | ||
이자 | 그자 | 저자 | |||
얘 | 걔 | 쟤 | |||
Object | 이 | (그) | (저) | 어느 | |
이것 | 그것 | 저것 | 어느 것 | ||
이거 | 그거 | 저거 | 어느 거 | ||
Place | 여기 | 거기 | 저기 | 어디 | |
이곳 | 그곳 | 저곳 | 어느 곳 | ||
Direction | 이쪽 | 그쪽 | 저쪽 | 어느 쪽 | |
Time | 이때 | 그때 | 접때 | 언제 | |
Verb | 이러다 | 그러다 | 저러다 | 어쩌다 | |
이리하다 | 그리하다 | 저리하다 | 어찌하다 | ||
Adjective | 이렇다 | 그렇다 | 저렇다 | 어떻다 | |
이러하다 | 그러하다 | 저러하다 | 어떠하다 | ||
Adverb | 이리 | 그리 | 저리 | 어찌 | |
이렇게 | 그렇게 | 저렇게 | 어떻게 | ||
이만큼 | 그만큼 | 저만큼 | 얼마만큼(얼마큼) |
Etymology 2
[edit]Sino-Korean word from 二, from the Middle Korean reading ᅀᅵ〯 (Yale: zǐ), from Middle Chinese 二 (MC nyijH).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [이(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | i |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | i |
McCune–Reischauer? | i |
Yale Romanization? | ī |
- South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 이의 / 이에 / 이까지
Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes low pitch, and heightens the pitch of two subsequent suffixed syllables.
20 | ||
← 1 | 2 | 3 → |
---|---|---|
Native isol.: 둘 (dul) Native attr.: 두 (du) Sino-Korean: 이 (i) Hanja: 二 Ordinal: 둘째 (duljjae) |
Numeral
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]In modern Korean, numbers are usually written in Arabic numerals.
The Korean language has two sets of numerals: a native set of numerals inherited from Old Korean, and a Sino-Korean set which was borrowed from Middle Chinese in the first millennium C.E.
Native classifiers take native numerals.
- 개 한 마리 (gae han mari, “one dog”, native numeral)
- 나무 두 그루 (namu du geuru, “two trees”, native numeral)
Some Sino-Korean classifiers take native numerals, others take Sino-Korean numerals, while yet others take both.
- 종이 두 장(張) (jong'i du jang, “two sheets of paper”, native numeral)
- 이 분(分) (i bun, “two minutes”, Sino-Korean numeral)
- 서른/삼십 명(名) (seoreun/samsip myeong, “thirty people”, both sets possible)
Recently loaned classifiers generally take Sino-Korean numerals.
For many terms, a native numeral has a quantifying sense, whereas a Sino-Korean numeral has a sense of labeling.
- 세 반(班) (se ban, “three school classes”, native numeral)
- 삼 반(班) (sam ban, “Class Number Three”, Sino-Korean numeral)
When used in isolation, native numerals refer to objects of that number and are used in counting and quantifying, whereas Sino-Korean numerals refer to the numbers in a more mathematical sense.
- 하나만 더 주세요 (hana-man deo juse-yo, “Could you give me just one more, please”, native numeral)
- 일 더하기 일은? (il deohagi ir-eun?, “What's one plus one?”, Sino-Korean numeral)
While older stages of Korean had native numerals up to the thousands, native numerals currently exist only up to ninety-nine, and Sino-Korean is used for all higher numbers. There is also a tendency—particularly among younger speakers—to uniformly use Sino-Korean numerals for the higher tens as well, so that native numerals such as 일흔 (ilheun, “seventy”) or 아흔 (aheun, “ninety”) are becoming less common.
Derived terms
[edit]- See the hanja entry at 二 for Sino-Korean compounds of 이 (二, i).
Etymology 3
[edit]First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum haerye (訓民正音解例 / 훈민정음해례), 1446, as Middle Korean 니〮 (Yale: ní). Compounds still retain the original form.
Pronunciation
[edit]In isolation or as the initial element of a compound:
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i]
- Phonetic hangul: [이]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | i |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | i |
McCune–Reischauer? | i |
Yale Romanization? | i |
As the non-initial element of a compound:
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ni]
- Phonetic hangul: [니]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | ni |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ni |
McCune–Reischauer? | ni |
Yale Romanization? | ni |
- South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 이의 / 이에 / 이까지
Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch and also heightens the next suffixed syllable, unless it is 에.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg)
Noun
[edit]이 • (i)
- tooth, teeth (chiefly of a human)
- the teeth of a saw or a similar jagged surface
- (rare) mechanical joint
- Synonym: 이음 (ieum)
Usage notes
[edit]- In South Korea, the compounded form is written 니 (ni) to reflect the actual pronunciation. In North Korea, it is written 이 (i) for consistency. The pronunciation is the same in both countries except if spelling pronunciation interferes for some North Koreans.
Alternative forms
[edit]- 니 (ni, as the second element of a compound, in South Korean orthography)
Derived terms
[edit]- 금니 (geumni, “gold teeth”)
- 덧니 (deonni, “snaggleteeth”)
- (dialectal) 막니 (mangni, “wisdom teeth”)
- 사랑니 (sarangni, “wisdom teeth”)
- 송곳니 (songgonni, “canine teeth”)
- 아랫니 (araenni, “lower teeth”)
- 앞니 (amni, “incisor”)
- 어금니 (eogeumni, “molar”)
- 윗니 (winni, “upper teeth”)
- 은니 (eunni, “silver teeth”)
- 이빨 (ippal, “(animal) teeth”)
- 잇몸 (inmom, “gums in the mouth”)
- 젖니 (jeonni, “baby teeth”)
- 틀니 (teulli, “dentures”)
See also
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]From Middle Korean 이〮 (í, “person”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i]
- Phonetic hangul: [이]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | i |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | i |
McCune–Reischauer? | i |
Yale Romanization? | i |
Dependent noun
[edit]이 • (i)
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 5
[edit]First attested in the Hunmong jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527, as Middle Korean 니〮 (Yale: ní). Compounds still retain the original form.
Pronunciation
[edit]In isolation or as the initial element of a compound:
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i]
- Phonetic hangul: [이]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | i |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | i |
McCune–Reischauer? | i |
Yale Romanization? | i |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/PediculusHumanus.png/220px-PediculusHumanus.png)
As the non-initial element of a compound:
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ni]
- Phonetic hangul: [니]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | ni |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ni |
McCune–Reischauer? | ni |
Yale Romanization? | ni |
- South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 이의 / 이에 / 이까지
Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch and also heightens the next suffixed syllable, unless it is 에.
Noun
[edit]이 • (i)
- louse (tiny bloodsucking insect)
Usage notes
[edit]- In South Korea, the compounded form is written 니 (ni) to reflect the actual pronunciation. In North Korea, it is written 이 (i) for consistency. The pronunciation is the same in both countries except if spelling pronunciation interferes for some North Koreans.
Alternative forms
[edit]- 니 (ni) — as the second element of a compound, in South Korean orthography
Derived terms
[edit]- 가루이 (garu'i, “whitefly”)
- 닭니 (dangni, “chicken louse”)
- 머릿니 (meorinni, “hair louse”)
- 사면발니 (samyeonballi, “crab louse”)
- 옷엣니 (odenni, “body louse”)
Etymology 6
[edit]Sino-Korean word from 李, Middle Korean reading 리〯 (Lǐ) and 니〯 (Nǐ).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [이(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | I |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | I |
McCune–Reischauer? | I |
Yale Romanization? | ī |
Proper noun
[edit]South Korean Standard Language |
이(李) (i) |
---|---|
North Korean Standard Language |
리(李) (ri) |
- a surname, the second most common Korean surname, used by roughly 7.3 million people in South Korea as of 2015
Usage notes
[edit]- 98.5% of South Koreans with this surname romanize it as "Lee".[1] North Koreans tend to romanize it as "Ri".
Etymology 7
[edit]Sino-Korean word from 理, from the Middle Korean reading 리〯 (Yale: lǐ), from Middle Chinese 理 (MC liX).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [이(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | i |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | i |
McCune–Reischauer? | i |
Yale Romanization? | ī |
Noun
[edit]South Korean Standard Language |
이/리(理) (i/ri) |
---|---|
North Korean Standard Language |
리(理) (ri) |
- (East Asian philosophy, especially Confucianism) li, the underlying ordering principle of the cosmos
- Coordinate term: 기(氣) (gi, vital force engendering the cosmos)
Usage notes
[edit]- In the case of this specific word, the 리 (ri) pronunciation is common even in South Korea. The reason may be to avoid homophony with other Chinese characters, given the context of East Asian philosophy where single-character Chinese terms are common.
Derived terms
[edit]- See the hanja entry at 理 for Sino-Korean compounds of 이 (理, i).
Etymology 8
[edit]Sino-Korean word from 利, from Middle Chinese 利 (MC lijH, “profit”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [이(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | i |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | i |
McCune–Reischauer? | i |
Yale Romanization? | ī |
Noun
[edit]South Korean Standard Language |
이(利) (i) |
---|---|
North Korean Standard Language |
리(利) (ri) |
- (possibly dated) profit, benefit
- 1996, Kim Jong-pil, “ko:[각계 주요인사 신년사] 김종필 <자민련 총재>”, in Han'guk gyeongje:
- (rare, dated) interest
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 9
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i]
- Phonetic hangul: [이]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | i |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | i |
McCune–Reischauer? | i |
Yale Romanization? | i |
- South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 이의 / 이에 / 이까지
Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch and also heightens the next suffixed syllable, unless it is 에.
Noun
[edit]이 • (i)
- The Korean reading of the Latin alphabet letter e.
- (mathematics) In particular, the Korean reading of the number that is the base of natural logarithms (approximately 2.718281828459), written e.
Etymology 10
[edit]Sino-Korean word from 釐
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [i]
- Phonetic hangul: [이]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | i |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | i |
McCune–Reischauer? | i |
Yale Romanization? | i |
Numeral
[edit]- (rare, archaic) one-hundredth, 10-2
Etymology 11
[edit]
Proper noun
[edit]- Alternative form of 伊 (I, “Italy (in news headlines)”)
Etymology 12
[edit]Modern Korean reading of various Chinese characters.
Syllable
[edit]이 (i)
- 二: two
- 以: by means of; thereby
- 已: already
- 耳: ear
- 而: particle used in literary Chinese
- 異: different
- 移: move; transfer
- 夷: barbarian
- 珥: earring
- 伊: that
- 易: easy
- 弛: delay
- 怡: to be glad; happy
- 爾: you
- 彝: honorable
- 姨: aunt
- 痍: injury; wound
- 肄: learn
- 苡: plantain
- 荑: to cut
- 貽: cause
- 邇: close; near
- 飴: Yeot, Korean taffy
- 貳: two
- 媐: happy
- 杝: linden tree
- 䏪: toughmeat
- 㛅: woman's courtesy name
- 珆: preciousstone
- 鴯: swallow
- 羡: place name
- 佴: second place
- 廙: respect
- 咿: a forced laugh
- 尔: Alternative form of 爾
- 栮: black mushroom
- 洟: runnynose
- 訑: swagger
- 迤: askew
- 隶: reach
- 彛: Alternative form of 彝
- 餌: bait
Etymology 13
[edit]Modern Korean reading of various Chinese characters in isolation or as the first element of a compound. As the non-initial element of a compound, they are read as 리 (ri).
After a language reform in North Korea in the mid-twentieth century intended to make Sino-Korean readings uniform, they are always read as 리 (ri) in all environments.
Syllable
[edit]이 (i)
- (South Korea) 里: town
- (South Korea) 理: rule
- (South Korea) 利: benefit
- (South Korea) 梨: pear tree
- (South Korea) 李: plum tree
- (South Korea) 吏: petty official
- (South Korea) 離: leave
- (South Korea) 裏: inside
- (South Korea) 履: trample, step on
- (South Korea) 俚: vulgar
- (South Korea) 莉: jasmine
- (South Korea) 璃: glass
- (South Korea) 俐: clever
- (South Korea) 唎: thin voice
- (South Korea) 浬: nautical mile
- (South Korea) 狸: wild cat
- (South Korea) 痢: diarrhea
- (South Korea) 籬: fence
- (South Korea) 罹: fall ill, get sick
- (South Korea) 羸: ashen
- (South Korea) 釐: ruling
- (South Korea) 鯉: carp
- (South Korea) 涖: reach
- (South Korea) 𢻠: upright
- (South Korea) 犂: plow
- (South Korea) 摛: spread
- (South Korea) 剺: peel
- (South Korea) 哩: a particle
- (South Korea) 嫠: widow
- (South Korea) 莅: reach
- (South Korea) 蜊: clam
- (South Korea) 螭: hornless dragon
- (South Korea) 貍: lynx
- (South Korea) 邐: connect
- (South Korea) 魑: goblin
- (South Korea) 黐: flypaper
- (South Korea) 漓: to permeate
- (South Korea) 裡: Alternative form of 裏
- (South Korea) 离: Alternative form of 離
- (South Korea) 悧: Alternative form of 俐
- (South Korea) 厘: Alternative form of 釐
- (South Korea) 犁: Alternative form of 犂
Etymology 14
[edit]Modern Korean reading of various Chinese characters in isolation or as the first element of a compound. As the non-initial element of a compound, they are read as 니 (ni).
After a language reform in North Korea in the mid-twentieth century intended to make Sino-Korean readings uniform, they are always read as 니 (ni)in all environments.
Syllable
[edit]이 (i)
- (South Korea) 泥: mud
- (South Korea) 尼: Buddhist nun
- (South Korea) 柅: overgrown
- (South Korea) 濔: abundant
- (South Korea) 膩: greasy
- (South Korea) 馜: strong fragrance
- (South Korea) 㦐: feel good
- (South Korea) 呢: whisper
- (South Korea) 怩: ashamed
- (South Korea) 祢: shrine for a deceased father
References
[edit]- ^ “'김·이·박·최'의 영어표기를 외국인이 읽는다면? [gim·i·bak·choe ui yeong'eopyogireul oegugini ingneundamyeon?, If a foreigner were to read the romanizations of "Kim", "Lee", "Park", and "Choi"?]”, in Yonhap News Agency[1], 2017
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