白

See also: 日, 曰, 臼, 自, and 百

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

白 (Kangxi radical 106, 白+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹日 (HA), four-corner 2600₀, composition ⿱丿日)

1. Kangxi radical #106, ⽩.

Derived characters

• Index:Chinese radical/白
• 柏
• 習 (in current form)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 785, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22678
• Dae Jaweon: page 1196, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2642, character 1
• Unihan data for U+767D

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		白

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 白
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (白) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
怕	*pʰraːɡs, *pʰraːɡ
帕	*pʰraːɡs, *mbraːd
粕	*pʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ
胉	*pʰaːɡ
泊	*baːɡ
箔	*baːɡ
魄	*tʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ
皕	*prɯɡ
伯	*praːɡ
百	*praːɡ
迫	*praːɡ
敀	*praːɡ, *pʰraːɡ
柏	*praːɡ
湐	*praːɡ
拍	*pʰraːɡ
珀	*pʰraːɡ
皛	*pʰraːɡ, *ɡeːwʔ
洦	*mpʰraːɡ, *mbraːɡ
白	*braːɡ
帛	*braːɡ
舶	*braːɡ
鮊	*braːɡ
陌	*mbraːɡ
帞	*mbraːɡ
袹	*mbraːɡ
蛨	*mbraːɡ
貊	*mbraːɡ
佰	*mbraːɡ
銆	*mbraːɡ
碧	*praɡ, *preɡ
咟	*ɦmreːɡ

Pictogram (象形) – 白 is a pictogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object. There are several myths and theories explaining the origin of the object how its pictograph came to represent the meaning of white. One of the theories goes with an acorn which has a white flesh inside and the flesh was used as a white color pigment. Another one goes with a skull which was much more familiar objects before human bodies started to be buried in a grave in an ancient China. or the other one goes with a nail of thumb that has a crescent-shaped whitish area. 白 also indicates “clear” as white can be a color of “clear”. This came from the myths that 白 was a moving and folded tongue of a person who speaks very clearly, or 白 was a flame of the burning candle which clears up space with its lightness. However, no one is able to prove the truth of this ancient word 白. These 5 sculptures are depicting the shape of white which had lost its original meaning.

Etymology

Either from

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bawk (“white”); cognate with Mün Chin bok, Daai Chin ɓɔ́ːk, Garo bok-a, Limbu [script needed] (phɔ) (STEDT) (confer Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɓɔɔk (“white, grey”)); still, Schuessler found *bawk's and its descendants' lack of medial -r- difficult to reconcile with Sinitic; or from
• Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bʷar ~ *pʷar (“burn, fire”) with -k extension, from immediate *bar-k (Schuessler, 2007); cognate with *皤 (OC *paːl, *baːl) "white", Mizo váar (“white, bright”), Proto-Karenic *ʔ(b)wa "white".

However, STEDT derives:

• váar from *hwa(ː)r ⪤ *yar
• *ʔ(b)wa from *b/s-wa
• *燔 (OC *ban) from *bʷar ~ *pʷar
• *皤 (OC *paːl, *baːl) from "pan-allofamic" root *(p/b/h)(w/y)a(ː)(r/l/n/t), all three above being its variants.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): bái, bó (bai², bo²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˊ, ㄅㄛˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): be²

• Cantonese (Jyutping): baak⁶

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): pha̍k

  (Meixian, Guangdong): pag⁶

• Eastern Min (BUC): băh
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): pe̍h / pe̍eh / pia̍k / pe̍k

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bêh⁸

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁸baq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bái
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bái
    • Wade–Giles: pai²
    • Yale: bái
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bair
    • Palladius: бай (baj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /paɪ̯³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bó
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bó
    • Wade–Giles: po²
    • Yale: bwó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bor
    • Palladius: бо (bo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ³⁵/

Note: bó - extremely limited in usage, sometimes used in the name Li Bai (李白).

• • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: be²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: be
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɛ²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: baak⁶
    • Yale: baahk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: baak⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: bag⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /paːk̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pha̍k
    • Hakka Romanization System: pag
    • Hagfa Pinyim: pag⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /pʰak̚⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: pag⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /pʰak̚⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: băh
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /paʔ⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍h
    • Tâi-lô: pe̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: peh
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /peʔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /peʔ⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍eh
    • Tâi-lô: pe̍eh
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /pɛʔ¹²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pia̍k
    • Tâi-lô: pia̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: piak
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /piak̚²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍k
    • Tâi-lô: pi̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pek
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /piɪk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /piɪk̚¹²¹/

Note: pe̍h/pe̍eh - vernacular (by itself and in most compounds), pia̍k/pe̍k - literary (in a few compounds).

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bêh⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pe̍h
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /peʔ⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁸baq
    • MiniDict: bah^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵baq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /baʔ¹²/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 白
Mandarin	Beijing	/pai³⁵/
	Harbin	/pai²⁴/
	Tianjin	/pai⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/pei²¹³/
	Qingdao	/pe⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/pɛ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/pei²⁴/
	Xining	/pɨ²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/pia¹³/ /pɛ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/pə⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/pai⁵¹/ /pei⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/pɤ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/pe³¹/
	Guiyang	/pɛ²¹/
	Kunming	/pə³¹/
	Nanjing	/pəʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/pɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/pai¹¹/ /piəʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/piʌʔ⁵³/ ～的 /pæ¹³/ ～菜
	Hohhot	/pɛ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/baʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/bɑʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/bɑʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/ba²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/pʰɛ²²/
	Tunxi	/pʰa¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/pə²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/pæ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/pʰɑʔ²/
Hakka	Meixian	/pʰak̚⁵/
	Taoyuan	/pʰɑk̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/pak̚²/
	Nanning	/pak̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/pak̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/pik̚⁵/ /peʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/paʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/pa⁴⁴/ /pɛ⁴²/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/peʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ʔbɔk̚⁵/ /ʔbɛ³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: baek

Rime
Character	白
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	陌 (113)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	傍陌切
Baxter	baek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bˠæk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/bᵚak̚/
Shao Rongfen	/bak̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/baɨjk̚/
Li Rong	/bɐk̚/
Wang Li	/bɐk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱɐk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bak6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*bˤrak/

  (Zhengzhang): /*braːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	白
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bái
Middle Chinese	‹ bæk ›
Old Chinese	/*bˁrak/
English	white
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	白
Reading #	1/1
No.	207
Phonetic component	白
Rime group	鐸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	白
Old Chinese	/*braːɡ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 白

1. white

   白色  ―  báisè  ―  white color

   白茶  ―  báichá  ―  white tea

2. clear; easy to understand

   明白  ―  míngbai  ―  clear, obvious

   淺白／浅白  ―  qiǎnbái  ―  simple

3. clear; pure; plain; blank

   白紙／白纸  ―  báizhǐ  ―  a blank sheet of paper

   白卷  ―  báijuǎn  ―  blank exam paper

   白水  ―  báishuǐ  ―  plain water

   白粥  ―  báizhōu  ―  plain congee

4. bright; well-lit

   凡殤與無後者，祭於宗子之家，當室之白，尊於東房，是謂陽厭。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
   凡殇与无后者，祭于宗子之家，当室之白，尊于东房，是谓阳厌。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

   From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE

   Fánshāng yǔ wúhòu zhě, jì yú zōngzǐ zhī jiā, dāng shì zhī bái, zūn yú dōng fáng, shì wèi yángyàn. [Pinyin]

   In regard to all others who have died prematurely and have left no offspring, the sacrifice is offered to them in the house of the oldest son, where the apartment is the most light, with the vases in the chamber on the east. This is what is called the bright satisfying offering.

   相與枕藉乎舟中，不知東方之既白。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
   相与枕借乎舟中，不知东方之既白。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

   From: 1082, (deprecated template usage) 蘇軾 (Su Shi), 《前赤壁賦》

   Xiàngyǔ zhěnjiè hū zhōu zhōng, bù zhī dōngfāng zhī jì bái. [Pinyin]

   The cups and plates leaned against one another in the boat, and we did not know the East has already turned bright white.

5. eminent; prominent

   是故窮則不隱，通則大明，身死而名彌白。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
   是故穷则不隐，通则大明，身死而名弥白。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

   From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE

   Shìgù qióng zé bù yǐn, tōng zé dà míng, shēn sǐ ér míng mí bái. [Pinyin]

   Therefore, the superior man, when in poverty or distress, is not obscured, and when his life is smooth, he becomes more famous. After his death, his reputation becomes even more prominent.

6. vernacular

   白話／白话  ―  báihuà  ―  spoken language

7. dialect

   蘇白／苏白  ―  sūbái  ―  Suzhou dialect

   京白  ―  jīngbái  ―  Beijing dialect

8. Short for 白讀／白读 (báidú, “colloquial reading”).
9. reactionary; anticommunist

   白軍／白军  ―  báijūn  ―  The White army

   白區／白区  ―  báiqū  ―  The White area

   白色恐怖  ―  báisèkǒngbù  ―  the White terror

10. in vain; for nothing

    我們沒有白忙。／我们没有白忙。  ―  Wǒmen méiyǒu bái máng.  ―  Our efforts were not in vain.

    她白等了。  ―  Tā bái děng le.  ―  She waited in vain.

    他們的血沒有白流。 [MSC, trad.]
    他们的血没有白流。 [MSC, simp.]

    Tāmen de xuè méiyǒu bái liú. [Pinyin]

    Their blood was not shed in vain.

    所有的工作都白做了。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]

    Suǒyǒu de gōngzuò dōu bái zuò le. [Pinyin]

    All the work has been done for nothing.

    白來一趟／白来一趟  ―  bái lái yītàng  ―  to come in vain; to come for nothing

    白給的東西／白给的东西  ―  báigěi de dōngxi  ―  something given for nothing

11. free of charge; gratuitous; gratis

    你可以白拿走這些蘋果。 [MSC, trad.]
    你可以白拿走这些苹果。 [MSC, simp.]

    Nǐ kěyǐ bái názǒu zhè xiē píngguǒ. [Pinyin]

    You can have these apples for free.

12. to stare coldly; to stare at someone with the white of the eyes

    她生氣地白了他一眼。 [MSC, trad.]
    她生气地白了他一眼。 [MSC, simp.]

    Tā shēngqì de bái le tā yīyǎn. [Pinyin]

    She gave him an angry stare.

13. to explain; to present; to state

    自白  ―  zìbái  ―  explain oneself, confess

    開場白／开场白  ―  kāichǎngbái  ―  preamble

    表白  ―  biǎobái  ―  to explain oneself

    辯白／辩白  ―  biànbái  ―  to explain, to defend oneself

14. to mispronounce or wrongly write a character

    我老是寫白字讀破句。 [MSC, trad.]
    我老是写白字读破句。 [MSC, simp.]

    Wǒ lǎoshì xiě bái zì dúpòjù. [Pinyin]

    I always mispronounce words and break my sentences up in the wrong places.

    我把這字念白了。 [MSC, trad.]
    我把这字念白了。 [MSC, simp.]

    Wǒ bǎ zhè zì niàn bái le. [Pinyin]

    I've mispronounced the character.

15. spoken lines

    念白  ―  niànbái  ―  spoken parts of a Chinese opera

    道白  ―  dàobái  ―  spoken parts of a Chinese opera

    獨白／独白  ―  dúbái  ―  monologue

    對白／对白  ―  duìbái  ―  dialogue

    （白）無言獨上西樓，月如鉤…… [MSC, trad.]
    （白）无言独上西楼，月如钩…… [MSC, simp.]

    (bái) Wúyán dú shàng xīlóu, yuè rú gōu...... [Pinyin]

    (spoken:) Without words, I ascend the western tower by myself; the moon is like a hook […]
    (as may be displayed in the lyrics to Teresa Teng's “Du shang xilou” (獨上西樓))

16. funeral

    紅白喜事／红白喜事  ―  hóngbáixǐshì  ―  weddings and funerals

17. a surname Bai
18. (～族) Bai, an ethnic group living primarily in Yunnan, China

See also

Colors in Chinese · 顏色／颜色 (layout · text)

白色	灰色	黑色
紅色／红色, 赤色; 緋紅色／绯红色, 豔紅色／艳红色, 大紅／大红	橙色; 棕色, 褐色	黃色／黄色; 奶油色
青檸色／青柠色	綠色／绿色
青色; 深青色	湛藍色／湛蓝色, 蔚藍色／蔚蓝色, 天藍色／天蓝色	藍色／蓝色
紫羅蘭色／紫罗兰色; 靛色	洋紅色／洋红色; 紫色	粉紅色／粉红色

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

白

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: びゃく (byaku, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: はく (haku, Jōyō)
• Sō-on: ぱい (pai)
• Kun: しろ (shiro, 白, Jōyō); しろい (shiroi, 白い, Jōyō); しら (shira, 白, Jōyō ^†); もうす (mōsu, 白す)

Compounds

Compounds

• 白(はく)銀(ぎん) (hakugin)
• 曝(ばく)白(はく) (bakuhaku): whitening in exposure to the sun
• 白(びゃく)毫(ごう) (byakugō): urna
• 白(びゃく)芷(し) (byakushi): Angelica dahurica, additionally, its root used in traditional Chinese medicine; Heracleum sphondylium var. nipponicum
• 白(びゃく)檀(だん) (byakudan): Indian sandalwood
• 白(びゃく)夜(や) (byakuya): midnight sun
• 白(びゃく)緑(ろく) (byakuroku): whitish green
• 白(びゃっ)狐(こ) (byakko): white fox; arctic fox
• 白(はく)雨(う) (hakuu)
• 白(はく)色(しょく) (hakushoku): white
• 潔(けっ)白(ぱく) (keppaku)
• 漂(ひょう)白(はく) (hyōhaku)
• 腕(わん)白(ぱく) (wanpaku): naughty
• 白(はく)書(しょ) (hakusho): white paper
• 白(はく)癬(せん) (hakusen)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
白
しろ Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese *siro₁- ~ sira

Noun

白(しろ) • (shiro) 

1. white (color)
2. a white go stone
3. innocence

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 白蟻(しろあり) (shiroari): termite, white ant
• 白腹(しろはら) (shirohara): pale thrush

Noun

白(しら) • (shira) 

1. white, Old Japanese pronunciation, now only seen in compounds

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 白(しら)髪(が) (shiraga): white hair
• 白(しら)鳥(とり) (shiratori): swan
• 白(しら)羽(は) (shiraha): white feather
• 白(しら)地(じ) (shiraji): white background
• 白(しら)樺(かば) (shirakaba): Japanese white birch
• 白(しら)木(き) (shiraki): plain wood, unfinished woodwork
• 白(しら)雪(ゆき) (shirayuki): white snow
• 白(しら)旗(はた) (shirahata): white flag
• 白(しら)浜(はま) (shirahama): white sandy beach
• 白(しら)壁(かべ) (shirakabe): white plaster wall
• 白(しら)子(こ) (shirako): soft roe, milt
• 白(しら)百合(ゆり) (shirayuri): white lily
• 白(しら)糸(いと) (shiraito): white thread
• 白(しら)菊(ぎく) (shiragiku): white chrysanthemum
• 白(しら)鷺(さぎ) (shirasagi): generic name for herons with all-white plumage (inc. egrets)
• 白(しら)州(す) (shirasu), 白(しら)洲(す) (shirasu), 白(しら)沙(す) (shirasu): bar of white sand
• 白(しら)梅(うめ) (shiraume): white plum blossoms;  white Japanese apricot;  white-blossomed plum
• 白(しら)む (shiramu): to grow light;  to become white;  to turn grey (gray)
• 白(しら)雲(くも) (shirakumo): white clouds
• 白(しら)玉(たま) (shiratama): white gem (e.g. pearl)
• 白(しら)玉(たま)椿(つばき) (shiratamatsubaki): common camellia
• 白(しら)ける (shirakeru):
• 白(しら)子干(すぼ)し (shirasuboshi): dried young sardines
• 白(しら)刃(は) (shiraha): drawn sword, naked sword
• 白(しら)滝(たき) (shirataki): sheet-like waterfall
• 白(しら)茶(ちゃ)ける (shirachakeru): to fade,  to discolor
• 白(しら)白(じら)しい (shirajirashii), 白(しら)々(じら)しい (shirajirashii): pure-white, very clear
• 白(しら)魚(うお) (shirauo): icefish
• 白(しら)帆(ほ) (shiraho): white sail
• 白(しら)露(つゆ) (shiratsuyu): glistening dew
• 白(しら)砂(すな) (shirasuna): white sand
• 白(しら)太(た) (shirata): sapwood
• 白(しら)癩(はたけ) (shirahatake): vitiligo
• 白(しら)絹(ぎぬ) (shiraginu): white silk

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
白
はく Grade: 1
on’yomi

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 白 (bˠæk̚)

Noun

白(はく) • (haku) 

1. white

Related terms

• 白(しろ)い (shiroi) (Adjective form)
• 白(しら)を切(き)る (shira o kiru)

See also

Colors in Japanese · 色(いろ) (iro) (layout · text)

白(しろ) (shiro)	灰(はい)色(いろ) (haiiro), 鼠(ねずみ)色(いろ) (nezumiiro) (dated)	黒(くろ) (kuro)
赤(あか) (aka); 深(しん)紅(く) (shinku), クリムゾン (kurimuzon), 紅(べに)色(いろ) (beniiro), 紅(くれない)色(いろ) (kurenaiiro), 茜(あかね)色(いろ) (akaneiro)	オレンジ (orenji), 橙(だいだい)色(いろ) (daidaiiro); 茶(ちゃ)色(いろ) (chairo), 褐(かっ)色(しょく) (kasshoku)	黄(き)色(いろ) (kiiro); クリーム色(いろ) (kurīmuiro)
黄(き)緑(みどり) (kimidori)	緑(みどり) (midori), 青(あお) (ao) (dated)	若緑(わかみどり) (wakamidori)
シアン (shian); 鴨(かも)の羽色(はねいろ) (kamo no hane iro)	水(みず)色(いろ) (mizuiro)	青(あお) (ao)
菫(すみれ)色(いろ) (sumireiro); 藍(あい)色(いろ) (aiiro), インジゴ (injigo)	マゼンタ (mazenta), 赤紫(あかむらさき) (akamurasaki); 紫(むらさき) (murasaki)	ピンク (pinku), 桃(もも)色(いろ) (momoiro)

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Korean

Hanja

白 (eumhun 흰 백 (huin baek))

1. white

Hanja

白 (eumhun 아뢸 백 (aroel baek))

1. to tell, to inform

See also

• 擘

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Vietnamese

Han character

白: Hán Việt readings: bạch (薄(bạc)陌(mạch)切(thiết))
白: Nôm readings: bạch, bạc, trắng

1. Template:han tu form of (mainly used in compounds)
2. Template:Nom form of

Compounds

• 暴白 (bộc bạch)
• 白楊 (bạch dương)
• 白球 (bạch cầu)
• 白羊 (Bạch Dương)
• 白血 (bạch huyết)
• 白馬 (Bạch Mã)