User:Vahagn Petrosyan/research
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I am not a linguist, but there remains a lot of low-hanging fruit in Armenian etymology even for amateurs.
This is a list of entries containing original Armenian etymological and philological research by me and other Wiktionarians. Although I always check the standard references of Armenian (e.g. HAB, J̌ahukyan 1987 and 2010, Olsen 1999, Martirosyan 2010), it is possible some of the stuff is already known. In any case, we came up with the discoveries independently.
My discoveries
[edit]Entries containing my discoveries
- ջրիմուռ (ǰrimuṙ) (the etymology)
- երկաթ (erkatʻ) (the Coptic parallel)
- բալախ (balax) (the Azerbaijani parallels)
- ձմերուկ (jmeruk) (the Greek parallels)
- մոզ (moz) (the etymology)
- իշղար (išġar) (the parallels other than Persian)
- ճագար (čagar) (the comparison with similar words denoting colors and animals)
- կաղամախի (kałamaxi) (the Northeast Caucasian etymology and the clarification of comparanda)
- սուս-փուս (sus-pʻus) (whole borrowing from Turkish)
- վրձին (vrjin) (the discovery of the immediate Byzantine Greek etymon)
- բակ (bak) (the additional typological parallels for the 'halo' sense)
- գորգ (gorg) (the discovery of the Northeast Caucasian parallels and the clarification of the meaning); my etymology has been plagiarized and misattributed to Starostin by the "linguist" Thomas Wier: [1]
- բլնգազ (blngaz) (the Kurdish origin)
- ղուդում (ġudum) (the Kurdish mediation, because of form and identical idioms)
- Արամ (Aram) (the Syriac origin)
- հրետ (hret) (the etymology)
- կատար (katar) (developing the Semitic etymology)
- խոխա (xoxa) (some clues on the philological status of Turkish "xoxa")
- երախայ (eraxay) (the development of the Semitic origin)
- ախազ (axaz) (the Turkic origin)
- աքիս (akʻis) (the Kazakh parallel)
- ժանգալ (žangal) (the Azerbaijani etymology)
- խոնաւ (xonaw) (the development of the Iranian etymology)
- լավաշ (lavaš) (strengthening the Semitic etymology; see also ܠܘܫܐ (lwšā) for the richness of the root in Aramaic)
- ռումբ (ṙumb) (the Kurdish parallel with -b)
- խաղող (xałoł) (the reference to DUL for Semitic origin of Urartian; see also the comment by User:Fay Freak at Talk:խաղող)
- դանդուռ (danduṙ) (the Caucasian and Pashto cognates; the connection with թանթռնիկ (tʻantʻṙnik))
- ագռաւ (agṙaw) (the Semitic origin)
- ապար (apar) (the etymology)
- ճարմանդ (čarmand) (the Iranian etymology)
- ճիպոտ (čipot) (the Iranian parallels)
- խոր (xor) (the Semitic etymology; could also be from the Zan descendant of Proto-Kartvelian *ɣar- (“Rinne, Schlucht”), on which see
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) - մուժ (muž) / մըժ (məž) (direct Kurdish origin, helped by User:Calak; see also Talk:մշուշ)
- չամիչ (čʻamičʻ) (the Semitic origin)
- ջառջառ (ǰaṙǰaṙ) (the etymology)
- մարագ (marag) (the Iranian etymology)
- սինձ (sinj) (the close Kurdish cognate)
- կուր (kur) (comparison with the (reduplicated?) cognates of կարկուրայ (karkuray))
- թեշի (tʻeši) (developing the Iranian origin, with the help of User:Calak)
- թշու (tʻšu) (the etymology and the philological status)
- չիդար (čʻidar) (the etymology)
- աթոռ (atʻoṙ) (derivation from the city-name Assur)
- սմբուկ (smbuk) (etymology from the word for "smooth" and the Iranian origin; clarifying the philological status as a dialectal word; typological comparison with Arabic كُوسَا (kūsā))
- առիւծ (aṙiwc) (the Semitic origin)
- կորիւն (koriwn) (the comparison with Neo-Aramaic aryūnā)
- տարափ (tarapʻ) (the Iranian etymology)
- շղթայ (šłtʻay) (finding the formally close Neo-Aramaic šišltā; see also the comments of User:Fay Freak at Talk:ܫܝܫܠܬܐ)
- բոխի (boxi, “hornbeam”) (the derivation from բող (boł))
- պորտ (port) (the Aramaic parallel; see also Talk:պորտ)
- Ահգուն (Ahgun) (the discovery of the form Ահգուննամէ (Ahgunnamē) and the Turkic origin of both)
- կրծեմ (krcem) (the Semitic origin)
- գրտնակ (grtnak) (relation with վարդանակ (vardanak), վարդանցաւ (vardancʻaw))
- մորմ (morm) (the Iranian origin; the various berry words too may be derived from 'hairy' because of the small hairs on their surface)
- ժիժմակ (žižmak) (the Iranian origin)
- սարդ (sard) (the Turkish descendants)
- էրնջակ (ērnǰak), էրունջէկ (ērunǰēk) (the Turkish origin)
- ἴγδις (ígdis) (the Hurrian origin)
- վռազ (vṙaz) (the origin from Iranian *frāča- and connection with վռզքիթ (vṙzkʻitʻ) and վռզող (vṙzoł))
- սահիմ (sahim) (the comparison with the Arabic)
- ճանդարի (čandari) (the comparison with the Tabasaran)
- մամուխ (mamux) (the comparison with the Caucasian forms; the discovery of the Kurdish and Zazaki descendants)
- ալուճ (aluč) (borrowed from Persian, not Arabic; identification with Linaria probably wrong; with the help of User:Fay Freak – see Talk:ալուճ)
- լոսդի (losdi) (the Romanian origin; for the origin of Romanian see Diebold, non vidi)
- թուխու (tʻuxu) (the Turkic origin)
- թառափ (tʻaṙapʻ) (the comparison with the European words and Turkic origin)
- շապպոթ (šappotʻ) (the comparison with the Azerbaijani)
- լորենի (loreni) (the Northeast Caucasian origin)
- շամբ (šamb) (the Circassian comparison)
- մական (makan) (the comparison with Aramaic 'reed' words)
- պահրան (pahran) (identifying with բուհրան (buhran))
- դղքի (dłkʻi) (the Ingush parallel and the discovery of the passage in Xawskʿ Pʿiloni)
- տաբատ (tabat) (origin as τὰ + Hebrew bad)
- քուրջ (kʻurǰ) (the Ingush parallel)
- մարի (mari) (the Kurdish and Zazaki descendants)
- ալմաս (almas) (the comparison with Iranian forms in -t for ալմաստ (almast))
- դունչ (dunčʻ) (the comparison with Georgian დრუნჩი (drunči), დრუნგი (drungi), დინგი (dingi, “snout”))
- ցողկ (cʻołk) (the discovery of the attestation as ձողկ (jołk))
- քարանձաւ (kʻaranjaw) (the Old Georgian descendant)
- փոր (pʻor, “swan”) (the Iranian origin)
- ասուպ (asup) (improving the Arabic origin by finding the Latin intermediary and comparison with Middle Armenian ասպ (asp))
- կարեմ (karem) (derivation from *ḳar-)
- Հռիփսիմէ (Hṙipʻsimē) (strengthening the Greek origin)
- կայմ (kaym) (the Semitic origin; but later found Kerestedjian and Urišean already mentioned the Arabic)
- լազանի (lazani) (the Latin origin; see this for a discussion of the Latin term)
- քանթալ (kʻantʻal) (the comparison with Georgian and Udi)
- մուռ (muṙ), մռու (mṙu) (the Turkish-Arabic origin)
- ոփի (opʻi) (the "laurel" sense may be spurious)
- ասփուր (aspʻur) (the connection of the given names Մասպուռ (Maspuṙ), Մասփուր (Maspʻur))
- եղինջ (eġinǰ) (the Kurdish and Zazaki borrowings)
- անձրուկ (anjruk) (the Greek etymology and the Venetian origin of the Greek etymon; the -r- a folk-etymological reshaping after անձրև (anjrew) or to avoid the homonym անձուկ (anjuk)?)
- կապարասի (kaparasi) (the etymology as կապար ասի)
- ծղնի (cġni) (the Georgian etymology)
- բռինչ (bṙinčʻ) (the Kashmiri cognate; Iranian?)
- կրտսեր (krtser) (the Iranian etymology)
- արագիլ (aragil) (the Aramaic and Indian parallels; see also User:Fay Freak's comment at Talk:արագիլ)
- լոք (lokʻ) (the connection with similar Eurasian fish names)
- սին (sin) (the Northeast Caucasian etymology)
- խադ (xad) (the Semitic etymology; the similarity with Hebrew was noticed already by Ačaṙyan)
- դալապր (dalapr) (comparing Vulgar Latin dalabra and Greek δηλάβρα; banishing Bolognesi's δολάβρα from comparison)
- տոշ (toš) (the Arabic comparison)
- մուշայ (mušay) (the Russian–Turkic etymology)
- շփեմ (špʻem), շփշփեմ (špʻšpʻem), շօշափեմ (šōšapʻem) (the Aramaic / Syriac etymology)
- շուրթն (šurtʻn) (the Semitic origin)
- կիպ (kip) (the Iranian origin)
- տորդիկ (tordik) (derivation from Italian, rather than Latin; finding the 1750 attestation and claiming specifically Mekhitarist invention)
- զողալ (zoġal) (derivation from Persian, rather than "Tatar"; joining of the ‘coal’ sense, found also in Persian)
- հաթաթա (hatʻatʻa) (derivation from Arabic)
- մաշիկ (mašik) (identifying the Arabic etymon; the Armenian is probably borrowed from Georgian)
- խնջլոզ (xnǰloz) (the discovery of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Azerbaijani cognates)
- ռայք (ṙaykʻ) (the Syriac origin)
- դամբուլ (dambul), դամոն (damon) (the Indo-Aryan parallels)
- դեյրա (deyra) (the derivation from Arabic)
- Ամաթուն (Amatʻun) (the derivation from Arabic أَمَةٌ (ʔamatun, “female slave”); used among Muslims as a girl's name)
- Տարսայիճ (Tarsayič) (the Iranian origin)
- թաղ (tʻał) (the Kartvelian origin; Ačaṙyan hesitantly considers the Georgian borrowed from Armenian, but he is unaware of its Kartvelian cognates which allow reconstructing a Proto-Kartvelian root; the Armenian is borrowed from Zan because of the vocalism)
- քաղաք (kʻałakʻ) (the Hulaulá parallel)
- մուգ (mug) (the Georgian borrowing)
- կորնգան (korngan) (the Iranian origin and the Georgian descendants)
- խռիկ (xṙik, “gill”) (the comparison with խռուկ (xṙuk), խռիկ (xṙik, “croup”))
- վէգ (vēg) (the comparison of Georgian for sense development)
- պրտու (prtu) (the Assyrian Neo-Aramaic parallel)
- Դաւիթ (Dawitʻ) (the explanation of -թ (-tʻ))
- փեսայ (pʻesay) (the Aramaic / Syriac origin)
- գիրգ (girg) (may be connected with Old Georgian გრკჳნვა (grḳwinva), գրկեմ (grkem), գուրգուրել (gurgurel); note that User:TsibaTsibaTsiba says კურკურება (ḳurḳureba) is 9–10th century, so it cannot be borrowed from dialectal գուրգուրել (gurgurel))
- ցին (cʻin) (the etymology)
- խռպոտ (xṙpot) (has an Azerbaijani descendant; prompted by User:Allahverdi Verdizade's hunch that it is an Armenian borrowing)
- խլրտամ (xlrtam) (the Aramaic origin)
- խռիւ (xṙiw) (the Aramaic origin)
- մազ (maz) (ܡܥܙܐ (maʿəzē) is a better fit than Hübschmann's ܡܙܐ (mezzē))
- յիմար (yimar) (the origin from the Semitic word for "lamb", together with User:Fay Freak)
- նախատեմ (naxatem) (the Semitic origin; Ačaṙyan had noticed the similarity with Arabic naḥīt, but dismissed it as accidental; at Reconstruction talk:Proto-Semitic/naḥat- User:Fay Freak proposes to connect a family of Aramaic words)
- քանդալաշ (kʻandalaš) (the Iranian origin)
- չիչխան (čʻičʻxan) (the Turkish origin and connecting the Turkish etymon with Turkic cognates known to derive from Mongolic; User:Cavidaga added the Udi and Azerbaijani cognates)
- խարխափեմ (xarxapʻem) (the comparison with Mingrelian)
- մաթուզ (matʻuz) (connecting with the Romance words; could have been brought by the Crusaders or all could be independently borrowed from a "Mediterranean substrate")
- շաղիղ (šałił), շաղաղ (šałał) (the origin from the Semitic “afterbirth” word possibly contaminated from the Iranian ”sack” word, together with User:Fay Freak)
- ուլ (ul) (comparison with Aghwan 𐕛𐔴𐔾 (vel))
- հեռախոս (heṙaxos) (calqued from obsolete French téléologue)
- ցաք (cʻakʻ), ցաքի (cʻakʻi) (comparison with Svan ცა̈გ (cäg))
- օձիք (ōjikʻ) (comparison with Ossetian)
- եղրի (eġri) (comparison with Georgian)
- աղատել (aġatel) (the connection with Turkish ağıt)
- ճփնի (čpʻni) (improving Chugaszyan's etymology; adding the Pontic Greek to the comparison)
- երէզ (erēz) (Iranian origin)
- շերտ (šert) (Zan origin; I later found the joining of շերտ (šert) and շոլտի (šolti) in this snippet, but I have no access to the book to check if it knows the origin. Some further thoughts: The Biblical sense "split wood, piece of wood, splinter" should perhaps be understood as "strip of tree bark", as in Mingrelian. Is շորթեմ (šortʻem, “*to pluck; to usurp, to take forcible possession of”) the same word? See also the discussion at Reconstruction talk:Proto-Georgian-Zan/šol-.)
- ել (el), ելանեմ (elanem) (the Aghwan comparison)
- ճագոմ (čagom) (the comparison with Svan ჭაგუ̂ (č̣agû), Laz ჭაბუ (ç̌abu))
- ճիլակ (čilak) (the Georgian origin)
- տերեփուկ (terepʻuk) (the Kartvelian origin)
- զիզի (zizi) (the Georgian comparisons)
- պատմեմ (patmem) (the Tajik parallel)
- կունդուռ (kunduṙ) (the Greek origin)
- լիրբ (lirb) (This is considered i-stem based on NHB but without evidence, and the proto-form is usually reconstructed *(s)libʰ-ro-, but I found an a-stem attestation in Chrysostom, on which basis I propose to reconstruct feminine *(s)libʰ-reh₂. Must have originally referred to women, as it does even now.
- թառմա (tʻaṙma) (The Turko-Mongolic origin. Dankoff compares with dialectal Turkish tarma, but is unaware of the ultimate origin, and AFAICT the Turkish has never been connected to its cognates known to derive from Mongolic.)
- ղեր (ġer) (the Georgian origin)
- երդ (erd) (the Kartvelian origin, though the vocalism needs an explanation)
- հող (hoł) (Connecting with Aghwan and deriving from Iranian. The connection with Aghwan is an important argument in favour of an Iranian borrowing, as that language does not seem to have borrowed much from Armenian apart from a few learned religious terms. The common words are mostly independent Iranian borrowings.)
- մով (mov) (the etymologies of all senses)
- ծփի (cpʻi) (the etymology)
- հալաւ (halaw) (the Northeast Caucasian borrowings, which were unknown except for Kryz)
- խունդի (xundi) (the Georgian origin)
- հերթ (hertʻ) (the explanation as յ- (y-) + երթ (ertʻ))
- չքարա (čʻkʻara) (the Georgian origin)
- մասուր (masur) (the Pontic Greek descendant)
- սեխ (sex): Laz შუკა (şuǩa), Mingrelian შინკა (šinḳa) are probably related
- տո (to): The Georgian origin
- թոխոր (tʻoxor): The Slavic origin
- Յալանուզյան (Yalanuzyan): Derivation from Turkish yalanuz
- Քուչակ (Kʻučʻak): Derivation from Persian کوچک (kučak)
- ճռել (čṙel): The Georgian origin
- ձիւթ (jiwtʻ): Has a Georgian descendant (or a close cognate)
- փիս (pʻis, “resin”): The Georgian origin
- վայիս (vayis): The origin from Azerbaijani vayıs. User:Fenakhay derives the Az. from Arabic وَيْس (ways).
- լաք (lakʻ, “garden bed”): Connecting with Azerbaijani lək, Tat lak, Judeo-Tat lok and deriving from Persian لاک (lâk)
- շոշ (šoš): The Azerbaijani parallel. Probably ultimately Persian, compare Persian شوش (shaush, “a branch cut from a vine”)
- թեպեկ (tʻepek): Borrowing from θώπεκας (thópekas). Ottoman Turkish شبك (şebek) may be from the same source because baboons have long, dog-like muzzles.
- մըշըղուլ (məšəġul) / մուշուղուլ (mušuġul): The Azerbaijani origin.
- ջարդ (ǰard): Has a Georgian descendant.
- կարծեմ (karcem): The Semitic origin
- փաղփաղիմ (pʻałpʻałim): Has very similar Zan parallels. Instead of seeking irregular PIE etymologies for Armenian, we may consider փաղփաղիմ (pʻałpʻałim), փողփողիմ (pʻołpʻołim), փլփլալ (pʻlpʻlal), պլպլալ (plplal) and the like, as well as my Zan parallels as sound-symbolic formations.
- *անիդ (*anid) is just a misprint of ասիդ (asid)
My uncertain discoveries
[edit]My tentative proposals, which are too uncertain to go in the mainspace
- սուրճ (surč): Compare Turkish sürç (“slip up, slip, stumble; transgression, defect, vice”) (Radlov 1911, 828), also Azerbaijani sürç; an argot for an intoxicating drink?
- կակաչ (kakačʻ): Compare Arabic كَاكَنْج (kākanj, “Physalis”), whose red husk is somewhat similar to poppy; note also dialectal կակաչին (kakačʻin, “a kind of edible plant”), which is synonymous to արուսուկ (arusuk) and like Persian عروسک پشت پرده (arusak-e pošt-e parde, “Physalis”) and հարսնախոտ (harsnaxot, “Physalis”) contains the word for "bride, doll".
- փակ (pʻak): May be sound-symbolic. See the discussion at Talk:փակ.
- թրթուր (tʻrtʻur): Some of the cognates of Persian توت (tut, “mulberry”) show Iranian tir, *tūr. If թրթուր (tʻrtʻur) originally referred to the caterpillar of a silk moth, i.e. to the silkworm, we may derive it from the Iranian word for mulberry. As is well known, silkworm's preferred food is mulberry leaves.
- տիտեռն (titeṙn): Similar words are found in Indo-Aryan, see Turner s.v. dardurá
- կրիայ (kriay): If the Neo-Aramaic words mentioned by Ačaṙyan are of native Semitic origin, then the Armenian is borrowed from Syriac. Compare Aramaic qryˀ ‘a pest?’, qrh, qryˀ ‘gourd’, Classical Syriac ܩܪܐܐ (qarrʾā, “gourd, pumpkin”)
- խռիւ (xṙiw): Similar words are found in Syriac [2], [3], but the sense development needs explanation
- փախչիմ (pʻaxčʻim): Related to վախեմ (vaxem), պակչիմ (pakčʻim), պախչիմ (paxčʻim)
- վիժեմ (vižem): From the Iranian semen word discussed at Talk:پیچ
- ձձում (jjum): From ձրձեմ (jrjem, “to snatch away, to pluck off”), the -r- kept by the Kurdish borrowing sirsûm
- աղանձեմ (ałanjem): May be related to Georgian ალი (ali), Persian الو (alow), Sogdian ʾʾrʾβ (/ālā̆β/, “flame”)
- ցաքատ (cʻakʻat): Comparable to the family of Azerbaijani çaqqı.
- խորխ (xorx, “phlegm”): The development of this form from խուխ (xux) may have been influenced by Georgian ხორხი (xorxi, “throat”)
- մըկլըմանդի (məkləmandi, “cobweb”): The first part could be connected with Udi мугул (mugul), мунгул (mungul, “sweeping broom”)
- անկյալ (ankyal): Hardly unrelated to Persian انگل (angal), Azerbaijani əngəl, Turkish engel
- շաղ (šaġ): Agulis dialect շէհ (šēh) listed by HAB as a descendant of շաղ (šał) is rather borrowed from the family of Azerbaijani şeh, if it is not a misspelling of շէղ (šēġ)
- խեց (xecʻ), խեցի (xecʻi, “ceramic; potsherd”) may be related to the Kartvelian words mentioned at ხემსი (xemsi) and the Semitic and Hittite words mentioned at خَزَف (ḵazaf). The similarity with Semitic is noticed and denied by Acharyan.
- խին (xin): May be an Iranian borrowing from the family of خون (xun, “blood”), preserving the meaning of Sanskrit वसा (vasā) lost in Iranian
- ուրու (uru): Compare Mingrelian ორო (oro)․ For ო ~ ու compare წალკოტი (c̣alḳoṭi), მაწონი (mac̣oni).
- ջահրիկ (ǰahrik): Is similar to Old Georgian ჭაჰრი (č̣ahri).
- բաւ (baw), բով- (bov-): Compare Aghwan 𐕗𐕒𐕡 (ṗu).
- մատաղ (matał), մատղաշ (matġaš): Are similar to Old Georgian ნედლი (nedli).
- կղզի (kłzi): Perhaps together with կզղել (kzġel) borrowed from the Iranian source which I posit for Old Georgian კუნძული (ḳunʒuli, “nook, corner”). Note also Chechen кӏунзул (kʼunzul), кӏундзул (kʼundzul, “bald spot, bald head”).
- հարբուխ (harbux): Acharyan derives Georgian ხარბუხა (xarbuxa) from Armenian, but unknown to ghim there are also ხარბუხი (xarbuxi), ხარბუხაჸი (xarbuxaʾi) in Tusheti which are unlikely to be from Armenian. Armeno-Georgian words showing հ ~ ხ alternation are usually independently borrowed from Iranian (see in ხარჭი (xarč̣i)). Note also Bats სუხტუხი (suxṭuxi) with a similar ending for which I propose an Iranian origin.
- ծիրտ (cirt): Is similar to Proto-Kartvelian *c̣id-.
- տնտղել (tntġel): Could be from Proto-Georgian-Zan *ṭanṭal-, with a sense development.
- տկռել (tkṙel): Could be from Georgian. See Talk:տկռել.
- աւազ (awaz): Could be from the Iranian etymon of վազեմ (vazem) with the same preverb as աւազակ (awazak), with a typological parallel in ریگ (rêg).
- աղամ (ałam): See Talk:ალაო.
- աղախին (ałaxin): Aghwan 𐔰𐕀𐔰𐔾 (axal, “nurse”) could be borrowed Armenian with metathesis.
- գլուխ (glux): Could be borrowed from a derivative of the Semitic root "to shave, make bald, become bald": [4], [5].
- կոպիտ (kopit): Is akin to Georgian კოპიტი (ḳoṗiṭi, “ash tree”).
- թզկերուկ (tʻzkeruk): The species could be the golden oriole, whose Armenian popular name is unknown, based on the typology of მოლაღური (molaɣuri).
- ճկուռ (čkuṙ, “an axe-like weapon”): Could be *č̣iḳ- + ուռն (uṙn)
- ամ (am, “year”) could have disappeared in dialects due to homophony with Turkish am (“cunt”)
- զոքանչ (zokʻančʻ) could contain a descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanyáH as the second component
- քաղցր (kʻałcʻr) / կախց (kaxcʻ): The association of the words for "sweet" and "milk" is widespread. See these parallels. If Old Armenian *կաղց (*kałcʻ, “milk”) is real, it could have influenced the shape of քաղցր (kʻałcʻr), for example PIE *swéh₂dus > Old Armenian *քատու- (*kʻatu-) >> քաղցու- (kʻałcʻu-)
- փող-ո- (pʻoł-o-, “narrow passage etc.”) is formally identical with Zan ფოლო (polo, “leg, hoof”), but the semantics are off. For a possible explanation compare the etymology of causeway (literally “that is stamped with heels, that is tread upon by heels”).
- որոգայթ (orogaytʻ) could be a Kartvelian borrowing, from a descendant of Proto-Kartvelian *regw-
- խուլ (xul) could be a Kartvelian borrowing, from the family of Laz ღული (ğuli, “crooked, bent”) with sense development "crooked, bent" > "*crippled, defective" > "deaf"; the ɣ > խ (x) is regular, see խրամ (xram)
- թրծեմ (tʻrcem) could be from the Aramaic root ܬ ܪ ܨ (t r ṣ) "to correct; to repair; to cure; to make, to prepare"
Others' discoveries
[edit]Entries containing others' discoveries
- ճակատագիր (čakatagir) (the Iranian typological parallels, offered by User:Calak)
- ծիրան (ciran) (the Kurdish, Gurani and Alviri-Vidari parallels, offered by User:Calak)
- առաւիր (aṙawir) (the Kurdish parallel, offered by User:Calak)
- դէզ (dēz) (the Kurdish parallel, offered by User:Calak)
- մեղեխ (mełex) (the Central Kurdish parallel, offered by User:Calak)
- խօզ (xōz) (the Iranian cognates found by User:Calak)
- գամփռ (gampʻṙ) (the possible Central Kurdish cognate found by User:Calak)
- իշղար (išġar) (the Persian parallel found by User:Calak)
- հաստ (hast) (the Iranian parallels found by User:Calak)
- պող (poġ) (the Kurdish parallel found by User:Calak)
- խորհ (xorh) (the Southern Kurdish parallel, offered by User:Calak)
- հողմ (hołm) (the Kurdish parallels, offered by User:Calak)
- խոնաւ (xonaw) (the derivation from Iranian *hwaid-, offered by User:Calak)
- պզուկ (pzuk) (the Kurdish parallels, offered by User:Calak)
- -անօր (-anōr) (the Iranian origin, discovered by User:Calak)
- լավազ (lavaz) (the Kurdish parallels, offered by User:Calak)
- լավաշ (lavaš) (strengthening the Semitic etymology, by User:Fay Freak)
- դղեակ (dłeak) (the Kurdish and Bakhtiari parallels, by User:Calak)
- շիճուկ (šičuk), շճեմ (ščem) (the Iranian origin by User:Calak, the Slavic parallels by User:Fay Freak)
- -ավուն (-avun) (the possible Iranian origin and the Kurdish parallel, by User:Calak; see Talk:-ավուն)
- մարզպան (marzpan) (developing the Semitic origin, by User:Fay Freak)
- կոր (kor) (the comparison of Central Kurdish and Khotanese, by User:Calak)
- լաճ (lač) (the Iranian etymology, by User:Calak)
- պստիկ (pstik) (derivation from the 'breast' word, by User:Calak)
- զաւակ (zawak) (the Kurdish comparisons, by User:Calak)
- ատրագոյն (atragoyn) (the Kurdish parallel, by User:Calak)
- աւազ (awaz) (the Mazanderani parallel, by User:Irman)
- տանձ (tanj) (the Syriac cognate and the Arabic typological parallel, by User:Fay Freak)
- դդում (ddum) (the comparison with better Indo-Aryan words, by User:Fay Freak)
- մշակ (mšak) (the Central Kurdish parallel, by User:Calak)
- զմռնիտեան քար (zmṙnitean kʻar) (the Greek form with -ν-, by User:Fay Freak)
- հազար (hazar) (the connection with the Semitic and Sumerian suggested by User:Fay Freak, to which I added the Ugaritic and Hebrew forms with an -r-)
- մասուր (masur) (the comparison with Persian, by User:Calak; see also the Semitic connections proposed by User:Fay Freak at نسرین (nasrin))
- թութ (tʻutʻ) (the derivation of medical sense from Syriac, by User:Fay Freak)
- հարսանիթէ (harsanitʻē) (the derivation from the more suitable Aramaic rather than the Arabic as claimed in Muradyan and MHB, by User:Fay Freak)
- վախ (vax) (the Northern Kurdish parallel by User:Calak, which I connect more closely with պախիմ (paxim))
- բիճ (bič) (the Kurdish parallels by User:Calak; see Talk:پیچ for proposals on further origin)
- ծիր (cir) (finding the close cognate წირი (c̣iri) by User:Solarkoid)
- թեժ (tʻež) (the Iranian etymology by User:Calak)
- պաճուճ (pačuč) (the Iranian etymology by User:Calak)
- գորգ (gorg) (the Iranian etymology by User:Calak)
- բոզ (boz) (User:Solarkoid's philological analysis of Middle Georgian ბოზი (bozi) points to it being late and possibly itself (re)borrowed from Armenian, on which basis I suspect that the Armenian is a Zan borrowing)
- ժոխ (žox) (the connection with Georgian by User:Sorjam; User:Solarkoid has further connected words meaning "mulberry" and "fig-mulberry")
- կոյս (koys) (the derivation from the Iranian "pussy" word by User:Fay Freak)
- ճճի (čči) (the comparison with Proto-Kartvelian by User:Solarkoid)
- րոպէ (ropē) (the Georgian parallel by User:Giorgi Eufshi)
- պրտու (prtu) (the Kurdish parallel by User:Calak)
- վուշ (vuš) (User:Fay Freak's additions)
- կաշի (kaši) (the Kurdish parallel by User:Calak)
- աշորա (ašora) (the Semitic origin by User:Fay Freak)
- խլուրդ (xlurd) (the addition of ܚܠܘܕܐ (ḥallūḏā, ḥālūḏā) and ܚܠܕܝܬܐ (ḥalāḏīṯā) to comparison by User:Fay Freak)
- խլէզ (xlēz) (the Aramaic origin by User:Fay Freak)
- փայծաղն (pʻaycałn) (User:კვარია discovered Kiziqi and Imereti Georgian borrowings from modern Armenian, to which I added the Tiflis Georgian form)
- խաչ (xačʻ) (the connection with Georgian ხაჭა (xač̣a) by User:კვარია)
- ցիրդ (cʻird) (the connection with Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros) by User:Fay Freak; see also my comments at Talk:ցիրդ)
- զռլամա (zṙlama) (the derivation from Ottoman Turkish زرلامق (zırlamak) by User:Revolution Saga)
- անտառ (antaṙ) (the Semitic origin by User:Fay Freak; see Talk:անտառ for discussion)
- միթէ (mitʻē) (Old Georgian ნუთუ (nutu) has an identical formation, as noticed by User:Solarkoid. We are probably dealing with a calque.)
- տող (toł): Has a dialectal Georgian and Bats descendant (with ɣ), as noticed by User:კვარია
- կծանեմ (kcanem): Is onomatopoeic like Albanian kic. Proposed by User:Catonif.
- ծառ (caṙ): The Georgian descendant წარაფი (c̣arapi) has a cognate in Mingrelian წირფუ (c̣irpu) found by User:კვარია. Unrelatedly, I have banished Georgian წარავი (c̣aravi) from comparison, considering it a misspelling.
Proposals which are too uncertain to go in the mainspace:
- ձաւար (jawar): User:Fay Freak compares Arabic جَاوَرْس (jāwars), Persian گاورس (gâwars) (see
{{R:kmr:Chyet|page=201a}}
for additional forms); and Hindi ज्वार (jvār) (see{{R:CDIAL|yavākāra|10437}}
for additional forms). I compare to Jassic zabar (“avena”), which is considered a borrowing from Hungarian zab. - տիկ (tik): Ishkashimi dec (“goatskin bag”) may be related (see
{{R:wbl:ESVJa|page=164}}
, without the Armenian) - շարժ (šarž): User:Calak offers an Iranian origin at Talk:շարժ
- բաբան (baban): See User:Fay Freak thoughts and Chevedden's suggestion at Talk:բաբան
- պոչ (počʻ): User:Fay Freak says at Talk:պոչ it may be an expressive formation
- թանթրվենի (tʻantʻrveni): See User:Fay Freak's thought at Talk:թանթրվենի
- քոս (kʻos): User:Cavidaga proposes derivation from Persian کوسه (kuse), whence we have քոսակ (kʻosak), but I expect կոյս (koys). Perhaps a Semitic intermediary can explain the phonetic irregularity. Note also that Udi кафтӏаркуси (kafṭarkusi) formally contains куси (kusi, “witch”).
- ցանց (cʻancʻ): User:Fay Freak compares to Chinese 帳子/帐子 (zhàngzi). See Talk:ցանց.
- այր (ayr): User:Fay Freak's Semitic etymologies
- հոյն (hoyn): User:Fay Freak's Iranian proposal at Talk:հոյն
- զայրանամ (zayranam): User:Skiulinamo derives from a descendant of Proto-Iranian *járati, but I think at best we can speak of a phono-semantic matching of Iranian if there is any relation with that Iranian family
Unnoticed publications
[edit]Entries containing convincing published etymologies or other useful information which have gone unnoticed in mainstream Armenological literature
- սափոր (sapʻor) (Henning's Iranian etymology)
- կզակ (kzak) (Olsen's? Iranian etymology)
- երինջ (erinǰ) (Kartvelian etymology, as pointed out by User:Abkhazian1)
- ծեփ (cepʻ) (origin from Georgian, which has a native Kartvelian etymology)
- կոռ (koṙ) (the Iranian origin, first proposed by Adontz)
- զավեշտ (zavešt) (Hovhannisyan's? Iranian etymology)
- մրգուզ (mrguz) (Kerestedjian's and Urišean's comparison with Arabic marjūs, also reached independently by User:Fay Freak with additional materials; Kerestedjian's comparison with Latin murcus; +Syriac comparison by me; +Latin murgisō comparison by Fay Freak)
- զեղխ (zełx) (Kerestedjian's and Urišean's comparison with Arabic)
- կէս (kēs) (Kerestedjian's comparison with Persian keh, expanded by me)
- գայլիկոն (gaylikon) (Kerestedjian's comparison with Greek, +my Syriac cognates, +my Pontic comparison)
- պարգև (pargew) (Olsen's derivation from Iranian by comparing with Parthian. It is assumed the Iranian words contain *fra- (see *fragáHwah). In my opinion the Armenian may be borrowed from a cognate formation with *pari-. Note that according to Cheung the Sogdian reflex may be formed with *pari-.)
- սնդիկ (sndik) (Klaproth's Iranian etymology)
- շուշտ (šušt) (Hiwnkʿearpēyēntean's Iranian etymology)
- ժուռ (žuṙ) (Kerestedjian's comparison with Kurdish, on which basis I assume an Iranian origin; User:Calak added Central Kurdish parallels)
- շիտակ (šitak) (Perikhanyan's Iranian etymology)
- սանտր (santr) (Manns' PIE etymology. I note that the o-stem attested in Pʿarpecʿi fits the etymology, and that the original form is probably սանդր (sandr); for the PIE *nt > նդ (nd) see
{{R:xcl:Olsen|page=809}}
) - փուշ (pʻuš) (Asatrian's Iranian parallels; see Talk:փուշ)
- չաման (čʻaman) (Ačaṙyan assumes that the Armenian, Turkish and "Eastern Turkish" (Azerbaijani) are independently borrowed from unattested Iranian, but the Turkish and Azerbaijani are only found in the dialects of Armenia and are borrowed from Armenian; see the Turkic entries with references. I propose a comparison with the sound correspondence seen in չամիչ (čʻamičʻ).)
- քաղաք (kʻałakʻ) (the Northern Kurdish parallel by Husein Muhammed in Rehnas – ferhenga etîmolojî ya zimanê kurdî, to which User:Calak added the Central Kurdish cognate)
- կակաչ (kakačʻ) (Shanidze connects the Georgian cognate with the family of Persian خشخاش (xašxâš), as pointed out by User:Solarkoid at Talk:ყაყაჩო; I have added additional members to that family from the languages of the Caucasus; User:Fay Freak has added Pashto forms; User:Calak has added the Central Kurdish form; both of them propose ultimately a Turkic origin at Talk:կակաչ; I am inclined towards Iranian origin)
- աշխարաւանդ (ašxarawand) (Rapp connects with Old Georgian შარავანდი (šaravandi))
- բիճ (bič) (Deeters' derivation from Georgian apud Klimov 1998)
- բոզ (boz) (according to Gabesḳiria, the borrowing is from Zan, whereas the Georgian is a reborrowing from Armenian; source found by User:Solarkoid)
- դե (de) (according to Shanidze, borrowed from Georgian; source found by User:Solarkoid)
- նեխ (nex) (Vogt derives from Kartvelian, which is likely if Fähnrich's Proto-Georgian-Zan reconstruction is secure)
- ատեան (atean) (D. H. Müller's Semitic origin; User:Fay Freak has added Akkadian adiānu to the comparison)
- ձախորդ (jaxord) (the Turkish descendant identified by Nshanyan)
- շողիք (šołikʻ) (Klimov's derivation from Zan)
- նիշտր (ništr) (Gippert's reconstruction of the nominative as նիշտր (ništr). My comment: He assumes the attested nominative is նշտիր (nštir) and offers an explanation of its development from նիշտր (ništr), but this is unnecessary. The only attested form is the instrumental նշտրով (nštrov) which can support a nominative նիշտր (ništr).)
- քամակ (kʻamak) (Dervischjan's derivation from Iranian, corroborated by the Yagnobi, Roshani and Khufi terms I found in ESIJa)
- աղագ (ałag) (A native and an Iranian etymology have been suggested for the closely related Old Georgian ალაგი (alagi). See Talk:ალაგი)
- երէզ (erēz) (Dočanašvili's connection with Georgian)
- կճղակ (kčłak) (The Kartvelian material is much richer than is known to Ačaṙean. See it collected at ჩლიქი (čliki) by User:კვარია, with his own additions. See also my thoughts at Talk:ჩლიქი)
- ամլիկ (amlik) (The Turkic etymon has a well-known and easy native etymology: see əmlik. No need to connect it to ամ (am).)
- չանչ (čʻančʻ), չեչ (čʻečʻ): Has more Kartvelian comparanda than known to Acharyan. See the material User:კვარია and I collected at *čečw-.
- մակարդ (makard) (Borrowed into New Greek and Pontic Greek, in addition to Cappadocian Greek. See also Talk:მაკათი for a potential Kartvelian etymology.)
- կաղ (kał) (The literature on the Caucasian parallels is ignored: see the references in Aghwan 𐕄𐔰𐔾𐔰 (ḳala) and Proto-Kartvelian *ḳel-. I have added Rutul кӏала, кӏалаь, кӏал to the comparison. Note also that Acharyan's Georgian კელი (ḳeli) is unreliable: see Talk:կաղ.)
- կցեմ (kcʻem) (The supposed Georgian borrowing has a native etymology (*ḳec₁-), so I am taking the the borrowing in the opposite direction)
- թրեւ (tʻrew) (Klimov's derivation from Georgian)
- գաւառ (gawaṙ) (Jahukyan's comparison with Middle Persian pargavār, found only in dictionaries without citations. If this Iranian word is secure and is formed with the preverb *pari- (“around”), then the Armenian is an Iranian borrowing. I find one hit for pargavār in the Karnamak edited in Persia. Someone should check it.)
- բարտի (barti) (The Kartvelian forms have a secure native origin from Proto-Kartvelian *bard- and cannot derive from Armenian. I wonder if the Armenian is a Kartvelian borrowing, but the semantics need an explanation.)
- արտալայ (artalay) (The Turkish material is much richer. See ardala and Talk:արտալայ.)
- խիճ (xič) (The Kartvelian material is much richer. See Talk:խիճ with literature and User:კვარია's original additions.)
- երդ (erd) (The supposed borrowing Mingrelian *ერდობა (*erdoba), ერთობა (ertoba, “*cluster of villages”) does not exist, as noticed by User:Simboyd at Talk:ერთობა.)
- կթխայ (ktʻxay) (The similarity with Georgian კათხა (ḳatxa) is accidental. See Reconstruction talk:Proto-Kartvelian/ḳatx-.)
- ուռն (uṙn) (The Caucasian material is much richer. See უროჲ (uroy).)
- մաքուր (makʻur) (Bouda derives Georgian მაქური (makuri, “whetstone”) from this.)
- կամ (kam): Aleksiva derives Laz ჩქარ (çkar) from this (found by User:Gubazes). I wonder if the ending of ჩქართე (çkarte) is թե (tʻe).
- փաթիլ (pʻatʻil): Has rich comparanda which I have summarized at փաթիլ (pʻatʻil). See Talk:փաթիլ for our original proposals on the ultimate origin.
- կռուիմ (kṙuim): The Georgian cognates are now considered native, so I have taken the borrowing in the opposite direction.
- ծամ (cam): Jahukyan compares to საწმისი (sac̣misi) and derives from Kartvelian. Now *c̣₁am- has been reconstructed for this, which is very fitting for Armenian. Jahukyan's comparison with წამი (c̣ami) should be abandoned.
- մագիլ (magil): The Caucasian material is richer. See Nikolayev / Starostin and Saidova.
- մկռոշ (mkṙoš): Satunin has identified the species as Sciurus anomalus.
- դահուկ (dahuk): Bruinessen's connection with the Kurdish. I am treating the Armenian as a Kurdish borrowing due to dialectal distribution and lateness. I consider [d-] a spelling pronunciation.
- ցեց (cʻecʻ): The existence of emphatic Akkadian ṣāṣu is in doubt. See Talk:sāsum. I am therefore considering this word an independent expressive formation and not a Semitic borrowing.
- ճճի (čči): Inčičean's explanation as an expressive formation.
- չիղջ (čʻiłǰ): Inčičean's explanation as an expressive formation.
- սվորիկ (svorik): Marr had connected with Kurdish. I am deriving from Kurdish due to the dialectal distribution and the apparent nativity of Kurdish which has a regular m > v sound law.
- աքիս (akʻis): Artvinli has recorded akiz in Khevak, a Hamshen village. See here, where by the way they are discussing my etymology of ախազ (axaz) without attribution.
- երկինք (erkinkʻ): Marr's connection with Laz იკინა-ჩხა (iǩina-çxa), ერკინა-ჩხა (erǩina-çxa, “Tuesday”).
- բաց (bacʻ): Has a Georgian descendant as noticed by Marr apud Č̣q̇onia.
- փագեն (pʻagen): Altunkaya 2016 connects with Laz. I am deriving from Laz because the word is native there.
- կառափն (kaṙapʻn): Schulze derives the Lezghian words from Armenian, but since those are usually considered native, I am taking the borrowing in the opposite direction.
- մուխ (mux): Klimov has suggested a native origin for the supposed Laz descendant მღუმს (mğums). To me, both the Armenian and Laz look like sound symbolic formations.
- ակութ (akutʻ): Andronikashvili has suggested a good Ossetian etymology for the supposed Armenian borrowing Georgian აკუთა (aḳuta). I am considering the Armenian to be borrowed from Georgian, because that is the most logical way for Ossetian to enter Armenian.
- մառախուղ (maṙaxuł): The supposed Georgian borrowing Georgian მარახული (maraxuli) has interesting Nakh parallels found by Ḳaḳašvili. In my opinion, we are dealing with a Northeast Caucasian borrowing in Armenian and Georgian
- գարշիմ (garšim): Compare Zoller's Indian parallels with depalatalized g-
- խէչ (xēčʻ): Laz ხაჯკეტი (xacǩeťi) has a transparent inner-Laz etymology and is not borrowed from Armenian
- խաշար (xašar, “pole, stick”): Georgian ხაშარი (xašari) is native, hence I put the Armenian as a Georgian borrowing
- վայ (vay): Bolognesi's Iranian etymology first published in 1984. The attempts to treat this as an inherited word won't die to this day.
- շփոթ (špʻotʻ): According to Andronikashvili, borrowed from Iranian (possibly via Georgian); source found by User:Solarkoid.
- թրեֆ (tʻref): Radlof connects with the family of Persian ترب (torob). Found by User:Fay Freak.
- շահպրակ (šahprak): Is not from the Persian "ambergris" word (which is not a flower) but from شببوی (šab-bôy), containing بوی (buy, “smell”). This follows by synthesizing the sources. My comment: Since the classical correspondence of بوی (buy, “smell”) is բոյր (boyr), could -ր- (-r-) explained by it?
- խիւս (xiws): Thorsø compares to Svan and considers this a Kartvelian borrowing. User:კვარია has added Old Georgian ხევსი (xevsi) to the comparison and believes the Kartvelian forms are not native. Kerestedjian compares to Classical Persian خیسیدن (xīsīdan, “to moisten, knead”). I consider the Old Georgian and Old Armenian to be Iranian borrowings from the family of that Persian word.
- ցիրդ (cʻird), ցրդի (cʻrdi): Has Laz and Hamshen Turkish descendants, all meaning Juniperus communis var. saxatilis. Perhaps the meaning in Armenian should be corrected to this from the uncertain "savin".
- իղձ (iłj): It is said there are no cognates with *-l-, but compare Proto-Celtic *ēglā