This is a Swadesh list of words in Tarifit English .
Presentation [ edit ] For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English Tarifitedit (207) 1 I (1sg )necc 2 you (2sg )cekk masculine cemm feminine 3 he , she , it (3sg )netta masculine nettat feminine 4 we (1pl )neccin 5 you (2pl )kenniw masculine kennint feminine 6 they (3pl )nihni masculine nihenti feminine 7 this wa masculine ta feminine aya neuter 8 that win masculine tin feminine ayin neuter 9 here da 10 there din 11 who wi 12 what min 13 where mani 14 when meřmi 15 how mamec muk 16 not ur 17 all marra 18 many aṭṭas 19 some ca 20 few drus 21 other nneɣni nniḍen 22 one ijjen masculine icten feminine 23 two tnayn 24 three třata 25 four arbɛa 26 five xemsa 27 big ameqqran 28 long aziyrar 29 wide miriw 30 thick gdar 31 heavy dqeř 32 small ameẓẓyan 33 short aquḍaḍ 34 narrow ḥsar 35 thin azdad 36 woman tamɣart tameṭṭut 37 man (adult male)aryaz 38 man (human being)aryaz amdan 39 child aḥenjir rbeẓẓ 40 wife tamɣart 41 husband aryaz 42 mother yemma 43 father baba 44 animal lḥayawan 45 fish asřem 46 bird ajḍiḍ 47 dog aydi aqzin aheggar 48 louse ticcit 49 snake fiɣar tarefsa 50 worm akeccaw adan n tmurt 51 tree ssejart asecřu 52 forest řɣabet taɣent 53 stick akeccuḍ aɛekkaz taɣarct 54 fruit řxuḍart 55 seed řḥebb 56 leaf afar 57 root aẓwar 58 bark (of a tree)thacit 59 flower nnwar tanewatc 60 grass arrbiɛ 61 rope asɣun 62 skin iřem 63 meat aysum aksum 64 blood idammen 65 bone iɣes 66 fat (noun)tadunt 67 egg tameǧatc 68 horn icc 69 tail akennas 70 feather arric 71 hair acewwaf 72 head ixf 73 ear ameẓẓuɣ 74 eye tiṭ 75 nose tinzar anzar 76 mouth aqemmum imi 77 tooth tiɣmest 78 tongue (organ)ires 79 fingernail iccar 80 foot ḍar 81 leg ḍar 82 knee fud 83 hand fus 84 wing afar 85 belly aɛeddis 86 guts adan 87 neck iri 88 back aɛrur 89 breast admar abbic 90 heart uř 91 liver tsa 92 to drink su 93 to eat ecc 94 to bite ɣezz zɛef 95 to suck ṭṭeḍḍ 96 to spit ssusef 97 to vomit arr ɛuqq 98 to blow ssuḍ 99 to breathe arr nnefs 100 to laugh ḍḥec 101 to see ẓar wařa 102 to hear seř 103 to know ssen 104 to think xemmem pinsar tɣir 105 to smell cemm 106 to fear ggʷed 107 to sleep ṭṭes 108 to live zdeɣ 109 to die mmet nnuṛi 110 to kill neɣ 111 to fight mneɣ 112 to hunt ymar 113 to hit wwet ssqer 114 to cut qess fri 115 to split bḍa 116 to stab wwet s rmus pikar 117 to scratch šmez 118 to dig ɣez 119 to swim fdeḥ ɛum 120 to fly ḍu farfar 121 to walk uyur 122 to come as 123 to lie (as in a bed) ẓẓer 124 to sit qqim 125 to stand bedd 126 to turn (intransitive) qřeb 127 to fall wḍa 128 to give ewc 129 to hold šebbar 130 to squeeze ẓemm 131 to rub nḥed ḥekk 132 to wash ssiad ssrir 133 to wipe mseḥ 134 to pull jbed jaṛṛ 135 to push ɛarn 136 to throw nḍar seyyeb ḥri 137 to tie qqen cedd carf 138 to sew xeyyeḍ 139 to count ḥseb 140 to say ini 141 to sing ɣennej 142 to play irar 143 to float fdeḥ 144 to flow azzer 145 to freeze jars jmed 146 to swell uff 147 sun tfuyt tfušt 148 moon ayur 149 star itri 150 water aman 151 rain anẓar 152 river iɣzar 153 lake arimam 154 sea rebḥar 155 salt tameǧaḥt 156 stone aẓṛu 157 sand ijdi 158 dust taɣebbart 159 earth šar 160 cloud asegnu 161 fog tayyut 162 sky ajenna 163 wind aḍu asemmiḍ 164 snow adfer 165 ice ajris 166 smoke ddexxan 167 fire timessi 168 ash iɣed 169 to burn arɣ ssḥarq cmeḍ 170 road abrid 171 mountain adrar 172 red azeggʷaɣ 173 green azegzaw arrbiɛi 174 yellow awṛaɣ 175 white acemřař 176 black aberkan 177 night ǧiret 178 day nnhar ass 179 year aseggʷas 180 warm ḥma 181 cold asemmiḍ 182 full ccur 183 new jjdid 184 old ameqqran 185 good ṣbeḥ 186 bad aɛeffan 187 rotten xṣar 188 dirty marreɣ 189 straight nican 190 round aquray 191 sharp (as a knife)qḍeɛ 192 dull (as a knife)ḥfa 193 smooth ařeqqaɣ 194 wet uff 195 dry azeɣ 196 correct nican 197 near ades 198 far ggʷej 199 right afusi 200 left aẓermaḍ 201 at ɣar 202 in di 203 with aked 204 and d 205 if mařa 206 because minzi 207 name ism
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