更

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See also: 史 and 吏

更 U+66F4, 更
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66F4
← 曳
[U+66F3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 曵 →
[U+66F5]

更 U+F901, 更
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F901
← 豈
[U+F900] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 車 →
[U+F902]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character

[edit]

更 (Kangxi radical 73, 曰+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一中田大 (MLWK), four-corner 10506, composition ⿱一⿻日乂)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 502, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14283
  • Dae Jaweon: page 874, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 20, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+66F4

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 更
alternative forms 㪅

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 更
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (丙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
更 *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs
粳 *kraːŋ
埂 *kraːŋ, *kraːŋʔ
浭 *kraːŋ
稉 *kraːŋ
梗 *kraːŋʔ
哽 *kraːŋʔ
綆 *kraːŋʔ
鯁 *kraːŋʔ
挭 *kraːŋʔ
骾 *kraːŋʔ
郠 *kraːŋʔ
硬 *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs
鞕 *ŋɡraːŋs
丙 *pqraŋʔ
炳 *praŋʔ
邴 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
怲 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
苪 *praŋʔ
蛃 *praŋʔ
昺 *praŋʔ
昞 *praŋʔ
窉 *praŋʔ
柄 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
鈵 *praŋs
寎 *praŋs
病 *braŋs

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) , showing two chariots (丙). Later 攴 was added and a 丙 omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (㪅), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs) : abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (, “two chariots”) + semantic 攴 (“hand holding a whip; action”). The remaining 丙 eventually corrupted into a shape similar to 雨.

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note: “jīng” - literary variant for sense “to experience”.
Note: literary reading.
Note:
  • 1ken - literary;
  • 1kan - vernacular.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 更 (更換)
    Mandarin Beijing /kəŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /kəŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /kəŋ²¹/
    Jinan /kəŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /kəŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /kəŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /kəŋ²¹/
    Xining /kə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /kəŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /kə̃n³¹/
    Ürümqi /kɤŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /kən⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /kən⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /ken²¹³/
    Kunming /kə̃⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /kən³¹/
    Hefei /kən²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /kəŋ¹¹/ ～換
    /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ 五～
    Pingyao /kəŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /kə̃ŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /kã⁵³/
    /kəŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /kã⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /ken³³/
    Wenzhou /kiɛ³³/
    Hui Shexian /kʌ̃³¹/
    /kɛ³¹/ 打～
    Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /kən³³/
    Xiangtan /kən³³/
    Gan Nanchang /kɑŋ⁴²/ 打～
    Hakka Meixian /kaŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /kɑŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
    /kĩ⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kaiŋ³³/
    /kaŋ⁵⁴/ 三～
    Shantou (Teochew) /keŋ³³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ²³/
    /kɔŋ²³/
    Rime
    Character 更
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 庚 (109)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 古行切
    Baxter kaeng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kˠæŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kᵚaŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kaŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kaɨjŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kɐŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kɐŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kɐŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		gēng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gang1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 更
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		gēng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kæng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kˁraŋ/
    English change (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 更
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 866
    Phonetic
    component         		丙
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		庚
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kraːŋ/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    更

    1. to change; to replace
    2. to take turns; to rotate
    3. to experience
    4. 28th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "change" (𝌡)

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Pronunciation 2

    [edit]
    Note: vernacular reading.
    Rime
    Character 更
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 庚 (109)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 古行切
    Baxter kaeng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kˠæŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kᵚaŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kaŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kaɨjŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/kɐŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/kɐŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kɐŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		gēng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gang1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 更
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		gēng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kæng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kˁraŋ/
    English change (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 更
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 866
    Phonetic
    component         		丙
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		庚
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kraːŋ/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    更

    1. (historical) watch (of a sentry)
      三更  ―  sāngèng  ―  third watch
    2. (historical) one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided
    3. (Hong Kong Cantonese, by extension) shift; work shift; work period
      一日三更，每更八個鐘。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      一日三更，每更八个钟。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      jat1 jat6 saam1 gaang1, mui5 gaang1 baat3 go3 zung1. [Jyutping]
      [There are] three shifts each day, eight hours each shift.

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Pronunciation 3

    [edit]
    Note: ang3 - non-standard.
    Note: literary reading.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 更 (更加)
    Mandarin Beijing /kəŋ⁵¹/
    Harbin /kəŋ⁵³/
    Tianjin /kəŋ⁵³/
    Jinan /kəŋ²¹/
    Qingdao /kəŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /kəŋ³¹²/
    Xi'an /kəŋ⁴⁴/
    Xining /kə̃²¹³/
    Yinchuan /kəŋ¹³/
    Lanzhou /kə̃n¹³/
    Ürümqi /kɤŋ²¹³/
    Wuhan /kən³⁵/
    Chengdu /kən¹³/
    Guiyang /ken²¹³/
    Kunming /kə̃¹/
    Nanjing /kən⁴⁴/
    Hefei /kən⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /kəŋ⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /kəŋ³⁵/
    Hohhot /kə̃ŋ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /kəŋ³⁵/
    Suzhou /kən⁵¹/
    Hangzhou /ken⁴⁴⁵/
    Wenzhou /kiɛ⁴²/
    Hui Shexian /kʌ̃³²⁴/
    Tunxi /kiɛ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /kən⁵⁵/
    Xiangtan /kən⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /kiɛn⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /ken⁵³/
    Taoyuan /ken⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐŋ³³/
    Nanning /kɐŋ³³/
    Hong Kong /kɐŋ³³/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ²¹/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaiŋ²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kaiŋ³³/
    Shantou (Teochew) /keŋ²¹³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ³⁵/
    /kɔŋ³⁵/
    Rime
    Character 更
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 庚 (109)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 古孟切
    Baxter kaengH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kˠæŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kᵚaŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kaŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kaɨjŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/kɐŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/kɐŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/kɐŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		gèng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gang3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 更
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		gèng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kængH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kˁraŋ-s/
    English still more

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 更
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 879
    Phonetic
    component         		丙
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		更
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kraːŋs/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    更

    1. more; even more
      我的裙子更漂亮！ [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      Wǒ de qúnzi gèng piàoliang! [Pinyin]
      My skirt is even more beautiful!
      加拿大的房子比美國的更貴。 [MSC, trad.]
      加拿大的房子比美国的更贵。 [MSC, simp.]
      Jiānádà de fángzi bǐ Měiguó de gèng guì. [Pinyin]
      Canadian homes are even more expensive than American homes.
    2. (literary or Hong Kong) further; also

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Descendants

    [edit]
    • → Vietnamese: càng

    Pronunciation 4

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    更

    1. (Nanning Pinghua) so, to such an extent
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 這麼 (“this; so; such (modifies adj.)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 如此
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 如此
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 這麼
    Taiwan 這麼
    Harbin 這麼
    Malaysia 這樣
    Singapore 這樣, 這麼
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 這麼
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 這麼
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 陣
    Wanrong 這麼
    Xi'an 這們, 陣
    Xining 這們
    Xuzhou 恁麼
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 這麼
    Lanzhou 這們
    Ürümqi 這麼
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 這們, 這麼, 嘞們
    Wuhan 這麼, 這樣, 這個樣子
    Guiyang 仲個
    Guilin 這樣
    Liuzhou 陣, 哏
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 這麼, 這樣子
    Yangzhou 這們
    Nantong 格麼
    Cantonese Guangzhou 咁
    Hong Kong 咁
    Foshan 咁
    Taishan 該
    Dongguan 呢咁, 咁
    Yunfu 咁
    Yangjiang 果樣, 拱
    Xinyi 咁
    Nanning 咁
    Wuzhou 咁
    Yulin 咁
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 果
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 咁
    Penang (Guangfu) 咁
    Singapore (Guangfu) 咁
    Gan Nanchang 箇
    Lichuan 該樣
    Pingxiang 箇, 箇史
    Hakka Meixian 恁
    Xingning 恁, 咁
    Huidong (Daling) 恁, 咁
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 咁
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 咁
    Changting 仰
    Wuping 恁
    Wuping (Pingyu) 恁
    Liancheng 樣
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 恁
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 恁
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 恁
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 恁
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 恁
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 恁
    Luchuan (Daqiao) 咁
    Senai (Huiyang) 恁
    Kuching (Hepo) 恁
    Huizhou Jixi 爾的
    Jin Taiyuan 這來
    Xinzhou 這啦, 這麼, 這來
    Northern Min Jian'ou 𱕇
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 只滿, 只
    Fuqing 者滿
    Singapore (Fuqing) 者滿
    Southern Min Xiamen 遮, 遮爾, 遮爾仔
    Quanzhou 拙, 拙幹
    Jinjiang 拙, 拙爾, 障, 障爾
    Zhangzhou 遮爾, 遮爾仔
    Tainan 遮, 遮爾, 遮爾仔
    Singapore (Hokkien) 按呢
    Manila (Hokkien) 奐, 現, 喝, 遐, 遮, 拙
    Chaozhou 照, 照生
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 照
    Singapore (Teochew) 只生
    Leizhou 偌
    Haikou 只, 者
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 更
    Wu Shanghai 搿能, 搿能介, 搿個能, 介, 實能 dated, 實個能 dated
    Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang) 迭能
    Shanghai (Songjiang) 若介, 實介, 能, 能介
    Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong) 迭個能
    Shanghai (Fengxian) 迭能
    Shanghai (Jinshan) 格末, 格能介, 着介
    Shanghai (Qingpu) 介
    Shanghai (Jiading) 實恁
    Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) 實倫
    Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) 特能, 迭能, 實能
    Shanghai (Chongming) 能
    Suzhou 該實梗, 該尚, 哀實梗, 哀尚, 實梗, 尚
    Danyang 根
    Hangzhou 價套, 價, 實價套, 實價
    Ningbo 介
    Wenzhou 該恁, 恁
    Jinhua 帳, 格生, 格亨, 喪
    Jinhua (Tangxi) 絞麼
    Xiang Changsha 咯樣
    Quanzhou 這麼

    References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    更

    (Jōyō kanji)

    1. grow late
    2. night watch
    3. of course
    4. renew

    Readings

    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    更
    さら
    Grade: S
    kun'yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry.
    【新さら】2
    [noun] something new and unused
    [proper noun] a female given name
    (This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    更
    こもごも
    Grade: S
    kun'yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry.
    【こもごも】
    [adverb] alternating; one after another
    [adverb] all mixed up and indistinct
    Alternative spellings
    交々, 交, 相
    (This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 3

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    更
    ふ
    Grade: S
    kun'yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry.
    【更ふけ】
    [noun] growing late
    [noun] Short for 深田(ふけだ) (fukeda, “muddy rice field​”).
    Alternative spelling
    深
    (This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 4

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    更
    こう
    Grade: S
    on'yomi

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    更(こう) • (kō) ←かう (kau)?

    1. one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was divided in ancient China

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 更 (MC kaengH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ〮 (Yale: kóyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 다시 ᄀᆡᆼ[1] Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
    Early Modern Korean
    Text Final (韻) Reading
    Samun Seonghwi, 1751 다시 ᄀᆡᆼ Recorded as Early Modern Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (Yale: koyng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
    1. ^ 去聲

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kɛ(ː)ŋ] ~ [ke̞(ː)ŋ]
    • Phonetic hangul: [갱(ː)/겡(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

    [edit]
    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    更 (eumhun 다시 갱 (dasi gaeng))

    1. hanja form? of 갱 (“again”)

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 更 (MC kaeng).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ (Yale: kòyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 고틸 ᄀᆡᆼ Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
    Early Modern Korean
    Text Final (韻) Reading
    Samun Seonghwi, 1751 고칠 경 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 경 (Yale: kyeng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]

    更 (eumhun 고칠 경 (gochil gyeong))

    1. hanja form? of 경 (“to change; to fix”)

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    References

    [edit]
    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    更: Hán Việt readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][3]
    更: Nôm readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][2], cành[1], gánh[2], ngạnh[3]

    1. chữ Hán form of canh (“to watch; to guard”).

    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
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