正
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Alternative forms
As a component of some complex characters, 正 is often written as 𤴓 with its last two strokes different. Compare 昰 and 是.
Han character
正 (Kangxi radical 77, 止+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 一卜中一 (MYLM), four-corner 10101, composition ⿱一止)
- Shuowen Jiezi radical №31
Usage notes
- (tally marks, 5): The successive strokes of 正 () are used in China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and other areas where Chinese characters are prominent to designate tallies in votes, scores, points, sushi orders, and the like, much as is used in Africa, the Americas, Australia, and Europe. Tallies beyond five are written with a 正 for each group of five, followed by the remainder. For example, a tally of twelve is written as 正正丅.
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 574, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16255
- Dae Jaweon: page 962, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1436, character 1
- Unihan data for U+6B63
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
正 | |
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alternative forms |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 正 | |||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) : phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) + semantic 止 (“foot”) – to go on a long journey. Original form of 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go on long campaign”).
Etymology
Sino-Tibetan or area word: “centre; target; first (month); straight; correct”.
Compare Mizo dîng (“to go straight or direct (as person, arrow etc.); to go straight through without breaking the journey; straight; direct”). Matisoff sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tjak/ŋ ~ tik/ŋ (“good; very; real; straight”) for this, which includes 正, 直 (OC *dɯɡ, “straight; right”) and 實 (OC *ɦliɡ, “solid; true”).
Additionally, Matisoff has Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(r)waŋ (“straight; straighten”), whence Chepang धेङ्सा (dʰeŋ-, “straight”), Jingpho ding (“straight”), Tibetan དྲང་པོ (drang po, “straight; correct; upright; just; fair”), Burmese တန်း (tan:, “straight; to head straight for”). Also compare Khmer ទៀង (tiəng, “accurate; correct; exact; precise; honest”).
Derivatives:
- 征 (OC *tjeŋ, “to go straight > to go on a journey”)
- 政 (OC *tjeŋs, “correct; to govern; government; to determine”)
- 整 (OC *tjeŋʔ, “orderly; to arrange; to dispose”)
Pronunciation 2 for the month's name results from the historical avoidance of the taboo on its homophone 政 (OC *tjeŋs), which was the given name of Qin Shi Huang ([1]).
Pronunciation 1
Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 195: Incorrect tone notation "2" for sh. See WT:AZH/Wu.
Definitions
- straight; upright in proper position; middle
- right; proper; correct; upright
- obverse; right
- regular; standard
- precisely; directly; perfectly
- primary; chief; main; full
- pure; unmixed; authentic; true
- pretty; attractive; beautiful
- (Cantonese) awesome; fantastic
- just now; right now; in the process of
- just; exactly; precisely
- to straighten; to make straight
- 君子正其衣冠,尊其瞻視,儼然人望而畏之,斯不亦威而不猛乎? [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Jūnzǐ zhèng qí yīguān, zūn qí zhānshì, yǎnrán rén wàng ér wèi zhī, sī bù yì wēi ér bù měng hū? [Pinyin]
- He adjusts his clothes and cap, and throws a dignity into his looks, so that, thus dignified, he is looked at with awe - is not this to be majestic without being fierce?
君子正其衣冠,尊其瞻视,俨然人望而畏之,斯不亦威而不猛乎? [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to make right; to rectify; to correct
- 正音 ― zhèngyīn ― to correct one's pronunciation
- (numeral) ten duodecillion(1040)
- (mathematics) regular
- (mathematics) positive; plus
- (physics) positive
- (time) sharp; on the dot
- (Hakka, Teochew) only; merely
- (Hakka, Teochew) just; just now
- (Hakka, Teochew) only then; only after
- (Hakka, Teochew) Used to emphasize that something is/is not.
- (Southern Min) right (direction)
- a surname
- (tally marks) five (successive strokes of 正 are added in writing sequence to tally a count of five per character)
Synonyms
Antonyms
- (right): (Min Nan) 倒 (tò, “left”)
Compounds
See 正/derived terms § Chinese pronunciation 1.
See also
Chinese numerals | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
104 | 108 | 1012 | 1016 | 1020 | 1024 | 1028 | 1032 | 1036 | 1040 | 1044 | 1048 | |
萬/万 (wàn) | 億/亿 (yì) | 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) | 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) | 垓 (gāi) | 秭 (zǐ) | 穰 (ráng) | 溝/沟 (gōu) | 澗/涧 (jiàn) | 正 (zhèng) | 載/载 (zài) | 極/极 (jí) | |
萬億/万亿 (wànyì) (Mainland China) |
億億/亿亿 (Mainland China) |
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): zing1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): châng
- Eastern Min (BUC): ciăng / cĭng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1tsen
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄓㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jheng
- Wade–Giles: chêng1
- Yale: jēng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeng
- Palladius: чжэн (čžɛn)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: zing1
- Yale: jīng
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzing1
- Guangdong Romanization: jing1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: châng
- Hakka Romanization System: zangˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: zang1
- Sinological IPA: /t͡saŋ²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ciăng / cĭng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/, /t͡siŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- ciăng - vernacular;
- cĭng - literary.
- Middle Chinese: tsyeng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.teŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*tjeŋ/
Definitions
- first (month of the lunar year)
- 新正 ― xīnzhēng ― first month of the lunar new year
- † bull's eye; centre of target
- † target; goal
- † Original form of 征 (zhēng, “to levy”).
- † Original form of 征 (zhēng, “to go on a punitive expedition”).
Compounds
See 正/derived terms § Chinese pronunciation 2.
Descendants
Others:
- Lao: ຈຽງ (chīang, “first month of the lunar year”)
- Lü: ᦵᦈᧂ (ṫseng, “first month in Dai lunar calendar, starting in November”)
- Northern Thai: ᨠ᩠ᨿᨦ (“first month of the lunar year”)
- Shan: ၸဵင် (tsǎeng, “first month of the Shan year, starting December-January”)
- Ahom: 𑜋𑜢𑜂𑜫 (chiṅ, “first month of the lunar year”)
- Vietnamese: giêng (“first month of the Vietnamese lunar year, starting January-February”)
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)←しやう (syau, historical)
- Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
- Kun: ただしい (tadashii, 正しい, Jōyō)、ただす (tadasu, 正す, Jōyō)、まさ (masa, 正, Jōyō)、まさに (masani, 正に)
- Nanori: おお (ō)、くに (kuni)、ま (ma)、まさし (masashi)、ただし (tadashi)
Compounds
See 正/derived terms § Japanese.
Derived terms
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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正 |
せい Grade: 1 |
kan'on |
Noun
Pronoun
- 生: (humble) I or me, the first person singular (used by males)
Numeral
- A number of ten-duodecillion(1040) in modern Japanese since 17th century.
- 5, as tally marks. Similar to four vertical lines followed by a slanted horizontal line crossing through them, this character is used to count to 5 stroke by stroke. Thus this kanji written up to the third stroke represents 3. After the fifth and final stroke, when this character is completed, one starts writing this character again to count to higher numbers.
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
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正 |
しょう Grade: 1 |
goon |
Prefix
Adjective
正 • (shō) -na (adnominal 正な (shō na), adverbial 正に (shō ni))
Numeral
Kanji in this term |
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正 |
しょう Grade: 1 |
on'yomi |
- ten-duodecillion(1040)
Etymology 3
Proper noun
Kanji in this term |
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正 |
ただし Grade: 1 |
nanori |
Kanji in this term |
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正 |
まさし Grade: 1 |
nanori |
- a male given name
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 正 (MC tsyengH).
- Recorded as Middle Korean 져ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyéng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 졍 (cyeng)訓 (Yale: cyeng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕɘ(ː)ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [정(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
正 (eumhun 바를 정 (bareul jeong))
Compounds
See 正/derived terms § Korean etymology 1.
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 正 (MC tsyeng).
- Recorded as Middle Korean 져ᇰ (Yale: cyeng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [정]
Hanja
Compounds
See 正/derived terms § Korean etymology 2.
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
Han character
正: Hán Việt readings: chinh (
正: Nôm readings: chánh[3][4][1][2][5], chênh[1], chính[3][4][1][2][6], chếnh[1][7][2][5][6], chiếng[3], chỉnh[1], giêng[1]
- chữ Hán form of chánh (“chief; head”).
- chữ Hán form of chính (“main; major, chief; just, righteous”).
- Nôm form of chếnh.
Derived terms
See 正/derived terms § Vietnamese.
References
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Character boxes with images
- Counting Rod Numerals block
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Shuowen radicals
- Han phono-semantic compounds
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- Cantonese Chinese
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- zh:Mathematics
- zh:Physics
- zh:Time
- Hakka Chinese
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- Beginning Mandarin
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- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading しやう
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading せい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ただ・しい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ただ・す
- Japanese kanji with kun reading まさ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading まさ・に
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading おお
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading くに
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ま
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading まさし
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ただし
- Japanese terms spelled with 正 read as せい
- Japanese terms read with kan'on
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- ja:History
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- Japanese な-na adjectives
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- Japanese terms spelled with 正 read as ただし
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- Japanese proper nouns
- Japanese given names
- Japanese male given names
- Japanese numeral symbols
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Middle Korean hanja
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- Vietnamese Chữ Hán
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- Vietnamese Nom