風

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Archived revision by Mlgc1998 (talk | contribs) as of 10:35, 23 October 2019.
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: 风 and 虱

Template:character info/new

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

See images of
Radical 182 風

風 (Kangxi radical 182, 風+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓竹中戈 (HNHLI) or 竹弓一中戈 (HNMLI), four-corner 77210, composition ⿵𠘨䖝)

Derived characters

Descendants

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1411, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43756
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1930, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4480, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+98A8

Chinese

trad. 風
simp. 风
alternative forms 𠙊
凬
凨

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 風
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (凡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
嵐 *b·ruːm
葻 *b·uːm
釩 *pʰomʔ
汎 *pʰoms, *bum
凡 *bom
帆 *bom, *boms
颿 *bom, *boms
軓 *bomʔ
梵 *bloms, *bum
芃 *boːŋ, *bum
風 *plum, *plums
飌 *plum
楓 *plum
猦 *plum
偑 *plum
檒 *plum
瘋 *plum
諷 *plums
堸 *blum
渢 *blum
鳳 *bums

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *plum, *plums) : phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 虫 (“insects”). Ancient Chinese thought insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲)).

In the oracle bone script, the character 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”) was phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums). The right part of the bronze inscription of the character consists of phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) at the top, and three parts depicting the fur on the tail of the male fenghuang at the bottom. Subsequent forms of 風 are based on the right part of its bronze inscription, with two of the three threads of "fur" removed for simplification. The 虫 in the Chu script and Qin script of 風 was likely a result of further simplification of the "fur". Shuowen misinterpreted the character 風 by associating it with insects. (Li (2012))

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (“wind”) (STEDT). Velar nasal final -ŋ, restored later in Middle Chinese (Schuessler, 2007), is preserved in cognates like Proto-Central Naga *m-puŋ, Jingpho mabung, nbung, Drung nvmbeung.

Pronunciations 1, 2, and 3 are all cognates; with both 2 and 3 evolving from *prəm-s, exoactive (with causative suffix -s) of *prəm (Schuessler, 2007). It is unclear how Old Chinese *prəm is related to Tibetan རླུང (rlung) and Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ.

Korean 바람 (baram) was borrowed from Chinese (Zhao, 2007). This word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean borrowed item. Compare Chinese 風流 and 風騷 with Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung'i).

Cognate with:

  • 飛廉 (OC *pɯl ɡ·rem, “wind god”)
  • 蜚蠊 (OC *pɯlʔ/bɯls ɡ·rem, “cockroach”) (note the preservation of the -r- infix in Old Chinese through disyllabification, also 嵐 (OC *b·ruːm), 葻 (OC *b·uːm))
  • 瘋 (OC *plum, “mad, insane”)
  • 諷 (OC *plums, “to mock, to advise”)
  • 帆 (OC *bom, *boms, “sail”)

The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants.

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • Quanzhou:
    • hoang - vernacular;
    • hong - literary.
Note:
  • huang1 - vernacular;
  • hong1 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 風
Mandarin Beijing /fəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /fəŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /fəŋ²¹/
Jinan /fəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /fəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /fəŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /fəŋ²¹/
Xining /fə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /fəŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /fə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /fɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /foŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /foŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /foŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /foŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /fən³¹/
Hefei /fəŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /fəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /xuŋ¹³/
Hohhot /fə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /foŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /foŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /foŋ³³/
Wenzhou /hoŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /fʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /fan¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xoŋ³³/
Xiangtan /ɸən³³/
Gan Nanchang /fuŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /fuŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /fuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /foŋ⁵³/
Nanning /fuŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /fuŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /huŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xɔŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hoŋ³³/
/huaŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /foŋ²³/
/huaŋ²³/
Rime
Character 風
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 東 (2)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 方戎切
Baxter pjuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pɨuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/piuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/piuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/puwŋ/
Li
Rong 		/piuŋ/
Wang
Li 		/pĭuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/pi̯uŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		fēng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fung1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 風
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		fēng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ pjuwng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*prəm/
English wind (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 風
Reading # 1/2
No. 2921
Phonetic
component 		凡
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		風
Old
Chinese 		/*plum/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 風

  1. wind
  2. † air; atmosphere
  3. † general mood; custom
  4. † demeanour
  5. † cultivation; moralisation
  6. style; manner
  7. † conduct; discipline
  8. † power
  9. † news; information
  10. † love; affection; to become sexually attracted; to copulate
  11. † dissolute; promiscuous
  12. † ungrounded; baseless
  13. † (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 瘋／疯 (fēng, “mad; insane”).
  14. † (traditional Chinese medicine) One of the causes of diseases in traditional Chinese medicine.
  15. † epilepsy
  16. a surname Feng; Fung

Compounds

Lua error in Module:zh/templates at line 32: This template has been deprecated. Please use Template:col3 instead.

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (風):
  • → Japanese: 風(ふう) (fū)
  • → Korean: 풍(風) (pung)
  • → Vietnamese: phong (風)

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character 風
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 東 (2)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 方鳳切
Baxter pjuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pɨuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/piuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/piuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/puwŋH/
Li
Rong 		/piuŋH/
Wang
Li 		/pĭuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/pi̯uŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		fèng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fung3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 風
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		fèng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ pjuwngH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*prəm-s/
English blow; criticize

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 風
Reading # 2/2
No. 2929
Phonetic
component 		凡
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*plums/
Notes 同諷見詩

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 風

  1. † to blow; to fan
  2. † to influence; to reform a misguided person through persuasion
    • 風民／风民  ―  fēngmín  ―  to cultivate the masses

Compounds

Lua error in Module:zh/templates at line 32: This template has been deprecated. Please use Template:col3 instead.

Pronunciation 3

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 風

  1. † (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 諷／讽 (fěng, “to mock; to ridicule; to satire”).
  2. † (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 諷／讽 (fěng, “to advise in mild tone”).

(deprecated template usage)

Japanese

Kanji

風

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. wind
  2. custom, influence
  3. transmission
  4. satire
  5. gossip
  6. Alternative spelling of 諷 (fū): recite
  7. appearance, form, style
  8. taste, charm
  9. poetry, folk song
  10. illness, sickness
  11. drooping

Readings

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
風
かぜ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kansay.

Derived from combining form kaza + い (i, ancient nominal particle).

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 77: Parameter "y" is not used by this template.

Noun

風(かぜ) • (kaze) 

  1. wind (movement of air)
    涼(すず)しい風(かぜ)が吹(ふ)く。
    Suzushii kaze ga fuku.
    A cool wind blows.
  2. airs
  3. a style
  4. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
風
て
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Shift from Old Japanese 風 (​ti), modern chi, found in some compounds.[1]

Affix

風(て) • (te) 

  1. element in compounds related to wind
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
風
ふう
Grade: 2
on’yomi

/puː/ → /fuː/

From Middle Chinese 風 (MC pjuwng).

In Old Japanese, this kanji was used to transcribe the 借音 (shakuon) kana of ⟨pu⟩ and ⟨bu⟩ in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 77: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.

Noun

風(ふう) • (fū) 

  1. a style
    中国(ちゅうごく)風(ふう)
    Chūgoku-fū
    China-style
    そんな風(ふう)に言(い)ってくれてありがとう。
    Sonna fū ni ittekurete arigatō.
    Thank you for telling me that.
    (literally, “Thank you for telling me that in that way.”)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
風
ふり
Grade: 2
irregular

/puri/ → /furi/

From Old Japanese.

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 振る (furu, “to swing”).

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:ja-pron at line 77: Parameter "yomi" is not used by this template.

Alternative forms

Noun

風(ふり) • (furi) 

  1. a swing
  2. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Derived terms
Derived terms

Suffix

風(ふり) • (-furi) 

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

  1. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named DJR

Korean

Hanja

風 (eumhun 바람 풍 (baram pung))

  1. Hanja form? of 풍 (“wind”).

Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 風 (phong, phông)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=風&oldid=57825108"